NAME : RAKESH KN

CLASS : X-C
ROLL NO : 10313
SCHOOL : KV NO.1 BTD CANT
CLASS TEACHER : MR GURUCHAN
 TOPICS

 MATHEMATICS
 GREAT MATHEMATICIANS
 MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS
 PROOFS & THEORAMS
 MATHEMATICAL
QUOTATIONS
 MATHEMATCS
Mathematics, a way of describing relationships
between numbers and other measurable
quantities. Mathematics can express simple
equations as well as interactions among the
smallest particles and the farthest objects in the
known universe. Mathematics allows scientists
to communicate ideas using universally
accepted terminology. It is truly the language of
science.

IMPORTANCE
We benefit from the results of mathematical
research every day. The fiber-optic network
carrying our telephone conversations was
designed with the help of mathematics. Our
computers are the result of millions of hours of
mathematical analysis. Weather prediction, the
design of fuel-efficient automobiles and
airplanes, traffic control, and medical imaging
all depend upon mathematical analysis.
BRANCHES OF MATHEMATICS

AIRTHEMATIC: Arithmetic, one of the oldest

branches of mathematics, arises from the most
fundamental of mathematical operations: counting.
The arithmetic operations—addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and place holding—form
the basis of the mathematics that we use regularly.

ALGEBRA: Algebra is the branch of mathematics

that uses symbols to represent arithmetic operations.
One of the earliest mathematical concepts was to
represent a number by a symbol and to represent
rules for manipulating numbers in symbolic form as
equations.

GEOMETRY: Algebra is the branch of
mathematics that uses symbols to represent
arithmetic operations. One of the earliest
mathematical concepts was to represent a number by
a symbol and to represent rules for manipulating
numbers in symbolic form as equations..

PROBABILITY & STATISTICS:

Probability and statistics deal with events or
experiments where outcomes are uncertain, and they
assess the likelihood of possible outcomes.
Probability began in an effort to assess outcomes in
gambling. We know from experience that if we toss
a coin enough times, heads will come up about half
the time and tails about half the time. The more
trials, the more closely the outcome approaches —
that is, as the limit of trials approaches infinity, the
probability is .
Statistics is the organization and analysis of data for
the purpose of simplification, comparison, and
prediction. Statistical methods are used throughout
most branches of human knowledge.
 GREAT MATHEMATICIANS
EUCLID
Euclid was a Greek
mathematician who lived
around 300 BC. He wrote
Elements, a 13-volume
work on the principles of
geometry and properties
of numbers. The Euclid’s division algorithm is also
his famous work.
CARL FRIEDRICH GAUSS

German mathematician Carl

Friedrich Gauss contributed to
many areas of mathematics,
including probability theory,
algebra, and geometry. In his
doctoral thesis he proved that
every polynomial has at least
one root, or solution; this theory became known as
the fundamental theory of algebra.
RENÉ DESCARTES

René Descartes believed

science and mathematics could explain and predict
events in the physical world. He developed the
Cartesian coordinate system for graphing equations.
PYTHAGORAS

Pythagoras in the 6th century BC

emphasized the study of mathematics as a means to
understanding all relationships in the natural world.
He invented Pythagoras theorem.
ISAAC NEWTON
Isaac Newton’s work
represents one of the greatest
contributions to science ever
made by an individual. Most
notably, Newton derived the
law of universal gravitation,
invented the branch of
mathematics called calculus, and performed
experiments investigating the nature of light and
color.

GEORG CANTOR

In the 19th century German

mathematician Georg Cantor developed set theory.
Set theory facilitates clear definition of mathematical
concepts, and it became the basis of subsequent
mathematical analysis. Cantor also developed a
theory of irrational numbers.
ARYABHATTA

Aryabhata, a mathematician, held

that the earth rotates on its axis. In mathematics he
solved the quadratic equation, although many of his
geometric formulas were incorrect. He discovered
formula of isosceles triangle and worked in
trigonometry.
 MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS
 ALGEBRA
 (x + y)2 =   x2 +2xy + y2
 x2 – 2xy +y2 = (x – y)2
 (x + y)(x – y) =  x2 - y2
 x3 + y3= (x + y)(x2 - xy + y2)
 x3 - y3 = (x - y)(x2 + xy + y2)
 ( x + y )3=x 3+ y 3+ 3 x 2 y+ 3 x y 2

 ( x− y )3=x 3− y 3−3 x2 y +3 x y 2
2

 QUADRATIC FORMULA : x= −b ± √2ba−4 ac

 COORDINATE GEOMETRY
 DISTANCE FORMULA: √ 2
d= ( x 1−x 2 ) + ( y 1− y 2 )
2

m x 1 +m x 2 m y 1 +m y 2
 SECTION FORMULA :{ x , y } ={ 2
,
2 }
x 1+ x 2 y 1+ y 2
 MID-POINT FORMULA { x , y } ={ 2
,
2 }
1
 AREA OF TRIANGLE : [ x ( y − y 3 ) + x 2 ( y 3 − y1 ) + x 3 ( y 1 − y 2 ) ]
2 1 2

 TRIGONOMETRY
 IN A RIGHT ABC,WHERE C IS A
RIGHT ANGLE THEN
 a
 sin ( A )= c
b
 cos ( A )= c
a
 tan ( A )= b
c
 csc ( A )= a
c
 sec ( A )= b
b
 cot ( A ) = a
 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
 sin ( θ ) +cos ( θ ) =1
2 2

 sec ( θ ) =1+ tan ( θ )

