.

Pf-IY-S/C-S ON II-IE MOVE

,M,OCI<.. - B

ttayks .' 8cJ

1i'm.t.: / h... -35 f{,'-n..

\
 -ScC- TtOf\) - A

The initial charge on a capacitor is 10 ~c. The capacitor dis.charges

1. through a resistance of 1.0 kQ. The ti~e constant fo~ the d1Sc~arge
. 't 1
ClrcUl 's 10.ms
, Which' of the followmg . statements is correct .

A The capacitance is 10 ~F
H The capacitor was charged t o a pot~ntial difference ~f 10 V
C The charge remaining on the capaCltor after 2.0 ms is 2.5 ~C
D The initial current is 1.0 mA

2. Which of the following statements about an electric field is n ot correct?

A En~rgy is transferred when a charge moves along an
equipotential
B Field lines sh ow the shape and direction of an electric fie ld
C Energy is transferred when a charge moves along a field line
D Field lines and equipotentials cross each other at right angles

3. An alpha particle moves in a uniform magnetic field of strength 2.0 T at

1.6 x 10 7 m S-1 perpendicular to the fi eld. The electronic charge is
1.6 x 10- 19 C. Which of the following gives the force, in n ewtons, on the
alpha particle?
A 1.0 x 10- 11 B 5. 1 X 10- 12 C 4.0 X 10- 26 . D 2.0 X 10-26

/..{. When a ch arge of 30 ~C is moved between two pOints, M and N, in a

uniform electric field, 150 III of work is done. The potential difference
between M and N is
A OV B 0 .2 V C5V D 4500 V

j
 Section ·8
Answer all the questions .

1 Study the circuit in Fig. 1.1 .

3V S
0
I 0 0--

4700/-lF

220Q

Fig.1.1

The switch S is closed to charge the capacitor. When the switch is opened the capacitor discharges
through the resistor.

Here is a list of values:

1.4 x 10-2 2.1 X 10-2 1.0 1.4 2.1

Choose from the list the value that is closest to

(a) the time constant r of the circuit in seconds

value .... . ..... ......... .. s

(b) the charge in coulombs on the capacitor when at a p.d. of 3.0 V

value .. ......... .. ........ C

(c) the energy stored on the capacitor in joules when at a p.d. of 3.0 V

value .. .. .............. ... J

(d) the initial value of the current in ampere when the fully charged capacitor discharges through
the res istor.

val ue ..... ..... ... . .... . A

Ifd~: [4]

2
;. 2 This question is about the use of electromagnetic induction to measure rotational speed .

insul ated pu lse counter

copper coil

iron core

spinning magnet

Fig. 12.1

Fig. 12.1 shows a pulse coun te r connected to an insulated copper coil wound around an iron
core. The counter records the number of times that the emf across the coil goes from negative to
positive in each second.

(a) (i) On Fig. 12.1, sketch a loop of magnetic flux wh ich passes through the iron core.

[1]

(ii) Suggest why the core is made of iron , a magnetic material.

[1]

(b) The graph of Fig. 12.2 sh ows how the emf across the copper coil changes with time.

emf
,/ " v "
+
/ 1\ / \
o
/ \ II \
1\ / time

r--- --- -
\~ /

Fig. 12.2

- -- - - - - - - - - - - -- -
 (i) Explain the shape of the graph.

[2)
(ii) On Fig . 12.2, sketch how the flux linkage of the coil changes with time. [1 ]
(iii) When the magnet spins at 30 revolutions per second, the amplitude of the emf across
the 120 turn copper coil is 1.3 V.

Estimate the maximum flux in the core.

maximum flux = ...................... ..... Wb [2]

(c) The amplitude of the emf for a given rotational speed can be increased by using a stronger
magnet which increases the flux density in the coil.

Describe and explain two other modifications to the device of Fig . 12.1 to increase the
3.mplitude of the emf for a give n rotational speed .

[3]

(d) Explain why the core is mad e from thin iron sheets glued together rather than being solid
iron.

[Total: 11:]

[Turn over

1.-4I
3 This question is about the possibility of fusion between a tritium nucleus and a deuterium
nucleus.

A tritium nucle us ~ H and a deuterium nucleus ~H approach each other along the same line with
the same speed u.

~H ~H
u u
- - - 881-----.". - - - 1t-OC- - - - W - - -

Fig. 3.1

Each nucleus decelerates, comes to rest and then accelerates in the reverse direction.

(a) (i) By considering conservation of momentum, explain why both nuclei cannot come to rest
at the same time .

................................................... .... ..... .. .. ...... ...................... ......................................... [IJ

(ii) When the nuclei are closest together they have the same velocity. Show that this velocity
is u15.

[2]

(b) (i) Energy is conserved during the interaction.

