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AL-Jalali
1429/07/24
ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء -ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ -ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ) 2ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ •
ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ •
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻢ •
ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻭﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ •
.1ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ:
ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ ﺷﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺷﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ ﻫﺎﻳﺰﻧﺒﺮﻍ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ
ﺷﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﺠﺮ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ،ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺑﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ
،ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ،ﻭﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ
ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ.ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ
ﺍﻟﻜﻢ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ)ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ ﻫﺎﻳﺰﻧﺒﺮﻍ(،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻢ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻴﻦ
ﻓﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ.
.2ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ:
ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﺑﺠﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﺄﺳﺮﺩ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ
ﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ:
(1ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ m x nﺣﻴﺚ mﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮﻑ)ﺍﻻﺳﻄﺮ( ﻭ nﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ
a11 a12 a13 . a1n
a21 a22 a2 n
A = a31 a33 ) a3 n ( a jk
. .
a . amn
m 1 am 2 .
2
ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء -ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ -ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ) 2ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(
(2ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﺡ
= A +B
C
( a ) + (b ) = ( a
jk jk jk + b jk ) ) = (C jk
= A −B
D
( a ) − (b ) = ( a
jk jk jk − b jk ) ) = (D jk
(4ﺿﺮﺏ)ﺟﺪﺍء( ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﺷﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺪﺩ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻮﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ
ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ)ﺿﺮﺏ ﻛﻞ
ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻀﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ (ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ.
= AB= C= (a jk )(b ki
) ) (c ki
ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺔ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
n
= c ki ∑a
=1
k b i
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺻﻔﺮﺍ.ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ.
(8ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ )ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﻱ( ﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ) (conjugate matricesﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ
ﻣﺮﻛﺐ)ﻋﻘﺪﻱ( ﺑﻤﺮﺍﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ Aﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﺒﺪﻝ ﻛﻞ iﺑـ . -i
3
ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء -ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ -ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ) 2ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(
A = −A T
(10ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ . j=k
(11ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ.
(12ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ
ﺻﻔﺮ ﻭﺭﻣﺰﻫﺎ . I
(13ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ .
(14ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ∆ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺿﺮﺏ
ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺻﻒ)ﻋﻤﻮﺩ(ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﻲ A jkﻭﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﻔﻜﻮﻙ
R R
ﻻﺑﻼﺱ :
n
∆ =∑ a jk A jk
k =1
)( −1
j +k
= A jk min or of the element a jk
(15ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺱ)ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺏ( ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ:ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ :
) (
(aﻧﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ . A jk
) (
T
. A jk (bﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﺪﻭﺭ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ
(cﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ∆.
(dﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
( ) A
T
−1
=
jk
A
∆
(eﺟﺪﺍء ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ . A A= I
-1
P P
(16ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﺷﺮﻁﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺳﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺪﺍء ﻣﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ.
A T =A −1 ⇒ A T A =I
(17ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﻳﺔ )(unitaryﺷﺮﻁﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻭﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺳﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ:
4
ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء -ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ -ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ) 2ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(
A T =A −1 ⇒ A T A =I
ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ.
(18ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻄﺒﻖ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ) ﻭﻫﻮ
ﻳﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻢ ( ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﻤﺪﺗﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﻥ :
AB =a1b1 + a2b 2 + a3b3 = 0
a1 b1
==A a2 B b2
a b
3 3
b1
A T B = ( a1 a2 a3 ) b 2 =a1b1 + a2b 2 + a3b3 = 0
b
3
or
X Tj X k = δ jk
j =k ⇒ δ jk =1
= j ≠ k ⇒ δ jk
0
(19ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ nﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭ nﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ
A X =R ⇒ X =A −1R
∆1 ∆2 ∆n
=x1 = ,x2 =,......
xn
∆ ∆ ∆
(20ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ)ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻢ(:
ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ Aﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ n x nﻭﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ xﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺍء
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:
5
ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء -ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ -ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ) 2ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(
AX = λ X
a11 a12 . . a1n x 1 x 1
a a
21 22 a2 n x 2 x2
. .
