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U Tilities are continuously planning the expansion of their large generation plants and transmission lines have resulted in
electrical networks in order to face the load growth and to the field of Distributed Generation ( DG ). Unit sizes vary
properly supply their consumers. The traditional solution is the from kilowatts to a few megawatts. In the future DG
construction of new substations or the expansion of those penetration is expected to rise to about 10% of total installed
already exists. However, these companies began to evaluate capacity in the next decade. The viability of distributed
new manners of expanding their capacities when government generators generally depends on economics, need efficiency of
started to simulate the addition of new power sources to the utilization of resources and benefits to the power delivery
system. From that moment, Distributed Generation ( DG ) system, ultimately resulting in benefits to the customers.
started to retake its importance. Employing DG in a distribution network has several
Distributed Generation can be defined as an electrical advantages and a few disadvantages as enumerated below[3]:
power source connected directly to the distribution network or • Reduced line losses.
on the consumer side of the meter. It may be understood in • Voltage profile improvement.
simple term as small-scale electricity market. • Reduced emissions of pollutants.
There are a number of DG technologies available in the • Increased overall energy efficiency.
market today and few are still in research and development • Enhanced system reliability and security.
stage. Some currently available technologies are reciprocating • Improved power quality.
• Relieved T&D congestion.
A.Kazemi is with the Center of Excellence for Power System Automation
• Reduced O&M costs of some DG technologies.
and Operation , Electrical Engineering Department , Iran University of
Science and Technology (IUST) , Narmak , Tehran , Iran (email: • Enhanced productivity.
kazemi@iust.ac.ir), • Reduced health care costs due to improved
M.Sadeghi is with the Center of Excellence for Power System Automation
and Operation , Electrical Engineering Department , Iran University of
environment.
Science and Technology (IUST) , Narmak , Tehran , Iran (email: • Reduced fuel costs due to increased overall
mahmood.sadeghi@gmail.com) efficiency.
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generator, line, transformer, busbar, etc. ) , increment of load substantial foundations and a significant amount of starting
decrement, decrement of production and/or weaking of and protective equipment. They also contribute to the short
voltage control. Voltage control and instability are local circuit current and they can not be controlled fast enough to
problems. However the consequences of voltage instability compensate for rapid load changes. Morever their losses are
may have a widespread impact . Voltage collapse is the much higher than those associated with static compensators,
catastrophic result of a sequence of events leading to a low- and the cost is much higher compared with static
voltage profile suddenly in a major part of the power system. compensators.
Voltage stability can also be called " load stability ". A power ● Thyristorized VAR Compensators: As in the case of the
system lacks the capability to transfer an infinite amount of synchronous condenser, the aim of achieving fine control over
electrical power to the loads. The main factor causing voltage the entire VAR range, has been fullfield with the development
instability is the instability of the power system to meet the of static compensators (svc) but with the advantage of faster
demands for reactive power in the heavily stressed systems to response times. Static VAR compensators (SVC) consist of
keep desired voltages. Other factors contributing to voltage standard reactive power shunt elements (reactors and
stability are the generator reactive power limits, the load capacitors) which are controlled to provide rapid and variable
characteristics, the characteristics of the reactive power reactive power. They can be grouped in to two basic
compensation devices and the action of the voltage control categories, the thyristor switched capacitor and the thyristor
devices. The reactive characteristics of AC transmission lines, controlled reactor.
transformers and loads restrict the maximum power system ● Static VAR Compensator (STATCOM): The static
transfers. The power system lacks the capability to transfer synchronous compensator is based on a solid state voltage
power over long distance or through high reactance due to the source, implemented with an inverter and connected in parallel
requirement of a large amount of reactive power at some to the power system through a coupling reactor, in analogy
critical value of power or distance. Transfer of reactive power with asynchronous machine, generating balanced set of three
is difficult due to extremely high reactive power losses. That is sinusoidal voltages at the fundamental frequency with
why the reactive power required for voltage control is controllable amplitude and phase shift angle. This equipment,
produced and consumed at the control area. however, has no inertia and no overload capability.
To improve the voltage profile and having an stability we ● Distributed Generation (DG): Distributed Generation is
should have a volt/var control in the system. Volt/Var control related to the use of small generation units installed in
is one of the important control schemes at a distribution strategic points of the electric power system and mainly, close
substation, which conventionally involves regulation of to load centers. DG can be used in an isolated way, supplying
voltage and reactive power at substation bus. Shunt and series the consumer’s local demand or in an integrated way,
compensators are used for power compensation. In genral, var supplying energy to the remaining of the electric system. In
generators are classified depending on the technology used in distribution systems, DG can provide benefits for the
their implementation and the way they are connected to the consumers as well as for the utilities, especially in sites where
power system ( shunt or series ). A brief description of the the central generation is impractible or where there are
most commonly used shunt and series compensators are deficiencies in the transmission system.
