cloxacillin

Generic Name: cloxacillin (klox a SILL in)

Brand Names: Cloxapen, Tegopen

What is cloxacillin?

Cloxacillin is an antibiotic in the class of drugs called penicillins. It fights bacteria in your body.

Cloxacillin is used to treat many different types of infections caused by staphylococcus bacteria
("staph" infections).

Cloxacillin may also be used for purposes other than those listed in this medication guide.

What is the most important information I should know about

cloxacillin?
Take all of the cloxacillin that has been prescribed for you even if you begin to feel
better. Your symptoms may begin to improve before the infection is completely
treated. Do not break, chew, open, or crush the capsules. Swallow them whole.
Cloxacillin may decrease the effectiveness of birth control pills. Use a second
method of birth control while taking cloxacillin to protect against pregnancy.

Who should not take cloxacillin?

If you have ever had an allergic reaction to another penicillin or to a cephalosporin,
do not take cloxacillin unless your doctor is aware of your allergy and monitors your
therapy.

Before taking this medication, tell your doctor if you have kidney disease, stomach or intestinal
disease, or infectious mononucleosis. You may not be able to take cloxacillin because of an
increased risk of side effects.

If you are a diabetic, some glucose urine tests may give false positive results while you are
taking cloxacillin.

Cloxacillin is in the FDA pregnancy category B. This means that it is unlikely to harm
an unborn baby. Do not, however, take cloxacillin without first talking to your doctor
if you are pregnant. It is not known whether cloxacillin passes into breast milk. Do
not take this medication without first talking to your doctor if you are breast-feeding
a baby.

How should I take cloxacillin?

Take cloxacillin exactly as directed by your doctor. If you do not understand these instructions,
ask your pharmacist, nurse, or doctor to explain them to you.
Take each dose with a full glass of water. Take cloxacillin on an empty stomach 1
hour before or 2 hours after meals.

Do not drink juice or carbonated beverages (soda) with your dose of cloxacillin. These beverages
will decrease the effectiveness of the drug.

Cloxacillin should be taken at evenly spaced intervals throughout the day and night to keep the
level in your blood high enough to treat the infection.

Do not crush, chew, or open the capsules. Swallow them whole. Shake the
suspension well before measuring a dose. To ensure that you get a correct dose,
measure the liquid form of cloxacillin with a dose-measuring spoon or cup, not a
regular tablespoon. If you do not have a dose-measuring device, ask your
pharmacist where you can get one. Take all of the cloxacillin that has been
prescribed for you even if you begin to feel better. Your symptoms may start to
improve before the infection is completely treated. Store the capsules at room
temperature and store the suspension in the refrigerator for longer use. The
suspension is good for 14 days if it is stored in the refrigerator. Throw away any
unused liquid after this amount of time.

What happens if I miss a dose?

Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. However, if it is almost time for your next dose,
skip the dose you missed and take only your next regularly scheduled dose. Do not take a double
dose of this medication unless otherwise directed by your doctor.

If you have only missed one dose, you can take the rest of your scheduled doses for the day at
evenly spaced intervals.

What happens if I overdose?

Seek emergency medical attention.

Symptoms of an cloxacillin overdose include muscle spasms or weakness, pain or twitching,

pain in the fingers or toes, loss of feeling in the fingers or toes, seizures, confusion, coma, and
agitation.

What should I avoid while taking cloxacillin?

Alcohol may irritate your stomach if taken with cloxacillin, so use it with moderation.

Cloxacillin side effects

If you experience any of the following serious side effects, stop taking cloxacillin
and seek emergency medical attention:

• an allergic reaction (shortness of breath; closing of your throat; hives; swelling of your
lips, face, or tongue; rash; or fainting);
 • seizures;
• severe watery diarrhea and abdominal cramps; or
• unusual bleeding or bruising.

Other, less serious side effects maybe more likely to occur. Continue to take cloxacillin and talk
to your doctor if you experience

• mild nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain;

• white patches on the tongue (thrush/yeast infection);
• itching or discharge of the vagina (vaginal yeast infection); or
• black, "hairy" tongue or sore mouth or tongue.

Side effects other than those listed here may also occur. Talk to your doctor about any side effect
that seems unusual or that is especially bothersome.

Cloxacillin Dosing Information

Usual Adult Dose for Upper Respiratory Tract Infection:

250 mg orally every 6 hours for 7 to 14 days, depending on the nature and severity of the
infection.

Maximum dose: 4 g/day.

Usual Adult Dose for Pneumonia:

500 mg orally every 6 hours for up to 21 days, depending on the nature and severity of the
infection.

Maximum dose: 4 g/day.

Usual Adult Dose for Skin and Structure Infection:

500 mg orally every 6 hours for 7 days, or until 3 days after acute inflammation resolves,
depending on the nature and severity of the infection.

Maximum dose: 4 g/day.

Usual Adult Dose for Cystitis:

250 mg orally every 6 hours for 3 to 7 days, depending on the nature and severity of the
infection. Cloxacillin is rarely indicated for the treatment of cystitis.

