White Paper

in
Photovoltaic
 Table of Contents

Market Dynamics…………………………………………………………….……..….….3

The Effect of Global Recession in expansion of Photovoltaic Sector……….…………...4

Initiatives in solar Photovoltaic Sector…………….………………………….……...........5

Importance of renewable source of energy………………………………….………..……6

Fundamentals of Photovoltaic.......................................................................................…...7

Science behind the concept……………….…………………………………….………….8

General Cost per kW…………………………………………………………….…………9

Types of Photovoltaic Technology……………………………………………….………..10

Cutting edge products………………………………………………………………..……11

Next Generation Products………………………………………………………………....12

Synergy with metal roofing……………………………………………………………..….14

Some of the major examples of Photovoltaic installation………………………………….15

Trends………………………………………………………………………………………16

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….17

2
Photovoltaic is a technology which is used
to produce electricity using direct sunlight.
Photovoltaic systems uses Selenium based
solar electric cells to produce. This
technology produces electricity without
consuming any material or fossil fuel.
Photovoltaic systems produce clean energy.
These systems have an advantage of low
maintenance cost and no fuel cost, with
negligible pollution. Photovoltaic systems
are commonly used in solar watches, solar
pumps etc.

Market Dynamics:
(Source: www.iea.org)
The worldwide power generation capacity of
Photovoltaic systems has grown from1.3
GW in the year 2001 to 15.2 GW by
2008.The Photovoltaic (grid-connected) is
The result of the initiatives taken in the
the fastest growing power generation
many countries is already visible as the year
technology with a 70 percent growth in the
2007 witnessed around 40% growth in the
year 2008. The growth of the Photovoltaic
Photovoltaic capacity. One of the prominent
power generation capacity worldwide has
examples of new policies favoring the
accelerated a lot in the last two years and the
increase of Photovoltaic capacity is Japan’s
annual Solar Photovoltaic production of the
new policy of increase in National Solar
top five countries have grown from 2.5GW
Photovoltaic subsidies for Schools,
to 6.9GW.The top five countries with the
Hospitals, and Railway Stations from 33%
highest Photovoltaic capacity are Germany,
to 50%. The total Photovoltaic capacity
Spain, Japan, United States, South Korea.
worldwide has increased to 16GW. The
This growth will continue in the coming three major trends that can be seen recently
years as many countries like Austria, China, are the growth of Building integrated
Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands and United Photovoltaic (BIPV), Thin- film solar
States are adopting solar Photovoltaic Photovoltaic and utility scale solar
subsidy programs. New laws and policies Photovoltaic. The year 2007-08 is expected
which will favor the growth of Photovoltaic to witness the addition of 800 more power
capacity are formed in developing countries generation plants using utility scale solar
like Brazil, Chile, Egypt, Mexico, photovoltaic technology.
Philippines and South Africa.

3

China became the number one country in the
world in Photovoltaic cell production with a
capacity of 1.8GW, Germany in the second
place with a capacity of 1.3GW followed by
Japan with a capacity of 1.2GW.Q-cell, a
German based company is the world leader
in solar Photovoltaic cell production. Its
production for the year 2008 was 570 MW
of cells with a production facility in
Germany and Malaysia. Suntech of China
and First solar are the other two companies
sharing the second spot with Sharp of Japan
in the fourth place. With huge investments
in R&D and new production capacities, the
production figures are expected to increase.
Photovoltaic Sector also creates lots of jobs.
The Sector directly employees 20,000
people and also support over 200,000 jobs
indirectly in the areas of Glass, Steel
manufacturing, Electrical Wires and
equipments, etc.
(Source: www.iea-pvps.org)
The Effect of Global Recession in
expansion of Photovoltaic Sector
As any other sector, the solar energy sector
will also feel the heat of the Global financial
meltdown. As most of the countries is going
through financial liquidity crunch, the
finance going to this sector is also going to
decrease. The solar Photovoltaic market is
expected to contract by 17% by the end of
2009, mostly due to exit of some small
players from the market. Many
consolidation can be witnessed in this
market as the big companies might take over
the smaller one with weak cash flow. This
might give rise to bigger solar giants
controlling the complete market, with a
higher monopoly power. Few examples of
such acquisitions that can be seen are the
acquisition of Business Institute solar
strategy by SunEdison. A total of 61 such
M&A has taken place from june 2008 till
date in the solar sector.
4

