Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MB-09-28
MB-09-22
MB-09-01
NADEEM AKHTAR
MB-09-25
“Beloved Parents”
&
To our
Brothers,
Sisters,
Friends
&
All acclamations and appreciations are for Almighty ALLAH, WHO bestowed
mankind with knowledge and wisdom, and granted him vicegerance on earth. All the respect
and honors to Hazart Muhammad (SALLALLA HO ALEHI WA’ALEHI WASLLAM)
a star brightening the path of faith and knowledge, and luminary to truth and justice who
enabled us to recognize our Creator and declared it to be obligatory duty of every Muslim to
acquire knowledge.
We would like to thank our respected teacher Mr. Aamer Nadeem who has given us
this opportunity to explore our skills and made a Report on topic “Emotions & Moods”. He
has given us thorough knowledge and provides deep understanding about “Organizational
Behavior” because of that we are able to complete this report.
May ALLAH bestow strength and contentment to all these splendid celebrities (Aamin).
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Emotions are the feelings experienced towards an object, person or event that create a
state of readiness. Emotions tend to last for much shorter periods. Emotions also tend to be
more extreme than moods and temperament, with higher highs and lower lows. We can
become very angry very quickly, though it is difficult to stay very angry and it may subside
into a irritable mood or be replaced by another completely different emotions. Some
examples of a human's common emotions include happiness, sadness, joy, depression, love,
anger, and so on. They can also be divided into positive and negative sub-categories. Moods
are shorter-term emotional states, typically lasting hours, although they can last for days or
longer. A mood dimension is consisted of Positive Emotions such as Excitement,
Cheerfulness at High End and Boredom, Tiredness at Low End. It consists Nervousness,
Stress, and Anxiety at higher end and Relaxation, Tranquility at the Low End. Affect is a
generic term that covers a broad range of feelings that people experience and encompasses
both emotions and moods.. Emotions are caused by significant life events whereas moods
emerge from ill defined, often unknown, causes. There are different dimension of emotions
like variety, intensity, frequency and duration and biology of emotions. Ther are so many
functions of emotions and moods. Emotions communicate information to other people.
Emotions get us ready to act. Emotions deepen our experience of life. Emotions have
different resources. Personality predisposes people to experience certain moods and
emotions. Evidence suggests that whether has little effect on mood. Stress affects emotions
and moods. Sleep also effect emotions. Exercise enhances people’s positive mood. Age and
gender also influence emotions. External constraints like organizations and culture also have
effect on emotions and moods. A situation in which an employee expresses organizationally
desired emotions during interpersonal transactions. Felt emotions are an individual’s actual
emotions. Displayed emotions are those that are organizationally required and considered
appropriate in a given job. AET demonstrates that employees react emotionally to things that
happen to them at work and that this influences their job performance and satisfaction.
Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions.
Some researchers suggest that emotional intelligence can be learned and strengthened, while
other claim it is an inborn characteristic. We are confining our discussion of emotions and
moods by considering their specific application to OB. Selections, leadership, decision
making, motivation, job attitudes and creativity are different fields in which emotions and
moods are applied.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EMOTIONS
Emotions Defined
“Feelings experienced towards an object, person or event that create a state of readiness”
First, emotions tend to last for much shorter periods. The delight at being given a
birthday present may subside in minutes as it is replaced by disappointment about a useless
gift. Emotions thus tend to replace one another and it can be difficult to be both happy and
sad (although we may have a good go at it).
Emotions also tend to be more extreme than moods and temperament, with higher
highs and lower lows. We can become very angry very quickly, though it is difficult to stay
very angry and it may subside into a irritable mood or be replaced by another completely
different emotions.
Emotions tend to be very specific, triggered by noticeable events and are immediate
reactions to these and which drive us to particular actions, for example running away from a
snarling dog or going to chat up an attractive other person.
Emotion is a mental state which makes us to feel and behave in a certain way. For
example when we experience the emotion of fear, we feel scared and we flee as a direct
result of it. Our body also responds to the emotions and our physiology changes according to
how we feel. For example we fall sick when we are deeply saddened or we glow radiantly
when we are extremely happy.
