١ ‫ – عربي كا معلم‬Arbi Ka Mu’allim

Lesson One

‫کلمہ اور اس کی قسنيں‬

A meaningful word is known as ً‫كمه‬.

ً‫ كمه‬is of three types: ‫كلنو‬
‫ حرف‬،‫ فعل‬،‫اشن‬ (Meaningful Word)

Examples:
ٌ‫( زٍَِد‬Zaid) ‫ اشن‬is that word which is not dependent on another word for its meanings to ‫اسم‬
ٌ‫( فَرَس‬Horse) be understood. Additionally, It does not have any tense within its meaning. (Noun)

Examples:
َ‫( ذٌََب‬He went) ‫ فعل‬is that word which is not dependent on another word for its meanings to ‫فعل‬
َ‫( فَ ْثح‬He opened) be understood. Additionally, It has a tense within its meaning. (Verb)

Examples:
‫ حرف‬is that word which is dependent on another word for its meanings to be
‫( اِلي‬towards)
understood. It is usually a part of a sentence and is understood when it ‫حرف‬
ِ‫( ِهو‬from) comes with an ‫ اشن‬or ‫فعل‬. (Particle)

Point 1 – ً‫كمه‬

As mentioned above, ًَ‫ كَمِه‬is that word which contains a meaning that is understood when it is said. However,
there are three types of ً‫كمه‬:
 ‫اِشِن‬
 ‫فِعِل‬
 ‫حَرِف‬

The first two, ‫ اشن‬and ‫ فعل‬are similar in a sense that they are not dependent on any other word for their
meaning to be understood. Nevertheless, the major difference between the two is that ‫ اشن‬does not contain a
tense whilst ‫ فعل‬will contain one of the three tenses (past, present or future).

‫ حرف‬is usually a part of a sentence and is understood when it comes with an ‫ اشن‬or a ‫فعل‬.

An example of a sentence using all of the above three types of ً‫ كمه‬I as follows:

ِ‫( ذٌََبَ زٍَِدٌ اِلي الهَشِجِد‬Zain went towards the Mosque).

 ١ ‫ – عربي كا معلم‬Arbi Ka Mu’allim

Point 2 – ‫اسم كي قسنيں‬

Above mentioned were the types of ً‫كمه‬. However, it should be also understood that there are many types of
‫ اشن‬as well as ‫ فعل‬and even ‫حرف‬. These will be discussed in detail, starting with the types of ‫اشن‬.

Point 3 – ‫ نعرفو‬/ ‫نكره‬

‫ اشن‬has two categories:

1. ‫( ىَكِرَي‬common noun)
2. ًَ‫( هَعِ ِرف‬proper noun)

Point 4 – ‫نكره‬

‫ ىكري‬is that ‫ اشن‬which is spoken or used to indicate general items and nothing specific.

Examples:

ٌ‫( رَجُل‬a man) This can refer to any man in general and is not an indication towards a particular man
or person. Therefore, it is common.

ٌ‫( طٍَِّب‬good) This can refer to any item or person that is good is not an indication towards a
particular person or item. Therefore, it is common.

Point 5 – ‫نعرفو‬

ً‫ هعرف‬is that ‫ اشن‬which is spoken or used to indicate specific items.

Example:

ُ‫( الرَجُل‬the man) This is referring to a specific man and therefore is classed a ً‫هعرف‬.
 ١ ‫ – عربي كا معلم‬Arbi Ka Mu’allim

Point 5 – ‫نعرفو كي قسنيں‬

There are seven types or ways that an ‫ اشن‬can be ً‫هعرف‬. These are discussed below:

1. ِ‫اشن عَمَن‬ - Names of places or people

‫ اشن عمن‬is that ‫ اشن‬which refers to a specific place or person; ie. it is a name of a place or person. An example
would be: ‫( زٍد‬Zaid), ‫( حاهد‬Hamid), ‫( هكة‬Makkah), ‫( هصر‬Egypt).

2. ‫اشن ضَهٍِِر‬ - Pronoun?