Initiatives in solar Photovoltaic
Sector:
C) Grid
The Photovoltaic systems are mainly four
types:
A) Off-Grid Domestic systems which are
used for household and other low
electric consumption
units.
D) Grid connected centralized systems
These systems are mainly used in
villages which are not connected by the
electric supply networks. These systems
are generally 1KW in size and are cost
effective alternatives to the extension of
the national electricity networks.
B) Off-Grid Non Domestic systems are
similar to the above mentioned Off-Grid
domestic systems.
The electricity generated in this system
is used for Commercial purpose like
telecommunication, water pumping,
refrigeration, etc.
connected distributed
Photovoltaic systems are used so
supply electricity to the customers who
are already in a electric supply network.
These are used for domestic as well as
commercial systems.
generate huge amount of electricity
from a centralized power station. The
power is then distributed for domestic
and commercial usage through electric
distribution network.
Germany and Spain witnessed 73% of
the total installations witnessed in 2007.
Growth of different solar energy
initiatives is evident in many countries.
The Spanish Photovoltaic market grew
five times and the French market grew
5
 three times. The Portugal market grew a
record 14.5 MW in 2007.
Germany is the world leader in Photovoltaic
systems both in terms of capacity which is
3862MW and installed capacity per capita
which is 46.8 W per capita. With the
increase in electrification of villages, the
proportion increase in Off-Grid systems are
less than Photovoltaic Grid
systems
(Source: www.iea-pvps.org)
Most of the initiatives taken in 2007 in Solar
energy sector is in Grid connected
centralized systems. These systems have
increased three times in the year 2006-07.
This shows the growth of investor owned
large scale PV power systems being
developed and the sector getting more and
more organized.
Importance of renewable source of
energy:
More than 80% of the worlds energy needs
are fulfilled by fossil fuels. Coal, Petroleum,
Natural Gas is the major fossil fuels
consumed worldwide for energy
requirements. This huge dependence on
fossil fuels is very risky because the fossil
fuels are limited and running out at fast
pace. The fossil fuels that has been used in
few thousand years, will take millions of
years to form again, So it is called non-
renewable source of energy.
Energy usage worldwide
(Source: www.iea-pvps.org)
The only solution of the above mentioned
problem is to develop the renewable source
of energy. This is a source that does not get
used up once used. The most commonly
used renewable source of energy are solar
power, wind, running water and geothermal
energy. The solar energy from the sunlight,
kinetic energy from the wind and the
running water and the heat energy from the
geothermal sources can all be converted into
electricity using different technologies.
Renewable source of energy also helps to
reduce the carbon emissions and other types
of polluting gases which is emitted during
the usage of non renewable source of
energy. So the usage to renewable source of
energy helps to reduce Global warming
which is one of the most alarming danger on
6

our planet. It also offers countries to achieve
better energy security and development of
their economy.
Fundamentals of Photovoltaic
Photovoltaic as the name suggests is the
technology of converting energy from light
carried in form of energized photons to
electrical energy by utilizing the inherent
properties of semiconductors like silicon
which conduct electricity in presence of
light. This is largely used to harvest solar
energy which is the most abundant source of
light in our environment.
Solar energy is a renewable resource that is
environmentally friendly. Unlike fast
depleting fossil fuels, solar energy is
(Source: International energy association)
available about everywhere on earth. And
this source of energy is free, constant and
does not fluctuate in price like conventional
energy sources like coal and oil. Solar
energy can be used to provide heat, lighting,
mechanical power and electricity.
Photovoltaic effect was observed as early as
1839 by French scientist Edmund Becquerel
but its first commercial use was in powering
US orbital satellites in the 1950s.
While most Photovoltaic (PV) cells were
made of silicon since the beginning of
research, many other semiconductor PV
cells have been found to surpass silicon PV
cell in performance and cost. There have
been pathbreaking developments in the field
of PV research
7
Science behind the concept A schematic symbol of solar cell would be