Write a word equation relating th e initial energy of the two nuclei when they are far apart,
to their energy when they are closest togeth er. Your equation shou ld make clear the
kind(s) of energy involved .

...... ... .. ..... ... ... ........ .................. ............................................................. .. .... .................. [1]

.- --..::..
(ii) Show that the total initial kinetic energy of the two nuclei is equal to 4.18 x 10-27 u2 joule
where u is in m S-1 .

(iii) The potential energy E of two charges 01 and 02 ' separated by a distance r is given by

° °r
E =- -
1

4TI EO
2
EO = permittivity of free space
For ~ H and ~ H to fuse , their separation must be no more than 1.50 x 10-15 m.

Calculate the minimum value of u for fusion to take place.

minimum value of u = .................... ............................ m 8-1 [SJ

[Total : ·9]

[Turn over

6
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a square flat coi l uf in sulated wire placed in a region of a uniform magnetic field of
flu x density B. The direction of the field is vertically out of the paper, The coil of side x has N
turns.

<
x )

, _ .._ ----
..

~I
,i

(&{tiCf} of unii()ui'l
'nClflne!ic iield

L
Fig.·U

(a) (i) Define the term magnetic flux.

[1 ]

(ii) Show that the magn~ti'G" fl6x lin~age of the coil in Fig . 4.1 is NBx2

(b) The coil of side x =0.020 m is placed at position Y in Fig . 4.2 The ends of the 1250 turn coil
are connected to a voltmeter. The coil moves sideways steadily through the region of
magnetic field of flu x density 0.032 T at a speed of 0.1 0 m S·1 until it reaches position Z. The
motion takes 10 s.

[Turn over

-:;
 0.0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0,05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0,09 0.10 distance/m
I ! ! I ! ! ! ! ! I I

O.020m
..;--.-- - -

y 1---»-
0.10 m S-l
z

/
/
/
region of uniform magnetic
field B = 0,032T
v v

coil position at t == 0 coil position at t == LOs

Fig. 4.2

(i) Show that the voltmeter reading as the coil enters the field region, after t =0,20s, is 80
rnV, Explain your reasoning fully,

[2]

(ii) On Fig, 4,3, draw a graphbf the voltmeter reading against time for the motion of the coil
from Y to Z, Label the y~ axis with a suitable scale, [:3]

q= 'CH 11 Ii
Tl~ J J i
I!
I

I
.. !
!
I.
:, t"!
't [l Ii
,
'j
,,l
iT iT+-!
"1
J' :
1

h
iIi I Ii,II i !: I
I
i
,TT,
I

j
..~

+-
.J
1
I

i
,
i-

j
\'
"+1
tJI
f· , , !II ! I i Ii I:j
. III ill i I
L
j

j
t j
.. ..
il
voltmeter
reading
.. . ..

_L .L
iJ
I I
' 1

i 1'1.
ri
i!
:
I I, !
1
1

)
t
,L
' .. I
I
tis
0,2
I... ! i
I
0,6
, i· O.8 ',I
t ' I
1,0
° ..
, i ' i ;,
0.4
':
rl i
, I i '
I
: I " i': I i

~. .1 -
I

1
i II : I: j . '-:- i
' I ' I ;-r.
i I
J
~!
:!
: i
I' I
'
I
I'
Ii
'
' I
!
I
..T
:.+ Ii; !
.L
I

I II i i
IJ '
.. . !
t- I,

I
I 1..1.

I i·l. ~1 i I
t~··
.. .
...
TI I
I
j+- IiI !
i
I II
Fig. 4.3
[Tota!: 7]
 ! For
j=xaminer'5
Use
5 A nitrogen atom is initially stationary at point P in Fig. 5.1 , midway between two large
horizontal parallel plates in an evacuated chamber. The nitrogen atom becomes charged.
There is an electric field between the plates . Ignore any effects of gravity.

600 V

T
Fig. 5.1

(a) The direction of the electric force on the nitrogen ion is vertically downwards. State with
a reason the sign of th e charge on th e ion .

.... ... ................ ............... .... .. ...... ...... ... .. .. .. .... .. ...... .... ..... ............. .... ............................ ... [1]

(b) The voltage between the plates is 600 V. At the instant that the ion, charge 1.6 x 10- 19 C
and mass 2.3 x 10-26 kg, reaches the lower plate, show that

(i) the kinetic energy of the ion is 4.8 x 10-17 J

[2]

(ii) the speed of the ion is 6.5 x 104 m S-1.

