c


c





c
  
  
c
 
(Tamil: ‫ل‬٢٩ٰٟ
ِٚ٨ٰٝ ٓ٬ٙ٩ٟ٦ٰٚٗ٨ٰٙ ‫ل‬ٰٚٗ٩ٰٟ ِٟ٦ٰٛ; born 15
October 1931 in Rameshwaram, Madras Presidency, Indian
Empire), usually referred to as D
c


c
 
,
was the 11th President of India, serving from 2002 to 2007.[2]
He was elected during the tenure of the National Democratic
Alliance (India) coalition government, under Prime Minister
Atal Bihari Vajpayee.[3] During his term as President, he was
popularly known as the Ê
 Ê 
.[4][5]
Before his term as India's president, he worked as an
aeronautical engineer with DRDO and ISRO. He is popularly
known as the   

 
 for his work on
development of ballistic missile and space rocket
technology.[6] In India he is highly respected as a scientist and as an engineer.
Kalam played a pivotal organizational, technical and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear test in 1998,
the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974.[7] He is the chancellor of Indian Institute of Space
Science and Technology (Thiruvananthapuram), a professor at Anna University (Chennai), a visiting professor
at JSS University in Mysore, and an adjunct/visiting faculty at many other academic and research institutions
across India.
   
 

In his book 
  , Abdul Kalam strongly advocates an action plan to develop India into a knowledge
superpower and a developed nation by the year 2020. He regards his work on India's nuclear weapons program
as a way to assert India's place as a future superpower.
It has been reported that there is a considerable demand in South Korea for translated versions of books
authored by him.[8]
Kalam continues to take an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology. He has
proposed a research program for developing bio-implants. He is a supporter of free software over proprietary
solutions and believes that the use of free software on a large scale will bring the benefits of information
technology to more people.[9]

c 
 

After graduating in Physics from St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirapalli, Abdul Kalam graduated with a diploma
in Aeronautical Engineering in the mid-1950s from the Madras Institute of Technology.[10] As the Project
Director, he was heavily involved in the development of India's first indigenous Satellite Launch Vehicle
(SLV-III). As Chief Executive of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (I.G.M.D.P), he played
a major part in developing many missiles in India including Agni and Prithvi although the entire project has
been criticised for being overrun and mismanaged.[11] He was the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime
Minister and the Secretary of Defence Research and Development Organisation from July 1992 to December
1999. Pokhran-II nuclear tests were conducted during this period and have been associated with Kalam
although he was not directly involved with the nuclear program at the time.
c 



On April 29, 2009, he became the first Asian to be bestowed with the Hoover Medal, America's top
engineering prize, for his outstanding contribution to public service. The citation said that he was being
recognised for:
º making state-of-the-art healthcare available to the common man at affordable prices;
º bringing quality medical care to rural areas by establishing a link between doctors and technocrats;
º using spin-offs of defense technology to create state-of-the-art medical equipment; and
º launching tele-medicine projects connecting remote rural-based hospitals to the super-specialty
hospitals.
It added that he was an eminent scientist, a gifted engineer, a visionary, and a humanitarian.[12]
On 13 September 2009, he was awarded the International von Kármán Wings Award.[13]
The Government of India has honored him with some of the country's highest civilian awards:
º Padma Bhushan in 1981
º Padma Vibhushan in 1990
º Bharat Ratna in 1997
for his work with the ISRO and DRDO and his role as a scientific advisor to the Indian government.
Kalam was the third President of India to be honored with a Bharat Ratna before being elected to the highest
office, the other two being Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Zakir Hussain. He is also the first scientist and first
bachelor to occupy the Rashtrapati Bhavan.
After his tenure as the President he is now a visiting professor at J.S.S. University, Mysore. He has agreed to
deliver a minimum of four lectures every year.