presented as follows [4]:
● Switched Shunt Capacitors: A battery of shunt capacitors III. ALLOCATION OF DG
is the most simple and cheap way to produce reactive power. The distribution systems are usually regulated through tap
The total capacitance of the battery can be changed by changing at substation transformers and by the use of voltage
switching capacitors in and out-either with mechanical regulators and capacitors on the feeders. This form of voltage
switches or with thyristors. The switched capacitor solution regulation assumes power flows circulating from the
has one obvious disadvantages. substation to the loads. DG introduces meshed power flows
1. The reactive power capacity drops with V2 . that may interfere with the traditional used regulation
2. The reactive power can only be changed in steps. practices.
3. The reaction time is rather high, especially for Since the control of voltage regulation is usually based on
mechanically switched capacitor. radial power flows, the inappropriate DG allocation can cause
● Synchronous Condensers: A synchronous condenser is low or over-voltages in the network. On the other hand, the
simply a synchronous machine connected to the power system. installation of DG can have positive impacts on the
After the unit is synchronized, the field current is adjusted to distribution system by enabling reactive compensation for a
either generate or absorb reactive power as required by the ac voltage control, reducing the losses, contributing for frequency
system. The machine can provide continuous reactive power regulation and acting as spinning reserve in main system fault
control when used with the proper automatic exciter circuit. cases.
synchronous condensers have been used at both distribution
and transmission voltage levels to improve stability and to IV. THE EQUATIONS AND COSTRAINTS
maintain voltages within desired limits under varying load
The real power loss in a system is given by (1). This is
conditions and contingency situations. However synchronous
popularly referred to as “ exact loss “ formula [1] .
condensers are rarely used today because they require
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N N VI. TEST CASE
PL = ∑ ∑ [α ij ( Pi Pj + Qi Q j ) + β ij (Qi Pj − Pi Q j )] (1)
i =1 j =1
The proposed method is tested on a case study. The system
has 33 bus and 32 branches. It is a radial system with the total
rij (2)
α ij = cos( δ i − δ j ) load of 3.72 MW and 2.3 MVAr. Fig.1 shows the test system
V iV j [19].
rij A computer program has been written in MATLAB7 to
β ij = sin(δ i − δ j ) (3) calculate the algorithm on this system.
ViV j
Zij = rij + jxij is the ijth element of [ Z bus ]=[ Ybus ]-1 (4)
COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURE
a) Run the base case load flow.
b) By installing the DG unit in each bus, compute
approximate loss for each of them. Add the injection
from DG for that bus using Eq. (1) .
c) Rank the buses from the minimum loss to the
maximum one ( a priority list ).
d) The voltage magnitude of each bus is specified after
load flow ( before installing the DG unit ). Form a
priority list of the buses from the sensitive bus to
voltage ( minimum voltage ) to the maximum one.
e) Form another priority list with comparing the lists in
3rd, 4th steps and by considering a reconciliation
between them. Then choose the best place for installing
the DG unit among the loss priority and voltage priority Fig.2.Losses of the 33 bus test system after installation
lists.
of DG unit in each bus
f) Locate the DG in the best place and run the load flow
program.
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Table 1.The priority list of buses for
placement of DG unit from the loss view
Now , according to the algorithm , the buses should be
Ranking Bus No ranked from the lowest value of the voltage to the highest one.
1 33 The results is shown in table 3 .
2 32
3 31 Table 3.The ranking of the sensitive buses to voltage control
4 29,30
5 28 Bus no Voltage value(pu) Rank
6 27 17,18,16,15,14,13 0.904-0.911 1
7 12 33,32,31,11,12,10 0.916-0.920 2
8 11,13,10,26 30,29,9 0.922-0.926 3
9 14,9,15,16 8,28 0.932-0.933 4
10 8 27,7,26,6 0.945-0.949 5
11 7,6 5,25 0.968-0.969 6
12 17 24,4,23 0.973-0.979 7
13 18 3 0.983 8
14 19 22,21,20,19,2 0.992-0.997 9
15 5
16 24,4,25 comparing the two priority lists , the 1st , 3rd tables, we can
17 23 find that the proper places for installing the DG unit are in
18 3 buses 31, 32 and 33, because these places are in the first rank
19 2 in loss priority list and in the second rank in voltage priority
20 20,21 list.
21 22 The new priority ( table4 ) list that is resulted from the last
The voltage magnitude of the distribution system after load tables ( last priority lists ), shows the proper places to install
flow before DG placement is shown in table 2. the DG unit for decreasing the losses and improving the
voltage profile.
Table 2.The voltages of the buses after load flow
Table 4. The resulted priority list for placement of DG unit
Bus Voltage Bus Voltage Bus Voltage
1 1.000 12 0.918 23 0.979 Rank Bus No
2 0.997 13 0.911 24 0.973 1 33,32
3 0.983 14 0.909 25 0.969 2 31
4 0.975 15 0.908 26 0.947 3 29,30
5 0.968 16 0.906 27 0.945 4 28
6 0.949 17 0.904 28 0.933 5 12
7 0.946 18 0.904 29 0.925 6 10,11
8 0.932 19 0.996 30 0.922 7 13
9 0.926 20 0.993 31 0.918 8 14,15,16
10 0.920 21 0.992 32 0.917 9 27
11 0.919 22 0.992 33 0.916 10 9
11 8
The voltage profile of the system before DG installation is 12 17
shown in Fig.3. 13 18
14 6,7
15 26
16 5
17 25
18 4,24
19 23
20 19
21 3
22 2
23 20,21
24 22
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