In fact, emotions are the most important aspect of our mental life which contributes
to the quality of our existence. Without our emotions, life is not worth living. It's also
important to us how the people whom we deal with feel. We look at each others faces to
judge the moods we are in. We use the expression of our emotion to let others know how we
feel. The true feelings of a human also can be judged by the tone of the voice, bodily posture
and body language.
Interestingly, over six hundred English words are used to define human emotions and
forty two facial muscles are used to express emotional states. Online communication can be
difficult without these words and physical indications; this is where emoticons come into
play. The right emoticon or smiley can convey the exact message that you would be sending
in face-to-face communication. We have a broad range of emoticons for this purpose, so feel
free to take your pick. The emoticons have been neatly organized into categories such as
Sad, Angry, Happy, etc so you can easily find the right smiley.
Positive Emotions
Positive emotions that lead one to feel good about one’s self will lead to an
emotionally happy and satisfied adult, whereas if one is always feeling dissatisfied and
unhappy due to feelings of depression, anger, fear or low self esteem will lead to behavioral
problems.
Love is a very basic and necessary emotion. If a child is nurtured in a loving family
where all members respect and love each other, he or she will develop into an adult who
behaves in a manner similar to the behavioral patterns that he or she learned as a child.
If love does not exist in a family and the family is dysfunctional, severe behavioral disorders
can develop in the children. There have been scientific studies done where animals have died
from lack of love and nurturing.
Negative Emotions
If the child is raised in an atmosphere of anger and hostility, that child will develop
into a very troubled adult who thinks that angry and hostile feelings are normal. As an adult,
he or she will have many difficulties in developing an intimate relationship with a partner
and will need to learn what love is and how to respond in a loving manner to a partner.
At that point, he or she will need to learn how to give the love and nurturing feelings
to one’s self before being able to give them to another.
MOODS
Moods are shorter-term emotional states, typically lasting hours, although they can
last for days or longer. For example you may wake up feeling a bit down and stay that way
for most of the day.
We can be sent into a mood by an unexpected event, from the happiness of seeing an
old friend to the anger of discovering betrayal by a partner. We may also just fall into a
mood.
Medical conditions such as depression are not really moods and are typically caused
by a chemical imbalance in the brain. Moods can be caused by shorter-term chemical
imbalances, for example brought on by a poor diet.
Moods are less intense comparing to the simple emotions. Generally, when you are in
a positive emotional state you can say you are in a good mood, and to the contrary, when you
feel negative emotions, you would express yourself by saying that you are in bad mood.
MOODS: POSITIVE and NEGATIVE
Positive Mood
Negative Mood
Work Moods
How people feel when they perform their jobs, are more transitory than values and
attitudes, changing from day to day, hour to hour, or minute to minute. Moods are
categorized as either positive or negative. Positive moods include feeling excited,
enthusiastic, active, strong, peppy, or elated. Negative moods include feeling distressed,
fearful, scornful, hostile, jittery, or nervous. Moods can also be less intense. A worker might
simply feel drowsy, sluggish, calm, placid, and relaxed.
AFFECT
Affect is a generic term that covers a broad range of feelings that people experience
and encompasses both emotions and moods. One way to classify emotions is by whether
they are positive or negative. Positive affect is a mood dimension consisting of positive
emotions such as excitement, self-assurance, and cheerfulness at the high end, and boredom,
sluggishness, and tiredness at the low end. Negative affect is a mood dimension consisting of
nervousness, stress, and anxiety at the high end, and relaxation, tranquility, and poise at the
low end.
Mood Emoticons
Moods tend to be noted as either positive or negative whereas Ekman and Davidson's noted
six basic emotions; fear, anger, disgust, sadness, joy or happiness and interest. These six
basic emotions can also be noted as either positive or negative. Fear, anger, disgust and
sadness are negative emotions and joy/happiness and interest are positive emotions.
Mood is something a person may not express whereas emotions may be expressed.
Emotions are aroused in people by some specific objects or situations. On the other hand,
moods are not created in someone because of any specific object or any particular situation.
For example, if a person gets angry, he expresses that emotion towards someone. If a person
is in a sad mood, he cannot express it to others.
Variety
There are many emotions. Six universal emotions have been identified: anger, fear,
sadness, happiness, disgust, and surprise. Emotions are identified along a continuum from
positive to negative. The closer any two emotions are to each other on this continuum, the
more people are likely to confuse them.