å


  

å

  
  , FRS (30 October 1909 ± 24 January 1966) was an
Indian nuclear physicist who played a major role in the development of the
Indian atomic energy program and is considered to be the father of India's
nuclear program. Bhabha was born into a prominent Parsi family, through
which he was related to Dinshaw Maneckji Petit, Muhammad Ali Jinnah,
Homi K Bhabha and Dorab Tata. After receiving his early education at
Bombay schools and at the Royal Institute of Science, he attended Caius
College of Cambridge University to pursue studies in mechanical engineering.
After taking mechanical engineering, he pursued studies under Paul Dirac to
complete the Mathematics Tripos. Meanwhile, he worked at the Cavendish
Laboratory while working towards his doctorate in theoretical physics under
R. H. Fowler. During this time, he embarked on groundbreaking research into
the absorption of cosmic rays and electron shower production. Afterward, he
published a string of widely-accepted papers on his theories regarding cosmic
ray showers.
World War II broke out in September 1939 while Bhabha was vacationing in India. He chose to remain in
India until the war ended. In the meantime, he accepted a position at the Indian Institute of Science in
Bangalore, headed by Nobel laureate C. V. Raman. He established the Cosmic Ray Research Unit at the
institute, and began to work on the theory of the movement of point particles. In 1945, he established the Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research in Bombay, and the Atomic Energy Commission of India three years later.
In the 1950s, Bhabha represented India in International Atomic Energy Forums, and served as President of the
United Nations Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva, Switzerland in 1955. He was
awarded Padma Bhushan by Government of India in 1954. He later served as the member of the Indian
Cabinet's Scientific Advisory Committee and set up the Indian National Committee for Space Research with
Vikram Sarabhai. In January 1966, Bhabha died in a plane crash near Mont Blanc, while heading to Vienna,
Austria to attend a meeting of the International Atomic Energy Agency's Scientific Advisory Committee.
è 
 

Bhabha received his early education at Bombay's Cathedral Grammar School, which became the Cathedral and
John Connon School in 1922 after merging with the John Connon School, run by the city's Scottish Education
Society. He entered Elphinstone College at age 15 after passing his Senior Cambridge Examination with
Honours. He then attended the Royal Institute of Science until 1927 before joining Caius College of
Cambridge University, the alma mater of his uncle Dorab Tata.His father and uncle Dorab planned for Bhabha
to obtain an engineering degree from Cambridge and then return to India, where would join the Tata Iron and
Steel Company in Jamshedpur. However, during his studies, Bhabha felt more of an interest in the field of
mathematics, instead of engineering.


D 

 

He died when Air India ; 
 crashed near Mont Blanc on January 24, 1966. Many possible theories have
been advanced for the aircrash, including a conspiracy theory in which CIA is involved in order to paralyze
Indian nuclear weapon programme. The atomic energy centre in Trombay was renamed as Bhabha Atomic
Research Centre in his honour. In addition to being a famous scientist, Bhabha was also a painter and a
classical music and opera enthusiast, besides being an amateur botanist.
After his death, the Atomic Energy Establishment was renamed as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in his
honour. Bhabha also encouraged research in electronics, space science, radio astronomy and microbiology. The
famed radio telescope at Ooty, India was his initiative, and it became a reality in 1970. Bhabha has since
become known as the "Father of India's Atomic Energy Programme". The Homi Bhabha Fellowship Council
has been giving the Homi Bhabha Fellowships since 1967 Other noted institutions in his name are the Homi
Bhabha National Institute, an Indian deemed university and the Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education,
Mumbai, India.







! 
   
 

, FRS (Tamil: € ٰٗ٧ٝ€
ِٝ
٢٪ِّٰٕٝ٦ٰٛٙ) (7 November 1888 ± 21 November 1970) was an Indian
physicist whose work was influential in the growth of science in India. He was
the recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930 for the discovery that when
light traverses a transparent material, some of the light that is deflected changes
in wavelength. This phenomenon is now called Raman scattering and is the
result of the Raman effect.

  

è



Venkata Raman was born at Thiruvanaikaval, near Tiruchirappalli, Madras Presidency to R. Chandrasekhara
Iyer (b. 1866) and Parvati Ammal (Saptarshi Parvati).[1].He was the second of their eight children. At an early
age Raman moved to the city of Vizag, Andhra Pradesh. Studied in St.Aloysius Anglo-Indian High School. His
father was a lecturer in Mathematics and physics, so he grew up in an academic atmosphere.
Raman entered Presidency College, Chennai, in 1902, and in 1904 gained his B.Sc., winning the first place and
the gold medal in physics. In 1907 he gained his M.Sc., obtaining the highest distinctions. He joined the Indian
Finance Department as an Assistant Accountant General

'



In 1917 Raman resigned from his government service and took up the newly created Palit Professorship in
Physics at the University of Calcutta. At the same time, he continued doing research at the Indian Association
for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta, where he became the Honorary Secretary. Raman used to refer to this
period as the golden era of his career. Many talented students gathered around him at the IACS and the
University of Calcutta.

