Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Phkd^]>qZfie^l
mh>nkh\h]^+3Ohenf^*
?hkma^]^lb`gh_bg&lbmn\hg\k^m^^e^f^gmlbg_kZf^][nbe]bg`l
mh;L>G*22+&*&*3+))-Zg]bmlNDGZmbhgZe:gg^q3+)).
<A@hh]\abe];L\<>g`F<BH;FBLmkn\m>^mZe
?hk^phk]
The introduction of European standards to UK construction is a significant event as, for the
first time, all design and construction codes within the EU will be harmonised. The ten design
standards, known as the Eurocodes, will affect all design and construction activities as all current
British Standards for structural design are due to be withdrawn in 2010.
The cement and concrete industry recognised the need to enable UK design professionals to use
Eurocode 2, Design of concrete structures, quickly, effectively, efficiently and with confidence.
Supported by government, consultants and relevant industry bodies, the Concrete Industry
Eurocode 2 Group (CIEG) was formed in 1999 and this Group has provided the guidance for a
coordinated and collaborative approach to the introduction of Eurocode 2.
As a result, a range of resources are being delivered by the concrete sector (see www.eurocode2.info).
The aim of this publication, Worked Examples to Eurocode 2: Volume 1 is to distil from Eurocode 2,
other Eurocodes and other sources the material that is commonly used in the design of concrete
framed buildings.
These worked examples are published in two parts. Volume 2 will include chapters on Foundations,
Serviceability, Fire and Retaining walls.
:\dghpe^]`^f^gml
The original ideas for this publication emanates from the research project `Eurocode 2: Transition
from UK to European concrete design standards’, which was led by the BCA and part funded by
the DTI under their PII scheme and was overseen by a Steering Group and the CIEG. The work has
been brought to fruition by The Concrete Centre from early initial drafts by various authors listed
on the inside back cover. The concrete industry acknowledges and appreciates the support given
by many individuals, companies and organisations in the preparation of this document. These are
listed on the inside back cover.
We gratefully acknowledge the authors of the initial drafts and the help and advice given by Robin
Whittle in checking the text. Thanks are also due to Gillian Bond, Kevin Smith, Sally Huish and the
design team at Michael Burbridge Ltd for their work on the production.
The copyright of British Standards extracts reproduced in this document is held by the British Standards Institution (BSI).
Permission to reproduce extracts from British Standards is granted by BSI under the terms of Licence No: 2009RM010. No other
use of this material is permitted. This publication is not intended to be a replacement for the standard and may not reflect the
most up-to-date status of the standard. British Standards can be obtained in PDF or hard copy formats from the BSI online shop:
http://shop.bsigroup.com or by contacting BSI Customer Services for hard copies only:
Tel:+44 (0)20 8996 9001, Email: cservices@bsigroup.com.
In[ebla^][rMa^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%iZkmh_ma^Fbg^kZeIkh]n\ml:llh\bZmbhg
Kbo^klb]^Ahnl^%-F^Z]hpl;nlbg^llIZkd%LmZmbhg:iikhZ\a%;eZ\dpZm^k%<Zf[^ke^r%Lnkk^r@N*02:;
M^e3$--!)"*+0//)/1))?Zq3$--!)"*+0//)/1)*ppp'\hg\k^m^\^gmk^'\hf
Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^bliZkmh_ma^Fbg^kZeIkh]n\ml:llh\bZmbhg%ma^mkZ]^Zllh\bZmbhg_hkma^Z``k^`Zm^l%
ZliaZem%\^f^gm%\hg\k^m^%ebf^%fhkmZkZg]lbeb\ZlZg]bg]nlmkb^l'ppp'fbg^kZeikh]n\ml'hk`
<^f^gmZg]<hg\k^m^Bg]nlmkrIn[eb\Zmbhgl!<<BI"Zk^ikh]n\^]makhn`aZgbg]nlmkrbgbmbZmbo^mh
in[eblam^\agb\Ze`nb]Zg\^bglniihkmh_\hg\k^m^]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhg'<<BIin[eb\ZmbhglZk^
ZoZbeZ[e^_khfma^<hg\k^m^;hhdlahiZmppp'\hg\k^m^[hhdlahi'\hfM^e3$--!)"0))-&/)0000
<<BI&)-*
In[ebla^]=^\^f[^k+))2
BL;G201&*&2)-/1*1&1-&0
Ikb\^@khniI
¡FI:&Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^
All advice or information from MPA - The Concrete Centre is intended only for use in the UK by those who will evaluate the
significance and limitations of its contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including that for
negligence) for any loss resulting from such advice or information is accepted by MPA - The Concrete Centre or its subcontractors,
suppliers or advisors. Readers should note that the publications from MPA - The Concrete Centre are subject to revision from time
to time and should therefore ensure that they are in possession of the latest version.
