Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NO.76-183
by
DAVID R. CROFT
S h e f f i e l d Polytechnic
S h e f f i e l d , England
and
D A V i D G . LILLEY
U n i v e r s i t y o f Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
\
1
WASHINGTQN, D.C. / J
For permission to copy or republish. contact the American Instituti: o f Aeronautics and Astronautics,
1290Avenueof the Americas. New York, N.Y. 10019.
David R. Croft*
Sheffield Polytechnic, Sheffield, h g l a n d
and
David G. Lilley**
.1 university of Arizona. TWSM. Arizona
Abstract a Prandtl-Schidt n h r
T turbulent stress tensor
The design of jet punps is normally bawd on
w r h t rather than theory, and, what theory
+
D
depndent variable
'Rctor d i f f e r e n t i a l o w r a t o r
there is, has been developed from smle energy
and m t w n balances. This paper presents a mre mrscripts
exhaustive analysis, based on a new primitive
variable f i n i t e difference procedure, n d f i e d to * preliminary u,v and p f i e l d
predict two-dixensional axisymretric j e t pmp based on e s t i m t e d pressure
flcws. The n w e r i c a l techniqce inmlves a stag- f i e l d p*
gfred grid system f o r axial a d r a d i a l v e l o c i t i e s , mrrection value t o u*,v*,p* to
a line relaxation procedure for e f f i c i e n t solution get U,V,P
of the equations a i d a two-equation k--E turbulence
d e l . The analysis panits the investigation of Subscripts .
jet prmp paramters and t h e i r e f f e c t on the over-
a l l perfomawe of the device, and i n so doing D position a t exit from diffuser
eqlains the ncchanism of mixing bfedeen the J r e l a t i n g t o pr+ jet
prirrary and s e a n d a r y f l u i d s . Conputed values f o r m maximum value a t a particular
both tk intexial flow characteristics and the axial s t a t i o n
ovcrall p z r f o m c e of various jet pmp configura- n ,s ,e ,w north, south, east, west faces
tions are presented together w i t h eqxrirrental of cell
data which validates tk a c m a c y of the m u t e r 0 value a t primary nozzle exit
rrpdel . P,N,S,E.W p i n t , north, south, e a s t ,
west neightors
NcmnclatuR S r e l a t i n g to semndary flod
Ll r e l a t i n g to turbulent v i s m s i t y
C omstant f o d a
D mixer tube d i m t e r
d prirnvy j e t nozzle d i m t e r 1. Introduction
H f l u i d head
I,J m s h point ?he Phenmnon
J
. turbulent flux vector
k k i n e t i c energy of turbulence Ejector jet p q s are widely used i n thr process
L mixer tube length industries. Thfy provide a mans whereby fluids
e turbulence length scale my be plmpea without any rmving p a r t s , d?d are
used with awbard f l u i d s (e.g. slurry) and/or in
es primary nozzle to mixsr tube
length spacing s i t u a t i o n s where mnmntional ptn'ivs are d i f f i c u l t
M entraimmt ratio t o place, as w e l l as to p r i m other p m s . Cpera-
N head r a t i o t i o n of a j e t p~ng3is by the 'primary' f l u i d en-
tiE-man pressure t r a i n i n g the 'secondary' f l u i d through mixing with
P it: t h a t is, by energy transfer between the fluids.
Q flcw r a t e
R area r a t i o c l e a r l y the pcrfomkmcc of such a p q is therrfore
S source term d e p x d e n t on t b manner of mi;cing of the two fluids,
u,v tim-nran velocity cOmpOnents i n which i s inflilfnced by the geowtry of the surfaces
z , r directions over which the fluids flcw, as w e l l as the p e s -
axial, radial coordinates sures, v e l o c i t i e s , and o t k r properties of t k
turbulent eXd...anqe a f f i c i m t fluids.
a man-flau r a t e of s t r a i n tensor Perfonnance Prediction
E turbulence energy dissipation
rate = k3I2/2 In the p a s t , j e t p m design has been largely
il efficiency based on empirical forrrrulas and constants, n o d i -
6 diffuser half-angle f i e d with appmpriate coffficients, w h i c h r e l a t e
11 turbulent viscosity the gxxEtric and i l a i d properties to Lk pres-
P tkremean d a i s i t y sures and v e l o c i t i e s of t h e fluids'-'.
The authors acknmledge w i t h muiy tk&s the helpful assistance of Nan Cliarles~orth
i n discussions and preliminary xork w i t h the c q u t e r proc&xn as reported i n Ref. 18.
*Principal Lecturer, k p a r t n r n t of ~b%?chanical
and Prcduction Engineering. ..