è


 
  
 
  
 
 

On February 28, 1928, through his experiments on the scattering of light, he discovered the Raman effect. It
was instantly clear that this discovery was an important one. It gave further proof of the quantum nature of
light. Raman spectroscopy came to be based on this phenomenon, and Ernest Rutherford referred to it in his
presidential address to the Royal Society in 1929. Raman was president of the 16th session of the Indian
Science Congress in 1929. He was conferred a knighthood, and medals and honorary doctorates by various
universities. Raman was confident of winning the Nobel Prize in Physics as well, and was disappointed when
the Nobel Prize went to Richardson in 1928 and to de Broglie in 1929. He was so confident of winning the
prize in 1930 that he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were to be announced in November, and
would scan each day's newspaper for announcement of the prize, tossing it away if it did not carry the news.
He did eventually win the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his work on the scattering of light and for the
discovery of the effect named after him. He was the first Asian and first non-White to receive any Nobel Prize
in the sciences. Before him Rabindranath Tagore (also Indian) had received the Nobel Prize for Literature.
C.V Raman & Bhagavantam, discovered the quantum photon spin in 1932, which further confirmed the
quantum nature of light. [1]
Raman also worked on the acoustics of musical instruments. He worked out the theory of transverse vibration
of bowed strings, on the basis of superposition velocities. He was also the first to investigate the harmonic
nature of the sound of the Indian drums such as the tabla and the mridangam.
Raman & his student Nagendranath, provided the correct theoretical explanation for the acousto-optic effect (
light scattering by sound waves ), in a series of articles resulting in the celebrated Raman-Nath theory.
Modulators, and switching systems based on this effect have enabled optical communication components
based on laser systems.
In 1934 Raman became the director of the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, where two years later he
continued as a professor of physics. Other investigations carried out by Raman were experimental and
theoretical studies on the diffraction of light by acoustic waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies
(published 1934-1942), and those on the effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed
to ordinary light.
He also started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943 along with Dr.
Krishnamurthy. The Company during its 60 year history, established four factories in Southern India. In 1947,
he was appointed as the first National Professor by the new government of Independent India.
In 1948 Raman, through studying the spectroscopic behavior of crystals, approached in a new manner
fundamental problems of crystal dynamics. He dealt with the structure and properties of diamond, the structure
and optical behavior of numerous iridescent substances (labradorite, pearly feldspar, agate, opal, and pearls).
Among his other interests were the optics of colloids, electrical and magnetic anisotropy, and the physiology of
human vision.

Ê
 


Raman retired from the Indian Institute of Science in 1948 and established the Raman Research Institute in
Bangalore, Karnataka a year later. He served as its director and remained active there until his death in 1970, in
Bangalore, at the age of 82.
He was married on 6 May 1907 to Lokasundari Ammal with whom he had two sons, Chandrasekhar and
Radhakrishnan.

å

 

Raman was honoured with a large number of honorary doctorates and memberships of scientific societies. He
was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society early in his career (1924) and knighted in 1929. In 1930 he won the
Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1941 he was awarded the Franklin Medal. In 1954 he was awarded the Bharat
Ratna.[2] He was also awarded the Lenin Peace Prize in 1957.
India celebrates National Science Day on 28 February of every year to commemorate the discovery of the
Raman effect in 1928.

   
 


c
 Sir[1]    
 
, CSI,[2] CIE,[3] FRS (Bengali:
Ë
   


 


 

) (30 November 1858 ± 23
November 1937) was an Bengali polymath: a physicist, biologist, botanist,
archaeologist, as well as an early writer of science fiction.[4] He pioneered
the investigation of radio and microwave optics, made very significant
contributions to plant science, and laid the foundations of experimental
science in the Indian subcontinent.[5] IEEE named him one of the fathers of
radio science.[6] He is also considered the father of Bengali science fiction.
He was the first person from the Indian subcontinent to receive a US
patent, in 1904.
Born during the British Raj, Bose graduated from St. Xavier's College,
Calcutta. He then went to the University of London to study medicine, but
could not pursue studies in medicine due to health problems. Instead, he
conducted his research with the Nobel Laureate Lord Rayleigh at
Cambridge and returned to India. He then joined the Presidency College of
University of Calcutta as a Professor of Physics. There, despite racial discrimination and a lack of funding and
equipment, Bose carried on his scientific research. He made remarkable progress in his research of remote
wireless signaling and was the first to use semiconductor junctions to detect radio signals. However, instead of
trying to gain commercial benefit from this invention Bose made his inventions public in order to allow others
to further develop his research.
Bose subsequently made a number of pioneering discoveries in plant physiology. He used his own invention,
the crescograph, to measure plant response to various stimuli, and thereby scientifically proved parallelism
between animal and plant tissues. Although Bose filed for a patent for one of his inventions due to peer
pressure, his reluctance to any form of patenting was well known.
He has been recognised for his many contributions to modern science.