When light hits the PV cell, the photons

from the light knocks off the electrons in the
semiconductor from the atoms of the
molecules .If the electron is sufficiently
energized, it is able to jump from the
valence band to the conduction band where
it is free to move within the semiconductor
or in other words the semiconductor is in the
state of conduction. When the PV is One single PV cell can produce upto 2 watts
connected along a circuit, the free electrons of power which is insignificant even for use
then move through the cell, creating and in power calculators and wrist watches. To
filling holes. This movement of electrons create more power output many PV cells are
and holes generate electricity. This energy connected together to form modules which
can be stored in specially designed batteries are further connected together to form larger
for subsequent use. generating units called arrays. The extent of
the arrays formed largely dictates the
quantity of power produced.

If we are to model an equivalent circuit of a

solar cell with a diode in parallel and shunt
resistance and series resistance it would look
like the diagram below.
A complete PV system consists of the PV
modules and the ‘balance of system’ or
BOS-the support structures, wiring, storage,
conversion device etc. as shown in the figure
below.

8

Typical Power Output of PV cells
Independent of size, a typical silicon PV cell
produces about 0.5 – 0.6 volt DC under
open-circuit, no-load conditions. The current
(and power) output of a PV cell depends on
its efficiency and size (surface area), and is
proportional the intensity of sunlight striking
the surface of the cell. For example, under
peak sunlight conditions, a typical
commercial PV cell with a surface area of
160 cm2 (25 in2) will produce about 2 watts
peak power. If we consider sunlight
intensity were 40 percent of peak, this cell
would produce about 0.8 watts.
A solar cells power output depends on a
number of factors which include the sun’s
incidence angle for the given region, solar
irradiance, air mass and temperature.
For comparison of power output of different
kinds of PV cells, the measure of watts peak
is used. The standard test conditions(STC)
imply and solar irradiance of 1000 W/m2, a
solar reference spectrum AM (air mass) of
1.5 and a cell temperature 25°C.
Ideally a 1 kWp system will produce 1 kW
under STC. Specifically, watt-peak of a cell
is the DC power output in watts as measured
under an industry standardized light test
before the solar module leaves the
manufacturer's facility. The standard light
test tests the output power when illuminated
under standard conditions of 1000 watts of
light intensity per square meter, 25 °C
ambient temperature and a spectrum similar
to sunlight that has passed through the
atmosphere (airmass 1.5).
General Cost per kW
The solar energy industry typically uses
price per Watt Peak (Wp) as its primary unit
of measurement. The solar module
represents nearly 40-50% of the total
installed cost of a "solar system". This
percentage will vary according to the nature
of the application. A complete solar system
includes all the other components required
to create a functioning system, whether it be
to feed energy in to the grid or to be used in
standalone off-grid applications.
To convert, kWp (a standardized measure
excluding solar conditions) to kWh (a
measure which takes account of solar
conditions), an adjustment for the actual
location of the solar panel is necessary in
order to take into account how much
sunlight would be expected in that location
due to the varied distribution of sunlight
across latitudes over the period of a year.
Some simple examples are that a 1kWp
System will produce approximately:
· 1800 kWh/year in Southern California
9
 · 850 kWh/year in Northern Germany Types of Photovoltaic Technology
· 1600-2000 kWh in India and Australia.
All PV cells require a light absorbing
Solar Electricity Prices are today, around 30 material contained within the cell structure
cents/kWh, which is 2-5 times average to absorb photons and generate electrons via
Residential electricity tariffs. the photovoltaic effect. The materials used
in solar cells have the property to absorb
Residential electricity tariffs 1999
solar light that reach the earth’s surface;
however, some solar cells are capable of
Country Cents/kWh
absorbing light beyond Earth’s atmosphere.
Argentina 14.1
Existing Products
Australia 8*
Austria 16.8* Crystalline silicon