**Visiting Associate Profcssor, k p a r t n r n t of Chcmical Engineering. Wxrber hvIA.
1
&-tl~'-~mre advanced approaches, including thruu+ the prinury nozzle and entrains the
one- and t w o - k n s i o n a l computer nodels have been s m d a r y (entrained) f l u i d , w i t h r e l a t i v e l y low
developed for use i n j e t p w prediction, giving velocity and pressure, so as to fonn the output.
guides to p i r f o n m c e but with a limitcd range of Flow rate quantities QJ, Cr, and 4 = Qs + QJ and
application. heads F ~ J ,tIS and Hg are s t m i n the figure, to-
gether with prinury nozzle d i w t e r d , mxer tube
Design P a r m e t e r s
mrporated in the governing e l l i p t i c p a r t i a l dif-
f e r e n t i a l equations, and solution is d i r e c t l y by a
f i n i t e difference relaxation techniqm. Its ir-r The mjor p a r m t e r s of interest i n the p i r f o r
prowxent and use w i l l S i F i f i c a n t P y reduce the m c e and therefore d e s i 9 of j e t p w s are:
cost and t h required for j e t p m design. Solu- (i) the r a t i o of entrained f l u i d r a t e to pri-
t i o n m y be via the s t r e a n function-vorticity o r m r y f l u i d rate, knm as the entrairmat
primitive pressure-velocity approach. Whereas the r a t i o M,
f o m r approach, used i n the 1968 computer program (ii) the r a t i o of pressure head gained by the
from Infxrial College for exanpie', reduces by one e n t r d n e d f l u i d t o t h e pressure head l o s t
the nmher of equations t o be solved and e1imi.- by the prirmry f l u i d , hm as the head
nates the troublesOP(e presswe ( a t the e q x n s e of r a t i o N.
trouble with the v o r t i c i t y equation), the pre-
ferred approach n m is S1MTI.E (mxnonic for zemi-
*licit ~ ~ f o r3gressue
d liked -qtions)
&ich focuses attention d i r e c t l y on the latter
variables'o. I t p s s e s e s many advantaFs and the
m r k here is developd irurediately on this new
technique, the basic ideas of which had been e m
bodied i n t o the 1974 I w r i a l College TFAC€l
(reaching e l l i p t i c -&synmttric characteristics
-
heuristically) c w u t e r program'".
3
where available f o r the calculation of the convective
fluxes across the koundaries of the olntrol
voluies surrounding the grid nodes where p, k and
E are stored.
au
+ (--a r +
']
av )
z I T
N
-7 1
4. Prediction Prccedun?
The Technique
RU I
here is qim only t o the main pints.
2
The Staqqered Grid and Nota- _.
J=l
Fig. 2 shajs sone of t h e rectangular computa- Is1 2 NI
t i o n a l rresh. W.e intersections of the s o l i d l i n e s ZIIl
m k the grid nodes where all variables except the
u and v velocity mmpanents are stored. The
latter are stored at points which are denoted by Fig. 3. Grid specification - an -le
the arrows and lccated midway between the grid
intersections, and the taonrrrlng-shapd envelopes _-
Solution P m d E
enclose a t r i a d of points denoted by a single
letter P = (1,J). Similar remarks apply a l s o t o rq the t e d m i q w descriw i n the
the four n e i y h r s N = ( I , J + l ) ,S = ( I , J - l ) , E =
"," thz cp+?minq p a r t i a l cliffercntiaL equations
( I + l , J ) and W = (1-1,J). Thus, for exmple, l i k e Pq. (GI ill13 r e d u a d t o a set of f i n i t e dif-
fenma apiti.ons for values of the variable @ , a t
UI,J = U ( I , J ) is the axial velocity a t refercmce
location (1,J) e m thou$i it actually rcpresfnts p i n t s OF the grid system covering the solution
t k velocity positioned a t (I-$,J). This grid damin. l?Iese, toqcther w i t h appropriate boundary
a x r a n m i i t has b+o special rrerits: f i r s t l y , it w n d i t i o n s , cunstitute a system of strongly-coupled
p1.aces the u and v vflcci.ties bctwcen the s i r u l t m e o u s a l + x x i c equations. Though they
p r e s s w s which driw than and it is oasy to cal- a p p f a r linear thcy are not since the coffficients
and sourm t c m s axe thcmsolvr?s functions of so1113
culate the pressure gradients which a f f e c t thm: of t i i e v&riables, cm.niithc w l c c i t y e q u t i o n s are
and secondly, these velocities are d i r e c t l y
s t m q 1 . y linked tiuowjh the pressure. The solution
4
proceeds by the c y c l i c repEtition of the f o l l m i n g
steps:
The ccnputer w k l predicts valu3s of axial and
Guess the valucs of all variables including radinl vfl.ocities u and v, turbulence k i n e t i c
p*. Hence calculate auxiliary variables energy k, t u b u l e n c e enerqy dissi[aLion i, turbu-
l i k e density, viscosity etc. lence l m i q t h scale and static press'xe p
Solve the axial and r a d i a l mxentum equa- throughout the f l a q f i e l d . Discdsscd f i r s t is a
tions to obtain f i r s t estimates u* and +. configuration with prinruy nozzle t o mixer tu&,
Solve the pressure correction equation to spacing &/o = 2.25 and i n l e t primary j e t velocity
obtain p'. = 22 m-1.
