ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

1. INTRODUCTION
© 2010 by Yusniar Hanani D, STP, MKes
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The environment is not something ‘out there’
We eat the environment
We drink the environment
We breath the environment
We cannot destroy the environment without
destroying ourselves

Denis Hayes (2002)

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Mampu menjelaskan bagaimana masalah

kesehatan lingkungan dapat mempengaruhi
hidup kita
2. Mampu menjelaskan dampak potensial
pertumbuhan populasi terhadap lingkungan
3. Mampu mendefinisikan kesehatan
lingkungan
4. Mampu menyebutkan minimal 5 isu penting
dalam sejarah kesehatan lingkungan
5. Mampu mengidentifikasi isu-isu penting
kesehatan lingkungan
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PEMELIHARAAN KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN
MERUPAKAN TUGAS UTAMA YANG MENDESAK
DI ABAD 21

HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010 (US Gov.)

Number 8 Environmental Health :

Promote Health for All through

a Healthy Environment

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Berdasarkan Healthy People 2010 :

Ligkungan fisik dan sosial memainkan peran penting bagi

kesehatan individu dan masyarakat. Lingkungan fisik
mencakup udara, air dan tanah dimana paparan oleh agen-
agen kimia, biologis dan fisik kemungkingan terjadi.
Lingkungan sosial meliputi perumahan, transportasi,
perkembangan daerah perkotaan, penggunaan lahan,
kegiatan industri dan pertanian, dan akibat paparan seperti
stress akibat kerja, kecelakaan dan kekerasan
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Visi Indonesia Sehat 2010 (Dep.Kes ,1999)

Masyarakat Indonesia di masa depan yang ingin dicapai

melalui pembangunan kesehatan adalah masyarakat,
bangsa dan negara yang ditandai oleh penduduknya
hidup dalam lingkungan dan dengan perilaku yang sehat,
memiliki kemampuan untuk menjangkau pelayanan
kesehatan yang bermutu secara adil dan merata, serta
memiliki derajat kesehatan yang setinggi-tingginya
diseluruh wilayah Republik Indonesia.

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Melindungi lingkungan

menciptakan lingkungan yang udaranya aman

untuk dihirup, airnya aman untuk diminum dan
tanahnya baik untuk ditanami dan bebas dari
racun, limbah dikelola secara efektif, penyakit
infeksi dikendalikan dan habitat alami terpelihara

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“ … the three P’s : pollution, population and poverty
are principal determinants of health worldwide…

kesehatan lingkungan

(Winkelstein, W. Determinants of worldwide health. Am.J.Public Health,

1992; 82: 931-932)
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SIGNIFIKANSI LINGKUNGAN TERHADAP KESEHATAN
MANUSIA

estimasi menyatakan bahwa biaya

yang disebabkan oleh kematian
karena faktor-faktor lingkungan di
seluruh dunia ± 40%

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ENVIRONMENTAL RISK TRANSITION

Transisi risiko lingkungan digunakan untuk

mendeskripsikan perubahan-perubahan
risiko lIngkungan yang terjadi sebagai
suatu konsekuensi dari pertumbuhan
ekonomi di bagian dunia yang kurang
maju.

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KARAKTERISTIK TRANSISI RISIKO LINGKUNGAN

Pada masyarakat miskin, risiko rumah tangga yang disebabkan oleh

kualitas makanan, udara dan air yang buruk cenderung mendominasi.
Risiko utama yang ada di negara berkembang saat ini didominasi
oleh jenis ini; diare yang diakibatkan oleh hygiene / sanitasi/air yang
buruk, penyakit saluran pernafasan akut karena perumahan yang
buruk dan kualitas udara dalam ruang yang disebabkan bahan bakar
rumah tangga berkualitas rendah, dan malaria yang juga disebabkan
oleh kualitas rumah yang tidak memenuhi syarat kesehatan,
meskipun semua itu juga dipengaruhi oleh factor-faktor lain (contoh :
malnutrisi). Selain itu, tren baru juga terjadi dalam skala regional dan
global dengan adanya polutan jangka panjang dan dalam jangkauan
yang luas, seperti pemicu hujan asam, bahan kimia penyebab
berlubangnya lapisan ozon dan gas-gas rumah kaca.

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HOMO SAPIENS – A SUICIDAL SPECIES ?

Largely as a result of human action, profound

changes are occurring in our environment… The
basic cause of almost all of these problems is the
world’s large ang growing human population, which
consume so much energy and produces such large
quantities of toxic wastes … Environmental
changes, if accompanied by economic and political
instability, could lead to the collapse of the
organized health services. In an era of scarcities of
food, water and other resources, and of a threat to
survival, priorities should be reassessed
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DEFINISI LINGKUNGAN :

From the standpoint of the human body, there are two

environments: the one within the body and the one outside it.
Separating them are three principal protective barriers: the skin,
which protects the body from contaminants outside the body;
the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which protects the inner body
from contaminants that have been ingested; and the
membranes within the lungs, which protect the inner body from
contaminants that have been inhaled (Figure 1.2, Table 1.1).

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 PERSONAL VS AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT

people’s “personal” environment, the one over

which they have control, is contrasted with the working
or ambient (outdoor) environment, over which they
may have essentially no Control.

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THE GASEOUS, LIQUID & SOLID ENVIRONMENTS

The environment can also be considered as existing in one

of three forms—gaseous, liquid, or solid. Each of these is
subject to pollution, and people interact with all of them

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the chemical, biological, physical, and
socioeconomic environments

1. Chemical constituents and contaminants include

toxic wastes and pesticides in the general
environment, chemicals used in the home and in
industrial operations, and preservatives used in
foods

2. Biological contaminants include various disease

organisms that may be present in food and water,
those that can be transmitted by insects and animals
, and those that can be transmitted by person-to-
person contact.
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3. Physical factors that influence health and well-being
range from injuries and deaths caused by accidents to
excessive noise, heat, and cold and to the harmful
effects of ionizing and nonionizing radiation

4. Socioeconomic factors, though perhaps more

difficult to measure and evaluate, significantly affect
people’s lives and health. Statistics demonstrate
compelling relationships between morbidity and mortality
and socioeconomic status. People who live in
economically depressed neighborhoods are less healthy
than those who live in more affluent areas.
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URBAN ENVIRONMENT

 about half of the world’s population lives in

urban centers
 this is projected to increase to 60 percent
within the next 20 years, with a major share of
the change occurring within the less developed
countries (Bugliarello, 2001).
 Unfortunately, the quality of life in cities
throughout the world has been declining

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DEFINISI KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN

the control of all those factors in man’ s physical

environment which exercise or may exercise a
deleterious effect on his physical development,
health and survival

the branch of public health that is concerned

with all aspects of the natural and built
environment that may affect human health

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 It also refers to the theory and practice
of assessing and controlling factors in
the environment that can potentially
affect health

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REFERENSI

Friis, R.H. 2007. Essentials of Environmental Health. Jones and

Bartlett Pub., Massachusetts.

Moeller, D.W. , 2005. Environmental Health. Harvard University

Press, London.

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