Belgium 16.5** Crystalline silicon (c-Si) is the benchmark

technology for PV cells. Crystalline
Brazil 12.8**
technology was first launched in 1962. It
Denmark 20.7 occupies about 90% of the PV market. The
best commercial c-Si module conversion
France 12.9**
efficiency is 18% for mono-crystalline, and
Germany 15.2 15% for poly-crystalline. Silicon is
India 3.4* classified into multiple categories according
to crystallinity and crystal size in the
Indonesia 2.5 resulting ingot, ribbon, or
Japan 21.2 wafer.

Mexico 5.9
Netherlands 13.2
Portugal 14.1
Spain 14.3
Switzerland 13.1
United Kingdom 11.7
United States 8.1
(Source:Energy Information Administration)

Basic structure of a silicon based solar cell

and its working mechanism

10
Monocrystalline Silicon (c-Si)
Single crystal wafer are more expensive and
because they are cut from cylindrical ingots,
they do not cover a square PV module
without a substantial waste of refined
silicon. Hence, most c-Si panels have
uncovered gaps at the four corners of the
cells.
Ribbon silicon is a type of monocrystalline
silicon formed by drawing flat thin films
from molten silicon and having a
multicrystalline structure. These cells have
lower efficiencies than poly-Si but save on
production costs considerably.
Poly- or multi-crystalline are made from
cast square ingots-large blocks of molten
silicon carefully cooled and solidified. It is
less expensive to produce than single crystal
silicon cells but are less expensive
Thin films
The various thin-film technologies currently
being developed reduce the amount of light
absorbing material required in creating a
solar cell. This can lead to reduced
processing costs from that of bulk materials
(in the case of silicon thin films) but also
tends to reduce energy conversion
efficiency(average 7 to 10% efficiency),
although newly developed multi-layer thin
films have efficiency better than bulk silicon
wafers.
Amorphous silicon (a-Si) was the first thin
film material to yield a commercial product.
Initially, a-Si was mostly used in consumer
items such as calculators. Amorphous
silicon is under constant development with
increasing efficiencies, economic
manufacturability, and innovative products
(for example, modules that double as roof
shingles, or semitransparent modules for
building-integrated uses).
Thin films have become popular compared
to wafer silicon due to lower costs and
advantages including flexibility, lighter
weights, and ease of integration.
Cutting edge products
CIGS
CIGS (Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide)
is mainly used in photovoltaic cells (CIGS
cells often abbreviated by the chemical
formula CuInxGa(1-x)Se2), in the form of
polycrystalline thin films. Silicon cells are
based on a homojunction p-n junction, the
structure of CIGS solar cells lack in
efficiency when compared to crystalline
silicon solar cells, for which the record
efficiency lies at 24.7%, but they are
substantially cheaper.
CIGS can be deposited onto molybdenum
coated glass sheets in a polycrystalline from,
saving the expensive step of growing large
crystals as in the case of crystalline silicon.
The later are made of slices of solid silicon
and therefore require more expensive
material.
Inkjet Circuitry
Third-generation solar panels are being
produced with specialized printers applying
nano-size particles onto rolls of thin flexible
material in a way similar to inkjet printing.
These panels are at a fraction of the cost (as
little as $1/watt compared to $4.50/watt for
traditional solar cells) of second generation
11
PV panels which use a vacuum-based glass
etching technology.
Flexible PV
Flexible thin film cells and modules are
created on the same production line by
depositing the photoactive layer and other
necessary layers on a flexible substrate.
If the substrate is an insulator (e.g. polyester
or polyimide film) then monolithic
integration is used. If it is a conductor then
another technique for electrical connection
must be used. The cells are assembled into
modules by laminating them to a transparent
colourless fluoropolymer on the front side
and a polymer suitable for bonding to the
final substrate on the other side. The only
commercially available (in MW quantities)
flexible module uses amorphous silicon
triple junction. Inverted metamorphic
(IMM) multijunction solar cells made on
compound-semiconductor technology have
became commercialized in July 2008
Next Generation Products
Copper based products
Photovoltaic applications based on CuInSe2
include several elements from groups I, III
and VI in the periodic table. These
semiconductors are especially ideal for thin
film solar cell application because of their
high optical absorption coefficients and
versatile optical and electrical characteristics
which can in principle be manipulated and
tuned for a specific need in a given device.
CIS is an abbreviation for general
chalcopyrite films of copper indium selenide
(CuInSe2). CIS films (no Ga) achieved
greater than 14% efficiency. However,
manufacturing costs of CIS solar cells at
present are high when compared with
amorphous silicon solar cells but continuing
research is leading to more cost-effective
production processes. Manufacturing
techniques vary and include the use of
Ultrasonic Nozzles for material deposition.
Sometimes gallium is substituted for some
of the indium in CIS, the material is referred
to as CIGS, or copper indium/gallium
diselenide, a solid mixture of the
semiconductors CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2. The
best efficiency of a thin-film solar cell as of
March 2008 was 19.9% with CIGS absorber
layer. Higher efficiencies (around 30%) can
be obtained by using optics to concentrate
the incident light or by using multi-junction
tandem solar cells.
Nanotechnology
Nanocrystalline solar cells make use of
some of the same thin-film light absorbing
materials but are laid as an extremely thin
absorber on a supporting matrix of
conductive polymer or mesoporous metal
oxide having a very high surface area to
increase internal reflections (and hence
increase the probability of light absorption).
Using nanocrystals allows one to design
architectures on the length scale of
nanometers, the typical exciton diffusion
length. In particular single nanocrystal
devices, an array of single p-n junctions
between the electrodes and separated by a
period of about a diffusion length, represent
internal structure of solar cells with
potentially higher efficiencies.
12
Comparison of pros and cons of each major PV technologies

