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Dark Ages (500 ʹ 1000): Power passed on from king to king; church and state are centers of power

Late Middle Ages (1000 ʹ 1450): Construction of many cathedrals and universities; cities became centers
of art

Liturgy: The set order of religious services and the structure of each service, within a particular
denomination (e.g., Roman Catholic)

Gregorian chant (Also plainchant or plainsong):

-Ê Monophonic textured melody

-Ê Flowing unmeasured vocal line; free from structure
-Ê Liturgical chant of the Roman Catholic Church
-Ê Avoids wide leaps
-Ê Chant melody classes:
—Ê Œyllabic: Melodic style with one not to each syllable of text
—Ê £eumatic: Melodic style with two to four notes set to each syllable
—Ê Melismaic: Melodic style characterized by many notes sung to a single text syllable

£eumes: Early musical notation signs; square notes on a four-line staff

Modal: Characterizes music that is based on modes other than major and minor, especially the early
church modes. Antonym of tonal, which refers to harmony based on major-minor tonality

Mode: Œcale

Musicaenchiriadis: 9th century transcript that first established a system of rules in polyphony

Musicatransalpina: Collection of Italian Madrigals by £icholas Yonge, which was translated into English

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Mass: Central service of the Roman Catholic Church

Offices: Cycle of daily services of the Roman Catholic Church, distinct from Mass

Proper: Œections of the Roman Catholic Mass that vary from day to day throughout the church year
according to the particular liturgical occasion, as distinct from the Ordinary, in which they remain the
same

Ordinary: Œections of the Roman Catholic mass that remains the same from day to day through the
church year, as distinct from the Proper, which changes daily according to the liturgical occasion





10th daughter of a noble couple who promised her to the service of the church as a tithe (giving the
church 1/10 of what one owns)

Experienced visions and was able to foretell the future and was sought for advice on political issues by
popes and kings; known also for medical writings

Founded her own convent in Rupertsberg, Germany in 1150

Wrote a book of poems, Œ
  


     , and a drama with music,  
   

Very original music style, resembling Gregorian chant, but 

 



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Organum: Earliest kind of " # music, which developed from the custom of adding voices above a
plainchant; they first ran
 to it at the 
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Voices: Tenor and Duplum

-Ê Leonin, leader of £otre Dame Cathedral, is the first known composer of polyphonic music;
compiled the Ä 

-Ê ris successorPerotin increased his organum by increasing the number of voice parts to 3 and 4

Rhythmic mode: Fixed rhythmic patterns of long and short notes, popular in the 13th century

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Motet: Polyphonic vocal genre, secular in the Middle Ages

-Ê The motet is a polytextual(more than one text) vocal composition, which sometimes had
instrumental accompaniment
-Ê Illustrates how medieval composers based their works on what has been created from the past
-Ê Composers would add1-3 new countermelodies

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( Psalms 118:24 and 106:1
-Ê ) "
: Gradual, from Proper
-Ê +## ( Easter Œunday
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( Responsorial (Œolo and chorus)
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( Elaborate and melismatic (melisma on Domino)
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( Œolo intonation o Choral responseo Œolo verse o Chorus
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( £otre Dame Œchool of Paris, in style of Leonin
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( 2-voice, both with raec dies
-Ê ) #
 # ( Alternates organal and discant style
-Ê Upper voice ʹ freely composed, rhythmic, fast moving
-Ê Lower voice ʹ contains raec dies chant
-Ê Organal style: chant in long notes in lower voice
-Ê Discant style: chant in shorter, rhythmic notes in lower voice
-Ê Performance: Œoloists (raec dies)oChorus (quam)oŒoloists (Confitemini) oŒoloists (Domino)
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-Ê Date: 13th century
-Ê Composer: Anonymous
-Ê Voices/text: 3 voices, each with different text
-Ê Characteristics: Polyphonic, all voices rhythmic
-Ê Bottom voice with chant notes, very melismatic on two words only (raec dies)
-Ê Motet opening: ostinato patter bracketed (long-long-short-long)

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-Ê Œecular music arose in courts, performed by aristocratic $.$ and $%

in France
and by 

 in Germany. Also performed by wandering minstrels such as , and
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-Ê Œecular song text idealized love and chivalry, set to Latin texts Ê
-Ê Œung monophonically, with improvised instrumental accompanimentÊ
Trouvere: Medieval poet-musician of £orthern France

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Date: Mid-13th century

Genre: Monophonic chanson (Trouvere song)
Text: Œtrophic (5 stanzas each with 12 rhyming lines: aabaabccbccb)
Form: AABB ʹ 2 short sections, each repeated

-Ê Gentle melody in 2 sections

-Ê Folklike quality, 6/8 meter
-Ê Improvised instrumental accompaniment by strings: dulcimer, rebec, psaltery

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Musical style of  %


 appeared in the 14th century in France, and then Italy. Classified by
its more refined and complex music than  2$
.Ars nova proved development in rhythm,
harmony and counterpoint

Machaut (1300 ʹ 1377)

-Ê The foremost composer-poet of Ars nova style

-Ê Career as cleric as well as courtier allowed him to write both religious and secular music
-Ê More than 20 motets, secular #   
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 -Ê ris poetry embraces the ideals of medieval chivalry
-Ê Fixed poetic forms for chanson
-Ê Introduced new rhythmic devices such as syncopation, meter change
-Ê rarmonies of more major minor 4ths and 5th **

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Date: Mid-14th century

Genre: Polyphnic chanson, 3 voices

Poem: Rondeau by composer with 2 line refrain

Form:2 musical sections A & B

-Ê 3-part polyphonic texture

-Ê Œung in low range, all parts for men͛s voices
-Ê A & B sections of music repeated in rondeau
-Ê ͞Œince I am forgotten by you, sweet friend͟ repeated in middle and end
-Ê Œlow triple meter with syncopations

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Date: Late 13th century

Form: Monophonic dance, 7 sections each repeated
Instruments: 2 shawns, 3-holed pipe, rebec, 2 vielles, tambourine, drum

-Ê Œingle line melody ʹ monophonic

-Ê Range is narrow, with embellished motivic ideas
-Ê Triple meter dance in moderate tempo
-Ê Alternation between loud and soft instruments
-Ê ͚rarmony͛ through playing melody in 5th over drone