[2]

(c) The electric field strength between the plates is 4.0 x 104 N C- 1 . Calcu !ate th e
separation of the plates.

se pa ration = .............. .... .. .... .. .. .. . m [1]

 For
Examiner's
Use
(d) The ion passes through a hol e in the lower plate at a speed of 6.5 x 104 m S-1. It enters
a reg ion of uniform magnetic field of flu x density 0.17 T perpendicularl y into the plane of
Fig. 5.2.

t
x x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x --------
x magnetic
. field
Into the plane of
the paper
x x x x x x x x x x

Fig. 5.2

(i) Sketch on Fig. 5.2 the semicircular path taken by th e ion . [1]
(ii) Calculate how far from the hole the ion will collide with the plate. Use data from (b).

distance = ... ............. .. ... .. .. m [3]

[Total: 10]

[Turn over
JCY '"
 IExa~~er's
Use
6.~· This question is about the discharge of combinations of capacitors.

In Figs. 4.1 and 4.2, the capacitors are charged through a 10 kQ resistor from a 10 V d.c.
supply when the switch S is connected to X. They discharge when the switch is moved to Y.
The ammeters A 1 , A 2 , A3 and A4 monitor the currents in the circuits. Initially, the switch is
connected to X and the capacitors are fully charged.

Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2

(a) State

(i) the voltage across each capacitor in Fig. 4.1 ................... .. .... .............. ... ... .... .. V [1]

(ii) the voltage across each capacitor in Fig. 4.2 .............................................. .. ... V [1]

(b) (i) Calculate the total charge stored in the circuit of Fig. 4.2 .

charge = ............................. C [.1.]

(ii) Explain why the total charge stored in the circuit of Fig. 4.1 is the same as in the
circuit of Fig. 4.2 .

......................................... ..... ... .. ..... ... .. ....... .. ... ......... .... .... .... ..... .. ... ....... ...... ... ..... ..[2]

21
 For
Examinerls
Use
(c) Fig. 4.3 shows how the reading 1 on ammeter A2 in the circuit of Fig. 4.1 varies with
time t as the capacitors discharge, after the switch is moved from X to Y at t = O.

l i mA

1.0 t$~~ttpl~
Ttt~~tt~lttltP~l+;, t:~~~,

ttm1··t- · t·i~:·-·~- !-i,-·-t· -iml~·.:···. _

·.~·.·~..- 4:1-
l ~-1tL~';- ~-f~-~· ·1~·l·t~~·
t+-I~i+~....·1-:~·~-·-·
*~.
o ·+··+·j
o 0.5 1.0 1.5
tl s
2.0

Fig. 4.3

(i) Describe how and explain why the reading on ammeter A1 varies, if at all, over the
same time interval .

..... .............. ... ............ .... ......... ..... ..... ...... ......... .... .. .................... ...... ...... .... .. ........ ... [2J

(ii) Sketch curves on Fig . 4.3 to show how you expect the readings on ammeters A3
and A4 to vary with time from t = 0, when the switch is moved from X t? Y in
Fig. 4.2. Label your curves A3 and A4 respectively. [3]

[Total: 10j

[Turn over

(2
The cyclotron and the synchrotron are two machines used to accelerate charged particles. Discuss
the similarities and differences between these two machines .

Your answer should include

• the method of accelerating the charged particles

• the synchronisation of the accelerating force with the particle motion
• the meth od of maintaining the charge d particles in a curved path
• the energies which each machine is capable of imparting to the charged particles
(numerical values are not required)
• the relative advantages of the two types of machine.

......... .. ......... ...... .... ..... . ................ . ... . .. ......... ......... ..... .. ........ ... . . .................. . . ... . .... .. .............. '.......... .
' .~

J3
 .. .. ... ...... ... ...... .... . ....... ..... ........ ... ........ ..... .... ......... ...... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ........... ....... .... .. .. ..
.. .. .. ............ ..
... .... ... ........ ... ........ .... .. .. ... ..... ..... .... ....... ... .. .. .. ... .... ... ... .. .... .. .. .... ...... .... ... .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . .... . .... . .. ..

.... ... ....... ... .. ....... .... ... .... ... .. .... .. ... ... ... ..... ... ... ....... ... ....

............ ..... ... .... .... ......................... .. .......... .. ........ ....... :::::::::::::::::... :::::.:.. ::.:: ..:.:: .. .......... .. ... ... ... .... .. .. .
.... ..... ..... .... .. .... .... .

....... . .. ....... ...... ......... ... ..... ....... ..... .. ... ... ..... ... ... .... .. .. ...... . .... .. . . ... ...... .. . . . . .. ... ..

. ... .. .. ..... ... . . H . .••• ••• •· •

.H . . . · .. ... ...... .. ...... .. ··

[Total: 6~l

[Turn over
14
t-

8'. This question is about measuring the momentum of alpha particles.

region of uniform detector

alpha particle magnetic field
hole
source

tube

to vacuum pump

Fig.11.1

Fig. 11.1 shows the arrangement of apparatus required. The region of uniform magnetic field
extends for about 0.5 m.

(a) (I) On Fig. 11 .1, sketch the path of alpha particles as they go from the source to the
detector. [1J
(ii) State why there must be a vacuum in the tube.