Calculate the pressure p ard the mrrected
velocities f m n u and u=u* + , u v=+ + v'
' Figure 4 shows the tu%ulence energy k and
and p=p* + p' (u- and v' are related t o p') . lenqth scale 2 distxibutions within the flow. The
%lve the equations f o r the other variables energy c o n t o w reveal that a t the p i n t of "im-
k and E successively. pact" of tAe primuy j e t on the entrained flow
T n a t the n m v a l l r s of the variables as there i s a high rate of energy generation. The
inproved g w s s e s and return to s t e p ( i ) . high valucs of lenqth scale i n this region quidcly
& p a t the process u n t i l mnvxqaice. dissipate the enerqy into t h e entrained flow. 'The
rapid decrease in the damstream level of lenqth
I n t h e solution p r o c e d m algebraic equations scale results in a v e q gradual reduction in
connecting a $-value w i t h its four nei-rinq energy l e v e l i n the mixing tube section. This in-
valws, are solved "any tixes, coefficient and dicates that the mixing ti& lenqth is p?rhaps tcc
source p 3 a t i n g being carried out p r i o r to each mat sin= minim1 mixinq is actually occurring,
occasion. The practice used hfre is to mke use a useful result i n usinq the c n q u t e r &el to
of the w e l l - W m +diagonal F t r i x &gorithm optimize a desicp.
(TDMA), whereby a set of equations, each w i t h
exactly three dcncxms in a p a r t i d a r order ex-
cept the f i r s t and l a s t w h i c h have exactly two un-
! a m s m y Se solved sequentially. I n the two-
dimnsional problem one considers the val.ms a t
grimints along a vertical gridline t o he vnknown
(valuss a t P, N and S for each p i n t P I , but take
as h m M , mSt recent valms being used, the
v a l m s a t each E and W neighbor. The 1Dt is t k n
applied t o this v e r t i c a l gridline. In t h i s m e r
one can traverse along a l l the l i n e s i n the ver-
tical diirebion seqyuentially from l e f t to r i g h t
of the integration &nuin.
5
As a further i l l u s t r a t i o n of w h a t is actually predicted and exprimmtal values.
h a p w i n g i n the mixing region it i s revealing to
eMmine the axial and r a d i a l w l o c i t y p r o f i l e s .
Figure 5 shows the increase i n axial velocity as
the entrained f l u i d nears the p r i m q jet, and
Fig. 6 the variation of radial velocity, a t a s e e
t i a n j u s t d m s t r e a m of the nozzle exit. col-
l i s i o n between the radial and axial flows results
i n a violent mixiny p m e s s and the consequent
generation of turbulence energy. Figures 4.5 and
6 also show a rapid decay i n turbulence energy,
axial velocity and radial velocity away from the
i n i t i a l mixing region, particularly i n the r a d i a l
direction outwar& t a a r d the suction ch- wall:
a f a c t which suggests t h a t the suction chanber is
tm large, and that a similar p r f o m c e would Ir I
available w i t h W l e r equiprent.
'-O 1 6. Crmclusions
. iI *--..-- '
U
T
. m *,.,.r ,,,*<
In the past jet pwp design has been based on
ewerimnt r a t h e r than theory, and, what theor1
thew is, has keen developed from s+le energy and
m t m balances. Here has ken presented a mre
exhaustive analysis, based on a new primitive
variable f i n i t e difference p r d ? l r e , which has
been d f i e d so as to predict the operating para-
net- of two-dinmsional axisyrmctric j e t pwp
f l m s . The n w f r i c a l technique involves a stag-
gered grid system for axial a?d r a d i a l velocities,
a l i n e relaration p m e k for e f f i c i e n t solution
of t k equations and a tm-eqmtion k - E turbu-
RADIAL VELOCITY (mS') lence d e l . Finite difference predictions are
ncw possible of these j e t p w flcws - the yeneral
Fig. 6 . Predicted r a d i a l velocity d i s t r i b u t i o n s nature of the internal f l m predictions and the
i n mixing region a x r e l a t i o n of the p d i c t e d and wasured flows
(&D
' = 2.25, umr, = 22 E-') suggests that a useful d e s i y tcol is n m becaning
available. The analysis ,-nits the investigation
Prediction of Ovcrall Perfon- of j e t pmp parmeters and t h e i r e f f e c t on the
overall p r f o m c e of the device, and i n doing so
As a further i l l u s t r a t i o n of the predictibv explains the n ~ c h a n i a nof mixing bctween t k pri-
mary and s e m n c b q fluids. Computed v a l e s f o r
capability of the d e l , the e n t r a h t ratios b t h t h e i n t e r n a l flui characteristics and the
derived from e p r i r c n t and theory for a n e of
prinury jet velacities are ampared i n Fig. 8. overall p r f o m n c f of various j e t punp configura-
Whilst the actual virlws (both expxinmt and tions w e r e presented t q e t h e r with exprimmtal
theory) are not as high as onmcrcially available data which validates the accuracy of thc coqmter
d c l . Further d e w l o p n t and application w i l l
p q s (kca.use of relatively 104 o p r a t i n g
pressures) there is good correlation between the provide a valuable supplfnurtary techniqw in
p r a c t i c a l d c s i c p situations.