Maximum dose: 4 g/day.

Usual Pediatric Dose for Pneumonia:

The safety and efficacy of cloxacillin in children < 1 year have not been established.

>= 1 year to 18 years: 50 to 100 mg/kg/day orally divided every 6 hours.

Maximum dose: 4 g/day.

Usual Pediatric Dose for Upper Respiratory Tract Infection:

The safety and efficacy of cloxacillin in children < 1 year have not been established.

>= 1 year to 18 years: 50 to 100 mg/kg/day orally divided every 6 hours.

Maximum dose: 4 g/day.

Usual Pediatric Dose for Skin and Structure Infection:

The safety and efficacy of cloxacillin in children < 1 year have not been established.

>= 1 year to 18 years: 50 to 100 mg/kg/day orally divided every 6 hours.

Maximum dose: 4 g/day.

What other drugs will affect cloxacillin?

Some drugs may decrease the effects of cloxacillin and prevent it from properly treating your
infection. Before taking cloxacillin, tell your doctor if you are taking any of the following drugs:

• cholestyramine (Questran) or colestipol (Colestid); or

• another antibiotic (for the same or for a different infection) such as erythromycin (Ery-
Tab, E-Mycin, E.E.S., others), tetracycline (Sumycin, others), minocycline (Minocin),
doxycycline (Doryx, Vibramycin, others), or any other.

Cloxacillin may decrease the effectiveness of birth control pills. Use a second
method of birth control while taking cloxacillin to protect against pregnancy.

Cloxacillin increases the effects of methotrexate, and you may need a dose adjustment during
therapy with cloxacillin.

Cloxacillin also increases the side effects of allopurinol (Zyloprim) and may cause a rash.

Probenecid (Benemid) increases the effects of cloxacillin. These drugs may be used together for
this purpose; however, be sure your doctor is aware if you are taking probenecid. You may need
a lower dose of cloxacillin.

Drugs other than those listed here may also interact with cloxacillin. Talk to your doctor and
pharmacist before taking any prescription or over-the-counter medicines.
Where can I get more information?

• Your pharmacist has additional information about cloxacillin written for health
professionals that you may read.

What does my medication look like?

Cloxacillin is available generically and with a prescription in 250 and 500 mg capsules and in a
suspension formulation of 120 mg per 5 mL (1 teaspoon). Other brand or generic formulations
may also be available. Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about this medication,
especially if it is new to you.

• Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children,
never share your medicines with others, and use this medication only for the
indication prescribed.
• Every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided by
Cerner Multum, Inc. ('Multum') is accurate, up-to-date, and complete, but no
guarantee is made to that effect. Drug information contained herein may be
time sensitive. Multum information has been compiled for use by healthcare
practitioners and consumers in the United States and therefore Multum does
not warrant that uses outside of the United States are appropriate, unless
specifically indicated otherwise. Multum's drug information does not endorse
drugs, diagnose patients or recommend therapy. Multum's drug information
is an informational resource designed to assist licensed healthcare
practitioners in caring for their patients and/or to serve consumers viewing
this service as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, the expertise, skill,
knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners. The absence of a
warning for a given drug or drug combination in no way should be construed
to indicate that the drug or drug combination is safe, effective or appropriate
for any given patient. Multum does not assume any responsibility for any
aspect of healthcare administered with the aid of information Multum
provides. The information contained herein is not intended to cover all
possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic
reactions, or adverse effects. If you have questions about the drugs you are
taking, check with your doctor, nurse or pharmacist.

Copyright 1996-2006 Cerner Multum, Inc. Version: 3.04. Revision Date: 2/13/04
3:58:40 PM.
The People

The Apayaos are a river people, getting their name from the warm waters of the Apayao River. They can be found
in the northwestern end of the island of Luzon from Abulog up to the Apayao River. This mountainous area is rich
in life with its dark tropical rainforests.

These virile people are said to have come to this region in two waves, a few thousand years ago; the Indonesians
by way of Southeastern Asia, and the Mongolians by way of Central Asia. These two waves found a home in the
northern end of the Cordillera Central Mountains. Their cultures amalgamated into a new one. Physically, the
Indonesian strain dominated; but Mongoloid features are present, especially the short Mongol.

The Apayaos are kind, hospitable and generous. They are highly aesthetic in temperament, are self-reliant, and
honest. If by some ill fate you drop something, even money, on the trail, the finder will return it to you. They
believe that if a man steals, his wife will leave him; or, if they acquire money unfairly and buy rice with it, the rice,
when eaten, will give them no strength. As born psychologists, they enjoy working on you so that you will think and
act as they desire. They like a practical joke even when it is on themselves. In fact, even accidents are taken as
jokes and the one who has been injured is the one who laughs the hardest. When going through hardships, they
show true endurance. Their code is to laugh and joke near the end just as if they had only awakened from a good
sleep.