= ⇒x3 λx3
. .
a a x x
n1 n 2 . . a nn n n
6
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ- ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ- ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ( )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ2 ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ
5 7 −5 x1
A = 0 4 −1 X = x 2
2 8 −3 x
3
5 7 −5 x 1 x1
0 4 −1 x 2 = λ x 2 ⇒
2 8 −3 x x
3 3
5 − λ 7 −5 x 1
0 4−λ −1 x 2 = 0⇒
2 −3 − λ
8 x 3
5 − λ 7 −5
0 4 − λ − 1 =⇒ 0
2 −3 − λ
8
λ 3 − 6λ 2 + 11λ − 6 = 0 ⇒
λ = 1, 2, 3
ﻭﻹﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻧﻌﻮﺽ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ
:ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ
: ﻧﺠﺪλ=1 ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ .i
λ =1
5 − λ 7 −5 x 1
0 4−λ −1 x 2 = 0
2
−3 − λ x 3
8
5 −1 7 −5 x 1
0 4 −1 −1 x 2 = 0⇒
2
−3 − 1 x 3
8
4 x 1 + 7 x 2 − 5x 3 = 0
0 + 3x 2 − x 3 =
0
2x 1 + 8x 2 − 4x 3 =⇒
0
x 3 = 3x 2
x 1 = 2x 2
x1 2x 2 2 2
x=2 x 2= x2 1 ⇒=
u1 1
x 3x 3 3
3 2
7
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ- ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ- ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ( )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ2 ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ
8
ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء -ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ -ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ) 2ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(
λ =3
5 − λ 7 x1 −5
0 4−λ = 2
x −1
0
−3 − λ x 3
2 8
5 − 3 7 −5 x 1
0 4−3 = −1 x 2 ⇒0
2 −3 − 3 x 3
8
= 2x 1 + 7 x 2 − 5x 3
0
= 0+x2 −x3
0
⇒= 2x 1 + 8x 2 − 6x 3
0
x3 = x2
x 1 = −x 2
x1 −x 2 −1 −1
x =
2 x 2= x 2 1 ⇒u
= 2 1
x x 1 1
3 2
ﻭﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ)ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ( ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺛﻢ ﻧﺠﻤﻌﻬﺎ
ﻭﻧﻘﺴﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:
9
ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء -ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ -ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ) 2ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(
= ψi
ψj =i
j δ ij
when
i =j ⇒ δ ij =1
j ⇒ δ ij
=≠ i 0 )(1 − 3
ﺍﻥ ﺩﻟﺘﺎ ﻛﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﺮ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
10
ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء -ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ -ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ) 2ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(
δ11 δ12 δ13 .... δ1N 1 0 0 .... 0
δ δ
21 22 δ 23 .... δ 2N 0 1 0 .... 0
δ ij = . .... . . .... . )(2 − 3
. .... . . .... .
δ 0 0 0 .... 1
N 1 δ N 2 δ N 3 .... δ NN
ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻨﺎ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ) -3
(2ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ.
ﻭﻟﻨﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺃﻻﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ( ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:
ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ:
11
ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء -ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ -ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ) 2ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(
N N
=
k
=k 1
k
j 1
ψi ∑β ψ = ∑ α j Qˆ ψ j
N N
=
k
=k 1
i k
j 1
∑β ψ ψ = ∑ α j ψ i Qˆ ψ j
=
k ik
=k 1 j 1
∑β δ = ∑ Q ij α j
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ) (4-3ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ، Qˆψ a = ψ bﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﺑﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ
ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:
β1 Q11 Q12 . . Q1N α1
β2 Q 21 Q 22 . . Q 2N α 2
. . . )(5 − 3
. . .
β Q α
N N 1 QN 2 . . Q NN 2
ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺛﺮ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ،ﻭﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
12
ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء -ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ -ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ) 2ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(
2 πn
= φn sin x
π a
π 22
=
En 2
=
n2 =c
2
n2 n 2E1
2ma
ﺃﺩﺭﺱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ.
ﺍﻟﺤﻞ:
Hˆ φn = E n φn
=
Hˆ n ⇒ En n
=
m Hˆ n =
m En n E n δ mn
H mn = E n δ mn
13
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ- ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ- ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ( )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ2 ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ
H 11 H 12 . . H 1N E 1 1 0 . . 0
H
21 H 22 . . H 2 N 4E 1 0 1 . . 0
. . = . .
. . . .
H
N1 HN 2 . . H NN n 2 E 1 0 0 . . 1
H 11 H 12 . . H 1N E 1 0 . . 0
H 21 H 22 . . H 2N 0 4E 1 . . 0
. . = . .