A-SI CIS / CIGS CdTe Standard

Full name Amorphous silicon Copper Cadmium Telluride Crystalline silicon

Indium(Gallium)
Diselenide

Example of application

Module efficiency 5-8%; triple juncyion 9-12% 7-10% 13-18%

up to 10%

Capital US$ 2-3 US$ 2-3 US$ 1.5 US$ 0.80

costs(US$/Watt)

Manufacturing US$ 1.5-2 US$ 1.5-2 US$ 1.3-2 US$ 2.5-3

cost(US&/Watt)

Share of solar 4.7% 0.2% 2.7% 92.4%

market(06)

Pros More mature, similar Thin and flexible, more Low manufacturing Very mature
process to familiar efficient than A-SI costs, relatively high technology, with well-
TFT-LCD panels, efficiency in non-peak established supply
uses 1/100 silicon of conditions chains and
crystalline solar cells technologies

Cons Low efficiency, Potential indium Cadmium is toxic, Raw material shortage
durability shortage potential tellurium has prevented natural
shortage price declines

Representative Energy Conversion Nanosolar, DayStar, First solar, Antec Motech, E-Ton, Trina
companies Devices, Sharp, Miasole, Honda, Shell Solar, Suntech, Sharp,
Kanaka, China Solar Q-Cells

Source: International Energy Agency (IEA); photon International; CLSA Asia-Pacific Markets