[1 ]

(b) In the region of uniform magnetic field the alpha particles follow a path which is part of a circle
of radius r.

(i) State the angle between the direction of the magnetic field and the velocity of the alpha
particles.
angle = ............ 0 [1J
(ii) The magnetic force on an alpha particle of charge q in a magnetic field of strength B
provides the centripetal force for the motion along a circular path of radius r.
Show that the momentum p of the alpha particle is given by

p == 8qr.

[2J

/5
 · <

(c) The uniform magnetic field is provided by an electromagnet. The strength of the field is
increased from zero in steps of 50 mT at intervals of one minute. The bar chart of Fig. 11.2
shows the corresponding readings from the detector.

40 I---+--j---
detector count
per minute
30 1 - - - - \ - - + - -

20 1---1---1---

10

o
o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
field strength/mT

Fig. 11.2

All of the alpha particles from the source have the same energy.

(i) Suggest why the detector gives a large reading at one particular field strength .

[1 ]

(ii) Suggest why the detector gives a reading for all field strengths.

[1]
(iii) Use data from Fig. 11.2 to calculate the momentum of the alpha particles from the
source.
r= 2.5m
q=3.2 x lO-19 C

momentum = .. .... .. ..... ..... .... ... kg m 8- i [2J

[Total: :9]

'.,..' . . ... ' [Turn over

Ib
9 (a) (i) Particle accelerators may be used to collide two protons. If the protons have
sufficient speed such an event can produce more protons.

Explain why high-speed protons are necessa ry for the production of more
protons .

•••• • •• •• • • • •••••• • •••••• •• • • <• ••• • • • • • • •••• ••• ••• •• • ••••••••••• •• •• • ••• • • • • • •••••• ••• •••••••••••

. . . .... . .. ... ... . . ..... ...... . .. . . .. .... .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . .... ... .. . ... . .. ..... . .. . ......... .. ... .

. . ... ........ .... . . . .. . . . ... .. . ... ........ . . . . ..... . ... . ........ ....... . . ......... . . . .... . ... . ..

...... .. . .. . ...... . . . ..... . . . ....... .. . ........... .. ................ . ...... . ....................

(I)
(ii) Whenever matter is created it is always accompanied by an equivalent quantity
a/antimatter.

W hat conservation laws does the statement in italic imply?

........ .. .. ... .. . ... . . .. . . ... . . ... . . . .. ... . . .... . . .. ............... .. . .. .......... ... ..

.. . . . .. ......... . .... . . . . ........... ......... . ........ . . . . .............. . ... . ... . . . .......... .

. ... . . .. . ... . . . ..... .. .... . . .. .... .. ................ . ... .. , .. .. . .. , . .. .. . . .

.. . ....... . . .. . . . ..... ... ........ . .. . .. . .

....... . .. . . . . .... . .. . . ...... . .

... .. ..... . . . .. .. . . . ........... . . . . ... . . .... . .. ......... .. . .. ... .. .. . . ... . ... .. . .... . ...... ... .

. ... ... .. ...... .. . . . . . . ... . .. .. .. . .. .. ......... . . .. . . . ... . . . . . . .. .. .... . . .......... .. . . ... . ... .

(iii) An electron encounters a positron. The rest mass of an electron and that of a
positron is 0.000 55u.

Describe the outcome of the encounter.

Support your description with relevant calculations.

Jl
(b) Using the information in the table, deduce the quark composition of all rt' I . h
equatIOn. pa IC es m t e

Quark Charge Strangeness

u +2/3 0
d -1/3 0
s -113 1

p . ..... . .. . 0- .. . .. .... . .... .. ... ........ :

K- ..... .... ... ... .... ... . ... K + .. ....... ... ............ . KO
C2.)
(c) Complete
oxvge n. the following nuclear equation showing the beta-mmus
' decay of an Isotope
. of

-) x
(:1)

(rt) The ~r (omega minus), a particle with strangeness -3, was identified in 1964 in an
experiment involving an interaction between a K- meson of strangeness -1 and a
proton.

Is the 0- particle a baryon or a meson? Give two reasons for your answer .

.... . . ... . . . .. .. .. . ..... . .. . ..... . . .. .... . ..... . ...

. .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. ... .. . . ..... . . . .... . . . .. . ... . ... .

... . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .... . . . .......... . .. . .. . . . ... . .... . ............. . ...... . . . ..... . .....

. . ... . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .... . . . . . .. , ............ ... .............. .. . . .. . .... . .. . . .. . ............ . ... ... . .. . .. .

.. . .. .. . . . . ..... . ...... . ... . .. . . . .. . ..... . . . .... . .. . . . ... . .. . . . . . . ...... . . . .. .... . . . ... . .. . ...... ... ... . .
,

(2)

(lof~1 10)

iH£ END
/r;