MITIGASI INTRUSI AIR LAUT

About 70 % of the world population

lives in coastal areas (Bear, 1999)

The addition of as little as 2 % of

seawater to freshwater can cause it
to be undrinkable (Deming, 2003)
 INTRUSI AIRLAUT
Saltwater Intrusion is the migration of saltwater into freshwater aquifers
under the influence of groundwater development
(Freeze and Cherry, 1979)
 DAMPAK INTRUSI AIRLAUT
(Notodarmojo, 2005)

1. Penurunan kualitas airtanah:

Pengaruh salinitas:
< 600 mg/L khlorida, ambang batas rasa asin manusia
Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI No. 46/1990:
< 500 mg/L khlorida, batas syarat air bersih
< 250 mg/L khlorida, batas syarat air minum
2. Terganggunya produktivitas beberapa
tanaman.
3. Mempengaruhi struktur tanah liat menjadi
kurang baik.
TDS OF WATER SOURCE
(MARKS, 2004)
Drinking water < 1000 mg/L TDS (WHO, 1984)
Drinking water < 500 mg/L TDS (EPA, 2002)
< 3% salinity content of world’s water safe for human consumption
RECOGNITION OF
SEA WATER IN
GROUND WATER

Sample number:
(1) Normal good ground
water in aquifer
(2) Slightly contaminated
ground water
(3) Moderately
contaminated ground
water
(4) Injuriously contaminated
ground water
(5) Highly contaminated
ground water
(6) Sea water
(Todd, 1959)
 MONITORING TECHNIQUES
Conventional Vs Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT)
(Antonsson et. al.,2006)
MITIGATION, CONTROL, AND
PREVENTION
 DEFINISI MITIGASI (1)
• Structural and non-structural measures undertaken to limit the
adverse impact of natural hazards, environmental degradation and
technological hazards.
www.unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-terminology-eng%20home.htm
• With respect to an undertaking, the elimination, reduction or
control of the adverse effects or the significant environmental
effects of the undertaking, and may include restitution for any
damage to the environment caused by such effects through
replacement, restoration, compensation or any ...
www.gov.ns.ca/enla/ea/glossary.asp
• A process of minimizing or compensating for damages to natural
habitats, caused by human developments. These activities are
designed to decrease the degree of damage to an ecosystem. They
may include restoration, enhancement, or creation. ...
www.ag.iastate.edu/centers/iawetlands/Glossary.html
 DEFINISI MITIGASI (2)
CEQA Guidelines Definition 15370 states:
"Mitigation" includes: (a) avoiding the impact
altogether by not taking an action or certain
parts of an action; (b) minimizing impacts by
limiting the degree or magnitude of the action
and its implementation; (c) rectifying the impact
by repairing ...
buttecreekwatershed.org/ecr/new/glossary.htm
 CONTROL OF SEAWATER INTRUSION
(Basri, 2001)
1. Hydrodynamic control
Maintain seaward gradient
2. Extraction wells
a) Extract seawater before it reaches production wells
b) Combines extraction wells with injection wells
3. Physical containment
Impermeable or semi-impermeable sub-surface barrier
 CONTROL AND REMEDIATION OF
SALTWATER INTRUSION
(DEMING, 2003)

• Dependent upon the geologic circumstances

in each case  geologic study:
To identify the causes of the saltwater intrusion.
To identify the mechanism(s) by which it is
occuring.
• Approaches to controlling saltwater intrusion:
 Construct barierrs
 Change the distribution of head
• A monitoring network should be installed
 APPROACHES TO PREVENTION OR
CONTROL OF SEAWATER INTRUSION
Re-arrangement of pumping pattern Bank and Rictor (1953)

Artificial recharge Todd (1959)

Linsley and Franzini

Hydraulic barrier ridge (1979)

Sub-surface barrier Kashef (1986)

Pumping trough Basri (2001)

Economic incentives and regulations Deming (2003)

Desalination Zekri (2007)

Alternate source of water Sorensen

Dwinanto & Iman, 2007

MODIFICATION OF
PUMPING
Effect of pumping position
on sea water intrusion into
a coastal confined aquifer:
(a) Pumping near coast;
(b) Pumping inland.

(Todd, 1959)
PUMPING
TROUGH
Control of sea water
intrusion by a pumping
trough paralleling the
coast
(Todd, 1959)
RECHARGE WELL

Sand model results

showing successive
positions of a salt water
wedge in a confined
aquifer after recharging (a)
at a small rate and (b) at a
large rate through a well
intersecting the wedge
(after Harder and others)
SUB-SURFACE
BARRIER
Disadvantages:
• Very expensive due to
construction cost
(Rogoshewski, 1983; Hanson
and Nilsson, 1986; EPA,
1987; Todd, 1980);
• Procedural difficulties of
a political, social, and
economic nature (US
EPA);
• Resistance to
earthquake to chemical
corrosion (Todd, 1980);
• Limited availability of
advanced technology
involved and specialty
firms capable in
An illustration of sub-surface barrier (Aiba, 1983)
constructing barrier
(Rogoshewski, 1983)
(a) Seawater intrusion advancing Inland
(b) Seawater intrusion impeded by a subsurface barrier
PRESSURE RIDGE
Control of sea water
intrusion by a pressure
ridge paralleling the coast
DESALINATION
In 1970, over 200 plants Desalination Cost in 1978
throughout the world were (Linsley & Franzini, 1979)
producing a total of over
50 mgd (190,000 m3/day).