13
Synergy with metal roofing
Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) are
photovoltaic materials that are used to
replace conventional building materials in
parts of the building envelope such as the
roof, skylights, or facades. They are
increasingly being incorporated into the
construction of new buildings as a principal
or ancillary source of electrical power,
although existing buildings may be
retrofitted with BIPV modules as well.
Fastening techniques
Improvements are being constantly made to
try and lower the installed cost and boost the
efficiencies. Crystalline silicon solar arrays
and thin-film amorphous silicon systems are
the two common types of BIPV. Today’s
mounting techniques allow PV systems to be
fastened to metal roofing panels directly
without penetrating the roof. Thin-film
silicon PV modules can be laminated
directly to the flat pan surface of a standing
seam metal roof.
Longevity
The endurance of PV modules is a crucial
factor for economic competitiveness of solar
installations. The systems that are used with
metal roofing are often warranted for more
than 25 years, but all BIPV systems have a
slow degradation due to the exposure of the
modules to constant sunlight. This causes
them to lose a small percentage of their
output every year. This performance
degradation is the result of two main
reasons—the slow breakdown of a module’s
encapsulant (typically ethylene vinyl
acetate; EVA) and back sheet (typically
polyvinyl fluoride films), as well as the
gradual obscuration of the EVA layer
between the module’s front glass and the
cells themselves. However it is significantly
less than expected and most PVs warranted
for 20 years have high probability of
working well over 30 years.
Sustainability
There are numerous benefits to having metal
roof combined with Solar PV. Metal roofing
has the greatest ability to perform over a
long period of time in a wide range of
weather conditions. Its proven longevity
virtually eliminates the need to use future
raw materials to produce roofing. Depending
on the type of metal roof product and the
gauge, metal roofing can be 1/8 the weight
of conventional roofing shingles even with
solar arrays. As a result, metal roofing puts
fewer loads on the structure and foundation
design and extends the life of a building.
The inherent strength of metal, combined
with the light weight, provides building
owners with the option of installing metal
roofing directly over old roofing materials.
Needless to say rising environmental
concerns have resulted in lowering of usage
of fossil fuels in most developed nations and
now the world is turning towards greener
sustainable options like Solar Energy.
14
Some of the major examples of
Photovoltaic installation:
Australia witnessed 12.2 MW of PV installation
in the year 2007. In this 50% was grid connected
systems. Australia ratified Kyoto Protocol in
November 2007 and has set targets for
9500GWh by 2010. The largest PV installation
in Australia is off grid which is used for
industrial and agricultural purpose. The PV
market here is supported by Government grants
through Renewable Remote Power Generation
Program. It provides 50% of the system cost
with its aim to reduce diesel usage in the
country. There has been a noticeable increase in
PV systems in public and commercial buildings
as a part of government greenhouse reduction
program.
Austria witnessed 2.1 MW of PV installation in
2007 which is way lower than 2006 when it
witnessed the installation of 6.5MW of PV
installation. Out of the
total PV installation of 24.5MW 88% accounts
to Grid connected systems. Austria’s largest PV
plant was inaugurated at the new Fronius
production and logistics center in the year 2007.
Canada had a PV installation of 5.3 MW in the
year 2007. 53% of the market is represented by
Off-grid non-domestic PV market. Even the grid
connected PV market is expected to rise because
of the policy support. Renewable Energy
Standard Offer Program(RESOP) implemented
in the province of Ontario is a major step in
development of the Canadian solar industry.
Germany has the highest PV installation
worldwide with 1100 MW in 2007. This
expansion is mainly fueled by the promotion
programs of grid connected rooftop systems and
large PV power plants.
The PV panels
are now days
integrated with
into the
building
rooftops and
walls during
construction.
The cost of installation is reduced and the
system has an advantage of low demand of perk
electricity, reduced transmission losses and
ability of power backup. This setup is called
Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) and is
one of the fastest growing segments of PV
industry.
Solar PV panel are installed in Vehicles, ATMs,
Telephone booths, rural electrification, highway
electrification and even spacecraft. The budget
for R&D in many countries have increased a lot