. . . .
H
N1 HN 2 . . H NN 0 0 . . n 2 E 1
H 11 0 . 1 0 . .
. 0 0
0 H 22 . 0 . 4 . 0. 0
. = E1 . 9 . .
. . .
16 .
0 . . H NN 0 0 . . n 2
0
=
H 11 E=
1 , H 22 4E=
1 , H 33 =
9E 1 ,......, H nn n 2 E 1
=H ij 0 when i ≠ j
14
ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء -ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ -ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ) 2ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
1
) E n ω ( n +
=
2
ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ.
ﺍﻟﺤﻞ:
Hˆ ψ n = E nψ n
=
Hˆ n ⇒ En n
=
m Hˆ n =
m En n E n δ mn
H mn = E n δ mn
ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﻲ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ:
15
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ- ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ- ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ( )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ2 ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ
ω 3ω 5ω 1
=
H 11 = , H 22 = , H 33 H nn ω (n + )
, ......,=
2 2 2 2
=H ij 0 when i ≠ j
16
ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء -ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ -ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ) 2ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﻘﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ zﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
Lz = m
m =−, − + 1,...., 0,....., + − 1, +
ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ = 1
ﺍﻟﺤﻞ:
m = m u m
ˆ
Lu
=
Lˆ m ⇒ m m
m ′ Lˆ m
= m ′ m m
= m δ m ′m
=
Lz =L
m ′m m δ m ′n
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ:
17
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ- ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ- ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ( )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ2 ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ
: ﻓﺎﻥ = 1 ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ
Lz = m
m = −1, 0,1
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ1 ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻞm ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ1 ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ:ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ
3 ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻞ1- ﺛﻢ2 ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻞ0 ﺛﻢ
18
ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء -ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ -ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ) 2ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(
L11 L12 L13 1 Lˆ 1 1 Lˆ 0 1 Lˆ −1
L 21 L 22 L 23 0 Lˆ 1 0 Lˆ 0 0 L −1
ˆ
L L33
31 L32 −1 Lˆ 1 −1 Lˆ 0 −1 Lˆ −1
L11 L12 L13 11 010 − 1 −1
=L
21 L 22 L 23 01 0 00 − 0 −1
L −1 1 0 −1 0 − −1 −1
31 L32 L33
+ 0 . . 0 1 0 . . 0
0 ( − 1) . . 0 0 0 . . 0
. . = . .
. . . .
. − . −1
0 0 . 0 0 .
ﻁﺒﻖ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ 2ﻭ 3ﻭ........
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﻘﻄﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ z
19
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ- ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ- ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ( )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ2 ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ
0 0 0 . . . 0
0 2 0
. 2 .
. 2 .
( L2m ′m ) =
6
.
.
12
.
0 0 . . .
( 0)
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 −1
2 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
( Lz ) = 0 0 0 −1 0
0 0 0 0 −2
3 0 0 . . 0
0 2 .
0 1 .
. 0
−1
−2 0
0 −3
0 . .
:ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
20
ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء -ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ -ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ) 2ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(
ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺙ)ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ( ﻭﺍﻹﻓﻨﺎء)ﺍﻟﺨﻔﺾ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ(
)(the annihilation and creation operatorsﻓﻔﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻳﻌﻄﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ:
ˆ
L=+
ˆ + iL
L x
ˆ
y
ˆ
L=−
ˆ − iL
L x
ˆ
y
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:
ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ.