Methods:
• Distillation
• Freezing
• Demineralization
• Electrodialysis
• Reverse osmosis

Kuwait: flash distillation, 5

mgd (220 liters/sec).
REVERSE OSMOSIS COST
(Marks, et. al., 2004)
Zekri, 2007
 ECONOMIC INCENTIVES AND REGULATIONS
(Zekri, 2007)

Strategies to control groundwater pumping based on:

• Water quotas,
• Electricity quotas, and
• Electricity pricing.
FRESHWATER
INJECTION
BARRIER
In South California
(Schwartz & Zhang, 2003)
CONTROLLING INTRUSION
AT MANHATTAN BEACH,
CALIFORNIA

Top – initial condition

Bottom – two years after recharge

12 inchi recharge wells surronded by

3-in. gravel pack were spaced at 500-ft
intervals to form a line 4000 ft long.
The combined total injection rate for
the eight wells was about 5 cfs.

5% wasted to the ocean, 95% will flow

landward.

(Todd, 1959)
 MANAGEMENT OF
GROUNDWATER RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER RESOCURCES

Predictive Modelling of
Modifications
Future Conditions

Monitoring

Measurement of Existing
Conditions
 WHAT CAN HELP REDUCE
SEAWATER INTRUSION?
USGS Fact Sheet 057-00, April 2000

Seawater intrusion on Lopez Island can be minimized by water

conservation, efficient well construction, and by judicious well-
operation practices like these:
• Using such water-conserving devices as low-volume plumbing
fixtures and toilets.
• Keeping outdoor watering to a minimum.
• Reusing or recycling water when possible.
• Augmenting fresh ground-water recharge by, for example, using
surface ponds to slow surface runoff and raise infiltration rates.
• Constructing wells that do not penetrate deeper below sea level
than necessary.
• Sizing pumps for lower pumping rates and minimizing lengths of
pumping cycles.
• In multiple-well systems, pumping wells alternately.
 US. PATENT

Control and Prevention of Seawater Intrusion

METHOD AND APPARATUS
FOR MONITORING THE
ADVANCE OF SEAWATER
INTO FRESH WATER
AQUIFERS NEAR COASTAL
CITIES
Inventors:
David J. Rossi, Katy;
Willem A. Wijnberg, Houston;
Peter V. Howard, Belleville;
Jean-Pierrre R. Delhomme, Boulogne-
Billancourt;
Kamal Babour, Bures sur Yvette.
MEANS FOR DESALINATION
OF WATER THROUGH
REVERSE OSMOSIS
Inventor:
Robert A. Uhlinger, Carlsbad, Calif.
SALTWATER INTRUSION
PREVENTION SYSTEM
Inventor: Wayne W. Spani, Mission
Viejo, CA (US)
 Inventor: Lincoln A. Vlasnik, 1422
Beckwith Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. 90049
SEA WATER DESALINIZATION SYSTEM
Todd, D. K., 1959, Groundwater Hydrology, John Wiley & Sons
Freeze, R. A., Cherry, J. A., 1979, GROUNDWATER, Prentice-Hall
Linsley, R. K., Franzini, J. B., 1979, Water Resources Engineering 3rd edition,
McGraw-Hill
PUSTAKA
Kashef, A. I., 1986, Groundwater Engineering, McGraw-Hill International
Editions
Domenico, P. A., Schwartz, F. W.,1990, Physical and Chemical
Hydrogeology, John Wiley & Sons
Soliman, M. M., LaMoreaux, P. E., Memon, B. A., Assaad, F. A., LaMoreaux,
J. W., 1998, Environmental Hydrogeology, Lewis Publishers
Orr, L., 2000, Is Seawater Intrusion Affecting Ground Water on Lopez Island,
Washington, USGS Fact Sheet 057-00
Basri, M. H., 2001, The New Methods for Optimal Design of Subsurface
Barrier to Control Seawater Intrusion, Ph.D Thesis in Department of
Civil and Geological Engineering University of Manitoba.
Deming, D., 2002, Introduction to Hydrogeology, McGraw-Hill
Hendrayana, H., 2002, Intrusi Air Asin ke dalam Akuifer di Daratan,
Zaitunah, A., 2002, Kajian Keberadaan Hutan Mangrove: Peran, Dampak
Kerusakan, dan Usaha Konservasi, USU digital library.

Haturnuhun …
Schwartz, F. W., Zhang, H., 2003, Fundamentas of Groundwater, Wiley
Marks, D. H., et.al, 2004, Review of the Desalination and Water Purification
Technology Roadmap, The National Academic Press
Notodarmojo, S., 2005, Pencemaran Tanah dan Airtanah, Penerbit ITB
Prieto, C., 2005, Groundwater-Seawater Interactions: Seawater Intrusion,
Submarine Groundwater Discharge, and Temporal Variability and
Randomness Effects, Ph.D Thesis in KTH.
Cameo, E. A., 2006, Seawater Intrusion in Complex Geological
Environments, Ph.D Thesis in Technical University of Catalonia.
Sherif, M., Kacimov, A., …, Control of Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers
by Pumping Saline Water, College of Engineering.
Mirosoft Student with Encarta 2008
US Patent