in 2007. The total expenditure for the IEA PVPS
countries have been around 300 USD.
15
Trends:
The PV industry in maturing at a fast pace
and measures like integration along the
whole supply chain, mergers and
acquisitions, joint ventures can be seen. The
example for this could be Norway’s
Renewable Energy
Corporation which is present in the entire
PV supply chain. It is the largest producers
of silicon and wafers for PV applications
and also producing PV cells and modules. It
has long term supply agreement with
countries like Taiwan. The specialized
equipments for PV manufacturing industry
is becoming a industry in itself. These
industries
include chemical and gas industry, abrasive
and equipment for cutting wafers, pastes and
inks for the cells, encapsulation material for
the module and specialized measurement
equipment for the use in production
processes.
PV cell production
Source: www.iea-pvps.org
The total PV cell production volume for
2007 was 2400 MW in the IEA PVPS
countries. Japan was the highest producers
of PV cells, producing 923MW of PV cells
during 2007. The leading manufacturers for
the PV cells in Japan are Mitsubishi heavy
industries (MHI), Hitachi, Fuji Electric
systems, Honda motors, Showa Shell
Sekiyu, Mitsubishi Electric, Sharp, Kyocera.
Germany witnessed a steady growth and the
leading producers of PV cells were Deutsche
Cell, Ersol Solar Energy, Q-cells, EverQ,
Scheuten Solar, Schott Solar, Solland Solar
Cells and Sunways.
Tailor made and specially designed modules
can be found in Italy. Lots of module
manufacturing industries can be found in
Sweden.
Source: www.iea-pvps.org
16
The production of thin film increased
rapidly. The shortage of PV grade silicon
feedstock continued to haunt the US market
in 2007. As the US market witnessed high
price of PV grade silicon feed stock, the thin
film producers used this as their own
advantage and increased their production.
Wafer based crystalline silicon technology
continued to be the dominent technology.It
accounted for around 87% of the market for
the PV modules in the IEA PVPS countries.
The dominance of Wafer based crystalline
technology is slipping year after year
because of the incresing populariy of the
thin film technology which is eating the
market pie more and more.
Some of the trends that can be seen lately
are the difficulty faced by the module
producers because of the shortage of the PV
cell supply in the market. The foreign price
and products continue to dominate the
domestic market dynamics.
Feed in trafic approach became became the
prime mechanism for promoting grid
connected PV.
The sector contributed significantly to economy
and employment worldwide and will continue to
do so. More efforts should be done in research
and development. Price of the PV should fall by
increasing volume and decreasing
manufacturing cost. Strong demand within
sustainable market will be lead by Grid Parity
without government support.
Solar PV technology can be the best alternative
for grid connected electric supply or fuel
generated electric. Solar PV can be the best
alternative where these options of power
generation are difficult like satellites, islands and
remote locations. As the PV solar cells can be
used locally, it has the advantage of very low
transmission loss and low operating cost.
Although with some of the disadvantages like
high setup cost, need for large area of land and
completely dependent on the climatic
conditions, the above mentioned advantages
makes it one of the best renewable source of
energy.

Tax credit and direct capital subsidy in

different countries has a major effect on the
market.

Conclusion:
Renewable source of energy is the need of the
hour and the PV solar technology can be one of
the major source of energy. The developing
countries have more than 40% of existing
renewable capacity and these countries are the
market with great potential to grow.
17
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http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/pubs/greenbuilding_strategy_nov08.pdf

http://www.iea-pvps.org/countries/download/nsr06/06usansr.pdf

www.greenscreen.org/articles_sr/Energy/Renewable%20Energy/Renewable%20Energy%20-
%20Sr.pdf

http://www.hi-energy.org.uk/why-important.htm

http://www.hi-energy.org.uk/whyrenewableenergy.html

http://www.terrasolar.com/bipv.html

http://www.iea-pvps.org/products/rep1_17.htm----trends

www.iea.org/files/Renewables_Global_%20Status_report.pdf

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/set_myp_2007-2011_proof_1.pdf

http://www.prlog.org/10198293-global-solar-photovoltaic-market-analysis-and-forecasts-to-2020.html

Bibliography

Photovoltaics: design and installation manual: renewable energy education for a sustainable
future

Energy at the crossroads: global perspectives and uncertainties

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