Intensity
Emotional labor that requires high frequency or long duration is more demanding and
requires more exertion by employees. Whether or not the employee can successfully meet
the emotional demands of a job depends on both the intensity of the emotions displayed and
for how long the effort has to be made.
Biology Of Emotions
More recent research has shown that some of these limbic structures are not as directly
related to emotion as others are, while some non-limbic structures have been found to be of
greater emotional relevance.
FUNCTIONS OF EMOTIONS
Charles Darwin
He said that Emotions are Useful because they motivate people to engage in actions
important for Survival.
Listed below are some of the very important things that emotions do for us.
Our emotions are necessary and important. However, the only way we can learn from
our emotions is if we have awareness of them when they occur. Therefore, it can be
important to learn ways of increasing your awareness of your emotions. The more aware you
are of your emotions, the better able you will be in hearing what they have to say.
Now, just because emotions serve an important function does not mean that they
aren't stressful at times. Emotions, especially very intense ones, can be overwhelming.
Therefore, it can be helpful to learn ways to bring down the intensity of emotions so you can
better approach it and learn from it. There are a number of healthy ways of managing your
emotions that can help make your emotions feel less unpredictable and uncontrollable.
Even though emotions may sometimes feel unpleasant, they are all working for us in some
way. By listening to our emotions, we can get some important information about our
environment and ourselves.
SOURCES OF EMOTIONS
Personality
People tend to be in worst moods (Highest negative mood and lowest positive mood)
early in the weekdays and
in their best moods late in the week, especially on the weekends. People are generally in low
spirits early in the morning. During the course of the day our moods tend to improve and
then decline in the evening. Levels of positive mood tend to peak around the halfway point
between Waking and Sleeping
Whether
Stress
Social Activities
They increase positive mood and have little effect on negative mood. They also have
Long-term health benefits.
Sleep
Exercise
Exercise enhances people’s positive mood. While exercise is not, on its own, a
treatment for clinical depression; studies show that exercise can help improve mood
temporarily in depressed individuals. In fact, for people with mild or moderate depression,
30 minutes of intense exercise can be as effective as medication for improving mood. People
who do not respond to depression medications may show improvement in mood when they
exercise.
Age
Gender
Women
Men
Are innately less able to read and to identify with others’ emotions.
Organizational Influences
In the United States, there is a bias against negative and intense emotions. Expressions of
negative emotions such as fear, anxiety, and anger tend to be unacceptable except under
fairly specific conditions.
Cultural Influences
Cultural norms in the United States dictate that employees in service organizations
should smile and act friendly when interacting with customers. But this norm does not apply
worldwide.
Cultures differ in terms of the interpretation they give to emotions. There tends to be
high agreement on what emotions mean within cultures but not between cultures. For
example, smiling is often seen as an expression of happiness by Americans. However, in
Israel, smiling by cashiers is seen as being inexperienced.
Studies indicate that some cultures lack words for such standard emotions as anxiety,
depression, or guilt.
EMOTIONAL LABOR
A situation in which an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during
interpersonal transactions.
Emotional labor creates dilemmas for employees when their job requires them to
exhibit emotions incongruous with their actual feelings. It is a frequent occurrence. For
example, when there are people that you have to work with whom you find it very difficult
to be friendly toward. You are forced to feign friendliness.
Another example, if you are a customer service representative, the 50 th person
asking the same question must be answered as thoroughly as you served the first person.
Otherwise, you are not doing your job of providing customer service because that 50 th
person has no idea that you’ve answered the same question 50 times. They just need an
answer.
Displayed emotions are those that are organizationally required and considered appropriate
in a given job. They are learned.
The theory begins by recognizing that emotions are a response to an event in the
individual work environment. The work environment includes everything surrounding the
job characteristics of the job such as the variety of tasks and degree of autonomy, job
demands, and requirements for expressing emotional labor. This environment created work
events that can be hassles, uplifts, or both.
Examples of events that employees frequently see as hassles are colleagues who
refuse to carry their share of work, conflicting directions by different by different mangers,
and excessive time pressures. Examples of uplifting events include meeting a goal, getting
support from a colleague and receiving recognition for an accomplishment.