The Apayaos are courageous and freedom loving. The Spaniards never did conquer them, and even the
Americans had a difficult time establishing their government. The American military control continued for many
years, and only in 1923 was a civil government established. During the first part of the Japanese occupation,
Apayao was a place of refuge for fleeing Americans, and after the fall of Corregidor, Cabugao was made the
headquarters of the USAFFE of Northern Luzon. The Japanese were not able to establish themselves in these
mountains until March, 1943. They found the people unwilling to cooperate, so they left on August, 1944. When
the Americans returned, almost every Apayao volunteered to help in defeating the Japanese. Many acted as 'bobl
men' without pay, and served as cargadores, messengers and laborers. Thus, they even neglected their farming.
The life of the Apayaos has much to do with the rivers and streams of the country along which most of them live.
They do not live on the river flats, but on the mountain sides for safety. Many of their communities are named after
the streams near which they are located. The streams serve these people in many ways. They are a source of
food, and a supply of water for drinking, washing, bathing and swimming. They also add to the beauty of the
scenery. Much of the transportation is on the streams, and the men are expert boatmen and raftsmen. During the
rainy season, transportation on swollen rivers is perilous; but it is carried on somewhat. The result is that many a
banca has overturned in the raging rapids; much valuable merchandise still lies deep at the feet of those rapids;
and many a family mourns the loss of a loved one. Therefore, stories of the streams often occur in the legends of
these people.

The people on these streams were isolated from each other for many centuries such that there has come to be
quite a difference in their dialects and customs. Along the length of the Apayao River are three separate groups.
They can understand each other in some ways.

The Apayao are a communal people. They have a very simple government. In each family the man rules supreme
and orders his woman what to do. A group of 15 to 30 families build their houses close together, babalay, for
mutual aid and protection under one leader. This leader, maingel, holds his position because he is the natural
leader, is wealthy, and is the strongest and fiercest of all the warriors. He has absolute power, but is surrounded by
advisors, pangmarwan. They have also won their position through ability. Though advisors of the maingel, they
can be advised by the common man. The next best man of the leader is his first assistant, and so on. So if the
leader passes away, the next best man becomes the new maingel. The maingel and the pangmarwans sit together
in a court to judge anyone who has broken the common law. Disputes between individuals are settled by
intermediary peace makers. It is notable that fines are paid not to the government, but to the injured party. This
may be in the form of jars, beads, animals, or other valuables.
The Common Law enjoins that man must not steal, tell false stories of others, court the wife of others, nor make
trouble at a feast. It further enjoins that man must respect the rights of individuals, give food to visitors, and that
parents shall teach the children the old legends and customs, as well as correct them that they may grow up
properly.

The Apayao have a very complete system of social etiquette which might be characteristic of a high culture. It
displays a nice sense of fitness and an innate kindliness of nature. Hospitable customs make the visitor's stay a
happy one. There is even no embarrassing sense of indebtedness for gifts of service or materials to be expressed;
they have no words meaning "thank you" in their dialect. When one goes on journey, there is no word meaning
"goodbye". One just walks away. When he returns, even after a long absence, there are no words of greeting, of
welcome.
Mupirocin
Brand names: Bactroban

Why is Mupirocin prescribed?

Bactroban is prescribed for the treatment of impetigo, a bacterial infection of the skin.

Most important fact about Mupirocin

If the use of Bactroban does not clear your skin infection within 3 to 5 days, or if the infection
becomes worse, notify your doctor.

How should you take Mupirocin?

Do not use Bactroban more often or for longer than prescribed. Avoid contact with eyes. This
drug is for external use only.

• If you miss a dose...

Apply it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for the next dose, skip
the one you missed and go back to your regular schedule.

• Storage instructions...
Store at room temperature.

What side effects may occur?

Side effects cannot be anticipated. If any develop or change in intensity, inform your doctor as
soon as possible. Only your doctor can determine if it is safe for you to continue using
Bactroban.

• Side effects may include:

Burning, pain, stinging

Why should Mupirocin not be prescribed?

If you are sensitive to or have ever had an allergic reaction to Bactroban or similar drugs, you
should not use Mupirocin. Make sure your doctor is aware of any drug reactions you have
experienced.
Special warnings about Mupirocin

Continued or prolonged use of Bactroban may result in the growth of bacteria that do not
respond to Mupirocin and can cause a secondary infection.

This drug is not intended for use in the eyes.

If your skin shows signs of an allergic reaction or irritation, stop using Bactroban and consult
your doctor.

Possible food and drug interactions when taking Mupirocin

There are no known interactions.

Special information if you are pregnant or breastfeeding

The effects of Bactroban during pregnancy have not been adequately studied. If you are pregnant
or plan to become pregnant, inform your doctor immediately. It is not known whether Bactroban
appears in breast milk. Your doctor may advise you to discontinue breastfeeding until your
treatment with Mupirocin is finished.

Recommended dosage for Mupirocin

Apply a small amount of Mupirocin to the affected area 3 times a day. Cover the treated area
with gauze if you want.

Overdosage

There is no information available on overdosage.