6
References
1. B e r n , L.D. et al. &si* equations for 17. Lilley, D.G. &-uting strongly swirling
water injectors. T m d En9ineering V o l . 11, flows with a primitive p r e s s m - m l c c i t y
Part 8, 1964. code. AIA4 Paper No. 75-872, Hartford,
Conn., June 16-18, 1975.
2. Bonningtm, S.T. and King, A.L. Jet pmps and
-/ injectors - a state of the art review and 18. C h a r l e w f i , A., Croft, D.R. and Lilley, D.G.
bibliography. B.B.R.A. Fluid Engineering, Prediction of jet pmp p x f o r n c s using a
Nov., 1972. finite d i f f e r a c e primitive variable tech-
3. Short m u s e on ' E j e c t o r s ' , VKI, B r u s s e l s ,
nique. Paper presented a t 3rd N s t . -.
Physics Conf., G l a s p , UK, Aug. 27-29, 1975.
Belgium, April, 1968. Transcripta Books, randon and flonisphei-e Pub.
4. S a g e r , N.L. Fortran prcqram for the desispl corp., Washington, D.C. ( i n press), 1976.
of liquid to liquid jet pwps. NPSA Tech.
Note 'IN-D-6453, July, 1971.
.-
5. Gilbert, G.B.and K i l l , P.G. Paper presented
at 2nd Synposim on Jet Plmps and Ejectors
Gas Lift Techniques, held i n Cabridge,
March 24-26, 1975.
6. Pope, S.B. Injector plmp p e r f o m c e : t h e
influence of d u c t and nozzle yeawtry. M.Sc.
Dissertation, I.C., London Univ., 1972.
7. H i l l , B.J. Wo-dimnsional analysis of flow
in j e t pwps. Journal of the Hydraulic
Division, €!Sa, V o l . 99, No. IN7, Prcc. Paper
9847, July, 1973, pp. 1009-1026.
8. Wilson, R. Investigation into t h e design and
p e r f o m c e of j e t plmps. Final Y e a r project,
Sheffield Polytechnic, May, 1974.
9. G o m , A.D., Pun, W.M., R u n c h a l , A.K.,
Spalcling, D.B. and hblfshtein, M.W. Heat and
m s t r a n s f e r in recirculating flows.
Aca2emi.c Press, London, 1969.
10. Gosman, A.D. and Pun, W.M. LEcture notes for
murse e n t i t l e d 'Calculation of recirculatina
flWS'. Repart NO. E / 7 4 / 2 , Dept. of 14=h.-
h g . , I.C., London, 1974.
11. Iamder, B.E. and Spalding, D.B. Mathemtical
&els of turbulence. Academic Press, London,
1972.
12. Li.lley, D.G. Nonisotropic turbulence in
swirling flows. A c t a Astmnautica (sub-
mitted), 1975.
13. Lillev.
_ . D.G. W e l i n a of d u s t o r swirl
f l u s . Ada Astrona~ica,Vol. 1 No. 9, 1974,
pp. 1129-1147.
14. Lilley, D.G. Swirl flow d e l i n g for co&us-
tors. AVIA Paper No. 74-527, Palo A l t o ,
Calif., June 17-19, 1974.
15. -den, A.A. and H a r l o w , F.H. lhe S M
mthcd: a n w e r i c a l tedulique f o r c d c u l a t i i i g
incmpressible f l u i d flows. Rrport No.
LA-4370, Los Alarms S c i e n t i f i c Laboratory,
IDS Alm, N. Wx., 1970.
16. Chrin, A.J. A n m r i c a l mtimd f o r in-
pressible viscous flow problems. J. of C a p .
Physics V o l . 2 , 1967, pp. 12-26.