CHAPTER 2:

Atomic Structure and

Atomic
Interatomic Bondingg
 Th St
The Structure
t off th
the Atom
At

• Atom consists of nucleus encircled by moving electrons

• The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of
electrons or protons in each atom.
• The atomic mass of an element is equal to the average number
of protons and neutrons in the atom.
• The Avogadro number of an element is the number of atoms or
molecules
l l iin a mole.
l
Atomic Models

© 2003 Brooks/Colle Publishing / Thomsson Learning™

The atomic structure of sodium, atomic number 11, showing the electrons in the K,
L, and M quantum shells
 THE PERIODIC TABLE
• Columns: Similar Valence Structure

6
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY
• Ranges from 0.7 to 4.0,
• Large values: tendency to acquire electrons.

Smaller electronegativity Larger electronegativity

Electropositive elements: Electronegative elements:
Readily give up electrons Readily acquire electrons 7
to become + ions. to become - ions.
r0 = Equilibrium separation E0 = Bonding Energy ,
Energy @ r0 required
to separate two atoms
Basics of atomic bonding in solid state

Crystal is a solid composed of atoms, ions

or molecules that demonstrate long range
periodic order in three dimensions
Effect of temperature
 IONIC BONDING
• Occurs between + and - ions.
• Requires electron transfer.
• Large
L diff
difference in
i electronegativity
l t ti it required.
i d
• Example: NaCl

Na (metal) Cl (nonmetal)
unstable unstable
electron

Na (cation) + - Cl (anion)
stable Coulombic stable
Attraction
 IONIC BONDING

© 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

An ionic bond is created between two unlike atoms with different

electronegativities. When sodium donates its valence electron to chlorine, each
becomes an ion; attraction occurs, and the ionic bond is formed
 EXAMPLES: IONIC BONDING
• Predominant bonding in Ceramics

Give up electrons Acquire electrons

Ionic Bonding is Nondirectional.
 COVALENT BONDING

• Requires shared electrons

• Example: CH4 shared electrons
H
C: has 4 valence e, from carbon atom
CH4
needs 4 more
H: has 1 valence e, H C H
needs 1 more
shared electrons
Electronegativities H from hydrogen
are comparable.
p atoms
 COVALENT BONDING

© 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson

n Learning™
Covalent bonding requires that electrons be shared between atoms in such a way
that each atom has its outer sp orbital filled. In silicon, with a valence of four, four
covalent bonds must be formed
 EXAMPLES: COVALENT BONDING

• Molecules with nonmetals

• Elemental
El t l solids
lid (RHS off P
Periodic
i di TTable)
bl )
• Compound solids (about column IVA)
Covalent Bonding:
 METALLIC BONDING
• Arises from a sea of donated valence electrons
(1, 2, or 3 from each atom).
• Primary bond for metals and their alloys
© 2003 Brrooks/Cole Publishing

The metallic bond forms

when atoms g give up
p their
g / Thomson Learning

valence electrons, which then

form an electron sea. The
positively charged atom
cores are bonded by mutual
g™

attraction to the negatively

charged electrons
 SECONDARY BONDING
Arises from interaction between dipoles
• Fluctuating dipoles
asymmetric electron ex: liquid
q H2
clouds H2 H2

+ - secondary + - H H H H
d
secondary
bonding bonding

• Permanent dipoles
dipoles-molecule
molecule induced
secondary
-general case: + - bonding
+ -

secondary
-ex: liquid HCl H Cl bonding H Cl
secon
-ex:
ex: polymer dary
bond
ing
 SUMMARY: BONDING
Type Bond Energy Comments

Ionic Large! Nondirectional (ceramics)

Variable Directional
Covalent large-Diamond semiconductors, ceramics
small-Bismuth polymer chains)

Variable
Metallic large-Tungsten Nondirectional (metals)
small-Mercury
ll M
Directional
Secondary smallest inter chain (polymer)
inter-chain
inter-molecular
Summary (Chapter 1-2)
 SUMMARY: PRIMARY BONDS

Ceramics Large bond energy

large Tm
(Ionic & covalent bonding):
large E
small a

Metals Variable bond energy

(Metallic bonding): moderate Tm
moderate E
moderate a

Polymers Directional Properties

(Covalent & Secondary): Secondary bonding dominates
small Tm
secon
dary small E
bond
ing large a
 Reading Assignment:
C
CHAPTER 2 Atomic Structure
2: S and
d Interatomic Bonding
d
of Callister

• Fundamental Concepts
• Electrons in Atoms
• The Periodic Table
• Bonding Forces and Energies
• Primary Interatomic Bonding
• Secondary Bonding