‫ اشن ضهٍر‬is that ‫ اشن‬which comes in place of a proper noun, usually an ‫اشن عمن‬. Therefore, it will also be
regarded as a ً‫هعرف‬. An example would be: َ‫( ٌُو‬him), َ‫( اَىْت‬you), ‫( اَىَا‬me) etc.

3. ‫اشن اِشَارَي‬ - Nouns used for indication

‫ اشن اشاري‬is that ‫ اشن‬which is used to indicate towards an item or person. As it is an indication to something
specific it also is regarded as ً‫هعرف‬. The item which is being indicated is known as ًٍ‫( هشار ال‬the indicated). An
example would be: ‫( ٌَذَا‬this), َ‫( ذَاك‬that).

4. ‫اشن هَوِصُوِل‬ - Connecting Noun / Relative pronoun

‫ اشن هوصول‬is that ‫ اشن‬which can connect to a ‫( اشن ىكري‬common noun) to make it more specific. For example, if
we mentioned ‘a man’ (ٌ‫ )رَجُل‬and continued to make it specific by referring to his qualities or actions then it
would be regarded as a proper noun also. An example would be: ً‫( الَّذ‬that man), ٌ‫( الَّث‬that woman).

5. ‫اشن هُىَادَى‬ - Calling someone

‫ اشن هىادى‬is that ‫ اشن‬which is used to call a person. For example, if we call a man by saying ‘O’ Man’ ( ‫)ٍا رجل‬
then the word ‫ رجل‬which is ‫ ىكري‬will become ‫ هعرفة‬because the man we are calling has now become specific.

6. ِ‫هُعَرَّفْ ةِالالَّن‬ - The use of the word ‘the’

A ‫ ىكري‬that is made ‫ هعرفة‬with the use of ‫ )الف – الن( ال‬is known as ‫هعرف ةالالن‬. In English, its equivalent would
be shown with the word ‘the’. For example, ‫( رجل‬a man) is ‫ ىكري‬and to make this word ‫ هعرفة‬we can add – ‫الف‬
‫ الن‬at the beginning to make it specific. Thus it becomes ‫( الرجل‬the man).
 ١ ‫ – عربي كا معلم‬Arbi Ka Mu’allim

7. ْ‫هُضَاف‬ - That word which is ‫ هضاف‬towards the above.

If a word is ‫ هضاف‬towards any of the six above types of ‫ هعرفة‬then that ‫ ىكري‬word will also be classed as ‫هعرفة‬.
The word ‫ هضاف‬means that it belongs to the following word, which is referred to as ًٍ‫هضاف ال‬. Therefore, we
can say in other words, that if a ‫ ىكري‬comes as ‫ هضاف‬towards a ًٍ‫ هضاف ال‬which is ‫( هعرفة‬from the above types)
then that ‫ )ىكري( هضاف‬will be regarded as ‫هعرفة‬. For example, the word ‫ كثاب‬which is ‫ ىكري‬will become ‫ هعرفة‬if it
is made ‫ هضاف‬towards a ‫هعرفة‬. For example:

ِ‫كِثَابُ الرَّجُل‬ - The man’s book

ٍ‫كِثَابُ زٍَِد‬ - Zaid’s book
‫كِثَابُ ٌَذَا‬ - This person’s book

It should be noted that in the above examples, the word ‫ كثاب‬has also become ‫هعرفة‬.

Note: All the other ‫اشهاء‬, which are not mentioned above, will be regarded as ‫ىكري‬. There are many types of ‫ىكري‬,
from which the two most common are:

1. ‫( اشن ذات‬an object/person)

2. ‫( اشن صفت‬quality of the above)

Examples of ‫ اشن ذَات‬can be: ٌ‫( فَرَس‬horse), ٌ‫( اِىْشَاو‬human), ٌ‫( حَجَر‬stone).
Examples of ‫ اشن صِفَت‬can be: ٌ‫( حَشَو‬beautiful / good) or ٌ‫( قَةٍِِح‬ugly / unattractive).