DIAGNOSTIC TEST  Radiographic examination of the heart following

administration of contrast medium via a catheter.

A. Respiratory System
 Angiography/ Arteriography
• Bronchoscopy  Involve introduction of CM into the vascular system
to outlinethe heart and the bv.
 direct inspection of the larynx, trachea and bronchi
through flexible or rigid scope.
-Uses: • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
 (MRI)

• Computed Tomography
  may detect AAA

• Broncography C. Gastrointestinal
 radiopaque medium is instilled directly into the
trachea and bronchi through bronchoscope and the
entire bronchial tree or selected areas may visualized • Radiographic Test
trough x-ray.  UGIS/ Barium Swallow
• Thoracentesis  LGIS/ Barium Enema
 Aspiration of fluid or air from the pleural space. • Endoscopy
 UGI Endoscopy (Esophagoscopy,
B. Cardiovascular and Hematologic System gastroscopy, duodenoscopy)
 LGI Endoscopy
• Electocardiography( ECG, EKG)
 Graphical recording of the electrical activities of D. Hepato-Billiary and Pancreatic
the heart.

• Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) • Biopsy of the liver

 Ultrasonic imaging of the cardiac structures and
great vessels via esophagus. • Paracentesis (Peritoneal Tap)

• Stress testing/ Exercise testing • Endoscopic Retrograde

 ECG is monitored during exercise on a treadmill or
a bicycle like devise.
cholangiopancreotography(ERCP)
 direct visualization with radiographic examination of
the liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
• Radiologic tests:
• Cholecystography
 ultrasound of the bladder
 Cardiac Fluoroscopy  primary test done to detect gallstone.
 Facilitates observation of the heart from varying  2 types: Oral C. and Intravenous C.
views while in motion.
• Cholangiography
 Cardiac Catheterization
  x-ray visualization of the bile ducts following
administration of CM.
E. Genito-Urinary
• Cystoscopy
 direct visualization of the urethra, bladder wall,
trigone, urethral opening through a lightened
instrument(cystoscope).
• Excretory Urogram/ Intravenous Pyelography (IVP)
 x-ray visualization of the kidneys, ureters and
bladder with cm.
• KUB
 x-ray visualization of kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
• Retrograde Pyelogram(RPG)
 outlines renal pevis
• Renal Arteriogram
 x-ray visualization of renal circulationas cm is
injected into renal artery through catheter.
• Renal Biopsy
F. Nervous System
• Computerized Tomography Scan
 Cross-sectional visualization of the brain
determined by computer analysis of relative tissue
density as an x-ray beam passes through; also
known as computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan
 May be done with or without intravenous injection
of dye for contrast enhancement
• Electroencephalography (EEG)
 Graphic record of electrical actvity generated in
the brain
 Used to diagnosed seizures, tumors and hematoma
• Cerebral Arteriography
 A catheter is threaded through the major arteries of
the trunk and into the carotid or vertebral artery
 Dye (or contrast medium) is injected to outline
arteries not normally seen in X-ray imaging
 This helps reveal abnormalities or obstructions
• Lumbar Puncture
 involves the introduction of a needle into the
subarachnoid space, usually between L3and L4 or L4
and L5, to prevent injury to the spinal cord above
this level
• Myelography
 lumbar puncture is done to withdraw a small amount
of CSF, which is replaced with a radiopaque dye;
used to detect tumors or herniated intravertebral
discs
• MRI
 MRI can produce accurate images of blood vessels,
bone marrow, gray and white brain matter, the spinal
cord, the globe of the eye, the heart, abdominal
structures, and breast tissue, and can monitor blood
velocity
• Pneumoencephalography
 Special contrast study of the ventricular and cisternal
systems using air as cm.
 Permits accurate localization of brain lesions by
spinal or cisternal puncture with x-ray examinations.
• Positive Emission Tomography (PET Scan)
 Provides metabolic profile by reveling the rate at
which tissues metabolized glucose.
• Evoked Potential Studies
 (Evoked Brain Potentials, Evoked Responses, Visual
Evoked Response [VER], Brainstem Auditory Evoked
Response [ABER], Somatosensory Evoked Response
[SER])
 measure electrical activity in the brain in response to
stimulation of sight, sound, or touch.
 Types:
1. Visual Evoked Response (VER) test
 2. Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER) test  A minor surgical procedure which involves making
a small incision to remove a sample of nerve for
3. Somatosensory Evoked Response (SSER) test
examination
 Purposes:
G. Musculoskeletal System  distinguish between demyelination (damage to
the myelin sheath covering the nerve) and
axon degeneration (destruction of the axon
• Arthrocentesis portion of nerve cell)
 removal of synovial fluid, blood or pus from a joint  identify an causes of neuropathies (inflammatory or
 done with local anesthesia and performed during metabolic
arthroscopy  confirm specific diagnoses: Necrotizing vasculitis,
Amyloidosis, Sarcoidosis, Leprosy

• Arthroscopy
 insertion of fiberoptic scope (arthroscope) into a
joint to visualize it, perform biopsies or remove loose
bodies
 performed in OR under sterile technique

• Myelography
 lumbar puncture is done to withdraw a small
amount of CSF, which is replaced with a radiopaque
dye; used to detect tumors or herniated
intravertebral discs

• Arthrogram
 radiographic examination of a joint
 done with local anesthesia and a needle is inserted
in the joint space to aspirate synovial fluid
 contrast medium is injected and x-ray films are
taken
 correct placement of needle is verified
through fluoroscopy

• Electromyelography (EMG)

 Measures and records activity of

contracting muscles in response to electrical
stimulation; helps differentiate muscle disease from
motor neuron dysfunction
 Used to assess peripheral nerve injuries

• Nerve Biopsy