ﺍﻟﺤﻞ:
= Y m′ ′
Lˆ± Y m )( m )( ± m + 1 ′m ′ m ± 1
= Y m′ ′
Lˆ± Y m ( m )( ± m + 1)δ ′, δ m ′,m ±1
L11 L12 L13 1 Lˆ± 1 1 Lˆ± 0 1 Lˆ± −1
==( L ± )
L 21 L 22 L 23 0 Lˆ± 1 0 Lˆ± 0 0 Lˆ± −1
L
31 L32 L33 −1 Lˆ± 1 −1 Lˆ 0 −1 Lˆ −1
± ±
0 2 0 0 1 0
==( L + )
0 0 2 2 0 0 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
21
ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء -ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ -ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ) 2ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(
ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ:
ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ:
22
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ- ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ- ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ( )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ2 ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ
=
Lˆx
1 ˆ
2
L + + Lˆ− ( )
when = 1
0 1 0
( Lx ) = 1 0 1
2
0 1 0
when = 2
0 2 0 0 0
2 0 6 0 0
( L x ) = 0 6 0 6 0
2
0 0 6 0 2
0 0 0 2 0
=
Lˆ y
1
2i
( Lˆ + − Lˆ− )
when =1
0 −1 0
i
=(Ly )
2
1 0 −1
0 1 0
when =2
0 −2 0 0 0
2 0 − 6 0 0
i
( y ) 2 0
L = 6 0 − 6 0
0 0 6 0 −2
0 0 0 2 0
23
ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء -ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ -ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ) 2ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻫﺎﻳﺰﻧﺒﺮﻍ ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﻣﻌﻄﺎﺓ
ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻫﺎﻳﺰﻧﺒﺮﻍ ﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﻱ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻭﺍﻹﻓﻨﺎء ﻟﻠﻤﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ :
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ،ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ
ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ.
25
ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء -ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ -ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ) 2ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(
1
=
n xˆ k k δ n , k −1 + k + 1δ n , k +1
2α
ωm 1
=
where α =
ˆand x ) (aˆ+ + aˆ−
2α
ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﺏ:
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ،ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ
ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ.
i α
=
n pˆ k k δ n , k −1 − k + 1δ n , k +1
2
ωm i α
where= α =
and pˆ x ) (aˆ+ − aˆ−
2
1
[aˆ− , aˆ+ ] 1 and
= = ) Hˆ ω (aˆ+aˆ− +
2
ﺍﻟﺤﻞ:
26
ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء -ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ -ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ ) 2ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ(
ﻭﺍﺟﺐ:
• ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺺ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ)ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺰﻟﻴﺔ( ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻦ
ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ) (spinﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:
1 0
) (
Sˆz =
2 0 −1
0 1
) (
S+ =
ˆ
0
0
0 0
) (
Sˆ− =
1
0
1 0 1 0
) (
ˆ
Sx =
1
2
(S + S − )
+ =
2 0 1
⇒
ˆ 2
Sx =
0 1
= σˆ x′ ) (
i 0 −1 0 −i
) (
= Sy
ˆ i
2
=) ( S − + S +
2 1 0
ˆ 2
⇒ Sy =
i 0
= σˆ y′ ) (
1 0 1 0
) (
= Sˆz
2 0 −1
⇒
ˆ 2
S z =
0 −1
) (
= σˆ z′
ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﺒﺎﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﻫﻲ:
28
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ- ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ- ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ( )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ2 ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ
1 0
σˆ x′
=
2 ˆ
=Sx ( )
0
1
0 −i
σˆ y′
=
2 ˆ
=Sy ( )
i
0
1 0
σˆ z′
=
2 ˆ
=
Sz ( )
0
−1
:ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ
:• ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻲ
σˆ 2 = σˆ x2 + σˆ y2 + σˆ z2
0 1 0 1 1 0
=σˆ = 2
x
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 −i 0 −i 1 0
σˆ y =
2
i 0 i 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0
σˆ =
2
− −
z
0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 3 0
σˆ = σˆ x + σˆ y + σˆ z =
2 2 2 2
+ + =
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 3
1 0
σ = 3
ˆ 2
0 1
:• ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻲ
29
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﻑ- ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ- ﺍﻟﺩﻛﺗﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺃﺣﻣﺩ ﺁﻟﺟﻼﻟﻲ –ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺯﻳﺎء ( )ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ2 ﻣﺣﺎﺿﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﺎ ﺍﻟﻛﻡ
0 1 0 −i 0 + i 0+ 0 i 0
σˆ x σˆ y
= = = = i σˆ z
1 0 i 0 0 + 0 −i + 0 0 −i
0 −i 0 1 0 − i 0 + 0 −i 0
σˆ y σˆ x = = = = −i σˆ z
i 0 1 0 0 + 0 i + 0 0 i
i 0 −i 0 0 0
σˆ x , σˆ y = σˆ x σˆ y − σˆ y σˆ x = 0 −i − 0 i = 0 0
σˆ y σˆ z = i σˆ x
σˆ z σˆ x = i σˆ x
1 0
σˆ x σˆ y σˆ z = i
0 1
30