 
 

The British theoretical physicist James Clerk Maxwell mathematically predicted the existence of
electromagnetic waves of diverse wavelengths, but he died in 1879 before his prediction was experimentally
verified. British physicist Oliver Lodge demonstrated the existence of Maxwell¶s waves transmitted along
wires in 1887-88. The German physicist Heinrich Hertz showed experimentally, in 1888, the existence of
electromagnetic waves in free space. Subsequently, Lodge pursued Hertz¶s work and delivered a
commemorative lecture in June 1894 (after Hertz¶s death) and published it in book form. Lodge¶s work caught
the attention of scientists in different countries including Bose in India.[16]
The first remarkable aspect of Bose¶s follow up microwave research was that he reduced the waves to the
millimetre level (about 5 mm wavelength). He realised the disadvantages of long waves for studying their
light-like properties.[16]
In 1893, Nikola Tesla demonstrated the first public radio communication.[17] One year later, during a
November 1894 (or 1895[16]) public demonstration at Town Hall of Kolkata, Bose ignited gunpowder and rang
a bell at a distance using millimetre range wavelength microwaves.[14] Lieutenant Governor Sir William
Mackenzie witnessed Bose's demonstration in the Kolkata Town Hall. Bose wrote in a Bengali essay, c  
c
 (Invisible Light), ³The invisible light can easily pass through brick walls, buildings etc. Therefore,
messages can be transmitted by means of it without the mediation of wires.´[16] In Russia, Popov performed
similar experiments. In December 1895, Popov's records indicate that he hoped for distant signalling with radio
waves.[18]
Bose¶s first scientific paper, ³On polarisation of electric rays by double-refracting crystals´ was communicated
to the Asiatic Society of Bengal in May 1895, within a year of Lodge¶s paper. His second paper was
communicated to the Royal Society of London by Lord Rayleigh in October 1895. In December 1895, the
London journal the   
(Vol 36) published Bose¶s paper, ³On a new electro-polariscope´. At that time,
the word µcoherer¶, coined by Lodge, was used in the English-speaking world for Hertzian wave receivers or
detectors. The   
readily commented on Bose¶s coherer. (December 1895). 
 



(18
January 1896) quoted from the   
and commented as follows:
´Should Professor Bose succeed in perfecting and patenting his µCoherer¶, we may in time see the
whole system of coast lighting throughout the navigable world revolutionised by a Bengali scientist
working single handed in our Presidency College Laboratory.´
Bose planned to ³perfect his coherer´ but never thought of patenting it.[16]
In May 1897, two years after Bose's public demonstration in Kolkata, Marconi conducted his wireless
signalling experiment on Salisbury Plain.[18] Bose went to London on a lecture tour in 1896 and met Marconi,
who was conducting wireless experiments for the British post office. In an interview, Bose expressed
disinterest in commercial telegraphy and suggested others use his research work. In 1899, Bose announced the
development of a "

  



  
   


  
" in a paper presented at the Royal
Society, London.[19]
It appears that Bose's demonstration of remote wireless signalling has priority over Marconi.[20] He was the
first to use a semiconductor junction to detect radio waves, and he invented various now commonplace
microwave components. In 1954, Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose for the use of a semi-conducting
crystal as a detector of radio waves. Further work at millimetre wavelengths was almost nonexistent for nearly
50 years. In 1897, Bose described to the Royal Institution in London his research carried out in Kolkata at
millimetre wavelengths. He used waveguides, horn antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even
semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60 GHz; much of his original equipment is still in existence, now at
the Bose Institute in Kolkata. A 1.3 mm multi-beam receiver now in use on the NRAO 12 Metre Telescope,
Arizona, U.S.A. incorporates concepts from his original 1897 papers.[18]
Sir Nevill Mott, Nobel Laureate in 1977 for his own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C.
Bose was at least 60 years ahead of his time" and "In fact, he had anticipated the existence of P-type and N-
type semiconductors."