Job satisfaction is influenced by current emotions at any given time along with the
history of emotions surrounding the event;
Since moods and emotions fluctuate over time, their effect on performances also
fluctuates;
Emotion driven behaviors are typically short in duration and of high variability;
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to perceive, control, and evaluate
emotions. Some researchers suggest that emotional intelligence can be learned and
strengthened, while other claim it is an inborn characteristic.
Since 1990, Peter Salovey and John D. Mayer have been the leading researchers on
emotional intelligence. In their influential article “Emotional Intelligence,” they defined
emotional intelligence as, “the subset of social intelligence that involves the ability to
monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use
this information to guide one's thinking and actions” (1990).
Salovey and Mayer proposed a model that identified four different factors of
emotional intelligence: the perception of emotion, the ability reason using emotions, the
ability to understand emotion, and the ability to manage emotions.
According to Salovey and Mayer, the four branches of their model are, "arranged
from more basic psychological processes to higher, more psychologically integrated
processes. For example, the lowest level branch concerns the (relatively) simple abilities of
perceiving and expressing emotion. In contrast, the highest level branch concerns the
conscious, reflective regulation of emotion" (1997).
Emotions affect employee effectiveness. Ability and Selection: People who know their own
emotions and are good at reading others’ emotions may be more effective in their jobs.
Decision Making
Negative emotions can result in a limited search for new alternatives and a less vigilant
use of information.
Positive emotions can increase problem solving and facilitate the integration of
information.
Motivation
Motivation theories basically propose that individuals “are motivated to the extent that
their behavior is expected to lead to desired outcomes.”
Leadership
Effective leaders almost all rely on the expression of feelings to help convey their
messages and is often the critical element that results in individuals accepting or rejecting a
leader’s message.
When effective leaders want to implement significant changes, they rely on “the
evocation, framing, and mobilization of emotions.’’
Interpersonal Conflict
Whenever conflicts arise, you can be fairly certain that emotions are also surfacing.
A manager’s success in trying to resolve conflicts, in fact, are often largely due to his or
her ability to identify the emotional elements in the conflict and to get the conflicting parties
to work through their emotions.
Negative emotions can lead to employee deviance in the form of actions that violate
established norms and threaten the organization and its members.
Productivity failures
Personal aggression
Job Attitudes:
Ever hear the advice “Never take your work home with you, meaning that people should
forget about their work once they go home? As it turns out, that’s easier said than done.
Several studies have shown that people who had a good day at work tend to be in a better
mood at home that evening. And people who had a bad day tend to be a bad mood once
they’re at home. Evidence also suggests that people who have a stressful day at work have
trouble relaxing once they get off work.
Creativity
People who are in good moods are more creative than people in bad moods, say some
researchers. They produce more ideas, others think their ideas are original, and they tend to
identify more creative options to problems.
It seems that people who are experiencing positive moods or emotions are more flexible
and open in their thinking, which may explain why they’re more creative. Supervisors should
actively try to keep employees happy because this will create more good moods. Employees
like their leaders to encourage them and provide positive feedback on a job well done, which
in turn leads people to be more creative.
Some researchers, however, do not believe that a positive mood makes people more
creative. They argue that when people are in positive, moods, they may relax. If in a good
mood, things must be going OK, and must not need to think of new ideas and not engage in
the critical thinking necessary for some forms of creativity. However, this view is
controversial. Until there are more studies on the subject, we can safely conclude that for
many tasks, positive moods increase our creativity.
REFERENCES
Schinnerer, J.L. (2007), Guide to Self: The Beginner's Guide to Managing Emotion and
Thought, Authorhouse
INTERNET SOURCES
http://free-books-online.org/management/organizational-behavior
http://wps.prenhall.com/bp_robbins_ob_13/87/22445/5745923.cw/-/5745958/index.h
tml
http://www.sherv.net/mood-icons.html
http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Textbook/Emotion/Mood
http://www.beyond-hearing-voices.com/types-of-emotions.html
http://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-mood-and-
emotion/#ixzz19BLQ3vvi
http://psychology.about.com/od/personalitydevelopment/a/emotionalintell.htm
http://www.citeman.com/1623-affective-events-theory/#ixzz19Nyjp0ym