2 2

 csc ( θ ) =1+cot ( θ )
2 2

 sin θ=cos(90 −θ) 0

 sec θ=csc (90 −θ)0

 tanθ=cot( 90 −θ) 0

sin θ
 tanθ= cos θ
 tanθ × cot θ=1

 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
IN AN ABC C IS A RIGHT ANGLE,
THEN WE DEFINE THE
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AS
FOLLOWS:
A
00 300 45 0 600 90 0

sin A 1 1
0 2 √2
√3
2 1
cos A 1 1
1 √3
2 √2 2 0
tan A 1
0 1 √3 NOT
√3
DEFINED
csc A 2
NOT 2 √2
1
√3
DEFINE
D
sec A 2
1 √2
2 NOT
√3
DEFINED
cot A 1
NOT √3
1 0
√3
DEFINE
D
 CIRCLES
 AREA OF MINOR SECTOR:
θ
× π r2
360

 PERIMETER OF A ARC : 360 ×2 πr

θ
 AREA OF MINOR SEGMENT :
θ
× π r 2− AREA OF
360

 AREA OF MAJOR SECTOR : π r −¿ AREA 2

OF MINOR SECTOR
 AREA OF MAJOR SEGMENT :
π r 2− AREA OF MINOR SEGMENT

 AIRTHEMATIC PROGRESSIONS
 n TERM OF AN AP : a =a+( n−1 ) d
th
n

 SUM OF FIRST n TERMS OF AN AP

n
 S = 2 [2a+(n-1)d]
n
 S = 2 [ a+a ] n

n
 S = 2 [a+l]
 a =S −S
n n n−1

 SURFACE AREAS & VOLUMES

FIGURE C.S.A T.S.A VOLUME

CUBE 4 a2
6a2 a3
CUBOID 2(bh+hl) 2(lb+bh+hl) l× b× h

CYLIND- 2rh 2r(h+r) r h 2

AR
rl r(l+r) r h
1
CONE 3
2

2 3
HEMISP- 2r 2
3r 2
3
r

HERE
4 3
SPHERE 4r 2
4r 2
3
r

 FRUSTRUM
 C.S.A = π (r + r )l
1 2

 T.S.A = π (r + r )l+ π r + πr
1 2
2
1
2
2

 VOLUME = 3 πh ¿+r +r r )
1 2
2 1 2

 STATISTICS

 MEAN :
∑ fix
1. DIRECT METHOD : ∑ fi
i
 ∑ f i di
2. ASSUMED MEAM METHOD : a+ ∑ f i

∑ f i ui × h
3. STEP DEVIATION METHOD : a+ ∑ f i
n
 MEDIAN : l+( )
−cf
2 ×h
f

 Mode : l+(
f 1− f
0

)
2 f 1−f o−f 2
×h

PROOFS & THEORAMS

THEORAM EXPLANATIONS
EUCLID’S GIVEN POSITIVE INTEGER a
DIVISION AND b, THERE EXISTS UNIQUE
LEMMA INTEGERS q AND r SATISFYING
a = bq+r, 0 ≤ r  b
FUNDAMENTA EVERY COMPOSITE No.CAN BE
L THEORAM OF EPRESSED AS A PRODUCT OF
AIRTHEMATIC PRIMES ,AND THIS
FACTORISATION IS UNIQUE
APART FROM THE ORDER IN
WHICH THEY OCCUR
BPT THEORAM IF A LINE IS DRAWN II TO ONE
SIDE OF A  TO INTERSECT
OTHER TWO SIDES IN EQUAL
RATIO
AREAS OF THE RATIO OF REAS OF
SIMILAR ’S SIMILAR ’S IS EQUAL TO
 SQUARE OF RATIO
CORRESPONDING SIDES
PYTHAGORAS IN A RIGHT  ,SQURE OF
THEORAM HYPTENUSE IS EQUAL TO SUM
OF SQUARES OF OTHER TWO
SIDES
CONVERSE OF IN A , IF SQUARE OF ONE SIDE
PYTHAGORAS IS EQUAL TO SUM OF SQUARE
THEORAM OF OTHER TWO SIDES,THEN
THE ANGLE OPPOSITE TO
FIRST SIDE IS A RIGHT ANGLE
LENGTH OF THE LENGTHS OF TANGENTS
TANGENT DRAWN FROM AN EXTERNAL
POINT OF A CIRCLE ARE
EQUAL
 MATHEMATICAL
QUOTATIONS
 There is no 'royal road' to geometry
-EUCLID
As far as the laws of mathematics refer to
reality, they are not certain, and as far as they
are certain, they do not refer to reality.
-ALBERT EINSTEIN
In mathematics you don't understand things.
You just get used to them.
 - J V NEUMANN 
Mathematics is the art of giving the same name
to different things.
-J H POINCARÉ 
The longer mathematics lives the more abstract
—and therefore, possibly also the more practical
—it becomes.
-ERIC TEMPLE BELL 
 Numbers constitute the only universal language .

-NATHANAEL WEST 
The fact that all Mathematics is Symbolic Logic
is one of the greatest discoveries of our age; and
when this fact has been established, the
remainder of the principles of mathematics
consists in the analysis of Symbolic Logic itself.
-BERTRAND RUSSEL
The fact that our universe lends itself to
mathematical treatment is not a fact of any great
philosophical significance.
-BERTRAND RUSSELL 
 Beauty is the first test: there is no
permanent place in this world for ugly
mathematics.
-G H HARDY
 I have had my results for a long time: but I do
not yet know how I am to arrive at them
-CARL FRIEDRICH GAUSS 
God is a mathematician of a very high order, and
He used very advanced mathematics in
constructing the universe.
– PAUL DIRAC

All science requires mathematics.

-ROGER BACON