 
 

Bose's next contribution to science was in plant physiology. He forwarded a theory for the ascent of sap in
plants in 1927, his theory contributed to the vital theory of ascent of sap. According to his theory,
electromechanical pulsations of living cells were responsible for the ascent of sap in plants.
He was skeptical about the then, and still now, most popular theory for the ascent of sap, the tension-cohesion
theory of Dixon and Joly, first proposed in 1894. The 'CP theory', proposed by Canny in 1995,[21] validates this
skepticism. Canny experimentally demonstrated pumping in the living cells in the junction of the endodermis.
In his research in plant stimuli, Bose showed with the help of his newly invented crescograph that plants
responded to various stimuli as if they had nervous systems like that of animals. He therefore found a
parallelism between animal and plant tissues. His experiments showed that plants grow faster in pleasant music
and their growth is retarded in noise or harsh sound. This was experimentally verified later on.[  


]
His major contribution in the field of biophysics was the demonstration of the electrical nature of the
conduction of various stimuli (e.g., wounds, chemical agents) in plants, which were earlier thought to be of a
chemical nature. These claims were later proven experimentally by 

   (Nature, 1992, 360, 62±65).
He was also the first to study the action of microwaves in plant tissues and corresponding changes in the cell
membrane potential. He researched the mechanism of the seasonal effect on plants, the effect of chemical
inhibitors on plant stimuli, the effect of temperature etc. From the analysis of the variation of the cell
membrane potential of plants under different circumstances, he deduced the claim that plants can "feel pain,
understand affection etc.".









 

" 

 
, also known as  "

 (Kannada: $
  $  (Ciðtāmaði Nāgēśa Rāmacaðdra Rāva))
(born June 30, 1934, Bangalore, India) is an Indian chemist who has
worked mainly in solid-state and structural chemistry.
Education

Rao obtained his bachelors degree from Mysore University in 1951,

obtaining a masters from Banaras Hindu University two years later, and
obtained his PhD in 1958 from Purdue University. He served as a faculty
member in the department of Chemistry at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpurfrom 1963 to 1976 and as
the director of the Indian Institute of Science from 1984 to 1994. He has also been a visiting professor at
Purdue, theUniversity of Oxford, the University of Cambridge and University of California, Santa Barbara. He
is the founding President of the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research.
[edit]Profession

Rao is currently the National Research Professor and Linus Pauling Research Professor and Honorary
President of the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research in Bangalore, India. He was
appointed Chair of the Scientific Advisory Council to the Indian Prime Minister in January 2005, a position
which he had occupied earlier during 1985-89. He is also the director of the International Centre for Materials
Science (ICMS).
Rao is one of the world's foremost solid state and materials chemists. He has contributed to the development of
the field over five decades[  


]. His work on transition metal oxides has led to basic understanding of
novel phenomena and the relationship between materials properties and the structural chemistry of these
materials.
Rao was one of the earliest to synthesize two-dimensional oxide materials such as La2CuO4. His work has led
to a systematic study of compositionally controlled metal-insulator transitions. Such studies have had a
profound impact in application fields such as colossal magneto resistance and high
temperature superconductivity[  


]. Oxide semiconductors have unusual promise. He has made
immense contributions to nanomaterials over the last two decades, besides his work on hybrid materials. He is
the author of around 1500 research papers. He has authored and edited 42 books.
Rao serves on the board of the Science Initiative Group.
[edit]Awards

He was awarded the Hughes Medal by the Royal Society in 2000, and he became the first recipient of the India
Science Award, instituted by the Government of India, for his contributions to solid state chemistry and
materials science, awarded in 2004.
He has won several international prizes and is a member of many of the world's scientific associations,
including the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Royal
Society (London; FRS, 1982), French Academy, Japanese Academy and the Pontifical Academy.
He was awarded Dan David Prize in 2005[1], by the Dan David Foundation, Tel Aviv University, which he
shared with George Whitesides and Robert Langer[2]. In 2005, he was conferred the titleChevalier de la Légion
d'honneur (Knight of the Legion of Honour) by France, awarded by the French Government. He had also been
given the honours Padma Shri and Padma Vibhushan by the Indian Government and Karnataka Ratna by the
Karnataka state government. He is a foreign fellow of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences[3]. He was also
awarded an honorary Doctor of Science by theUniversity of Calcutta in 2004[4].