2
Phkd^]>qZfie^l
mh>nkh\h]^+3Ohenf^*
<hgm^gml
Lrf[hel bb - ;^Zfl 20
-') @^g^kZe 20
* Bgmkh]n\mbhg * -'* <hgmbgnhnl[^Zfhgibglniihkml 21
*'* :bf * -'+ A^ZoberehZ]^]E&[^Zf *)-
*'+ >nkh\h]^3;Zlblh_lmkn\mnkZe]^lb`g , -', <hgmbgnhnlpb]^M&[^Zf **2
*', >nkh\h]^*3:\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^l -
*'- >nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l - . <henfgl *,-
*'. GZmbhgZe:gg^q^l . .') @^g^kZe *,-
*'/ ;Zlblh_ma^phkd^]^qZfie^lbgmablin[eb\Zmbhg . .'* >]`^\henfg *,.
*'0 :llnfimbhgl / .'+ I^kbf^m^k\henfg!bgm^kgZe^gobkhgf^gm" *,2
*'1 FZm^kbZeikhi^kmb^l / .', Bgm^kgZe\henfg *-/
*'2 >q^\nmbhg / .'- LfZeei^kbf^m^k\henfgln[c^\m
mhmph&ahnk_bk^k^lblmZg\^ *.0
+ :gZerlbl%Z\mbhglZg]ehZ]ZkkZg`^f^gml 0
+'* F^mah]lh_ZgZerlbl 0 / PZeel *//
+'+ :\mbhgl 0 /') @^g^kZe *//
+', <aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^lh_Z\mbhgl 0 /'* La^ZkpZee */0
+'- OZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgl3bfihl^]ehZ]l 1
+'. OZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgl3lghpehZ]l *+ 0 K^_^k^g\^lZg]_nkma^kk^Z]bg` *1,
+'/ OZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgl3pbg]ehZ]l *, :ii^g]bq:3 =^kbo^]_hkfneZ^ *1.
+'0 OZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgl3hma^kl *0
+'1 I^kfZg^gmZ\mbhgl *1 :ii^g]bq;3 L^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^ *2)
+'2 =^lb`goZen^lh_Z\mbhgl +*
:ii^g]bq<3 =^lb`gZb]l *2-
+'*) EhZ]ZkkZg`^f^gmh_Z\mbhgl3bgmkh]n\mbhg +.
+'** E hZ]ZkkZg`^f^gmlZ\\hk]bg`mhma^
NDGZmbhgZe:gg^qmh>nkh\h]^ +. Ohenf^+!in[ebla^]l^iZkZm^er"
+'*+ >qZfie^lh_ehZ]bg` +0
?hng]Zmbhgl
, LeZ[l ,. Li^\bZe]^mZbel3lmknmmb^
,') @^g^kZe ,. L^kob\^Z[bebmr
,'* Lbfierlniihkm^]hg^&pZrleZ[ ,/ ?bk^
,'+ <hgmbgnhnlhg^&pZrlheb]leZ[ -) K^mZbgbg`pZee
,', <hgmbgnhnlkb[[^]leZ[ .+ K^_^k^g\^lZg]_nkma^kk^Z]bg`
,'- ?eZmleZ[ 0* :ii^g]bq:3=^kbo^]_hkfneZ^
,'. LmZbk_eb`am 2. :ii^g]bq;3=^lb`gZb]l
i
Symbols and abbreviations used in this publication
Symbol Definition
: <khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Z4:\\b]^gmZeZ\mbhg
: Lbm^Zembmn]^%f!lghp"
: :embmn]^h_ma^lbm^bgf^mk^lZ[ho^f^Zgl^Ze^o^e!pbg]"
:%;%< OZkbZ[e^lnl^]bgma^]^m^kfbgZmbhgh_lebf
:\ <khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_\hg\k^m^
:] =^lb`goZen^h_ZgZ\\b]^gmZeZ\mbhg
:>] =^lb`goZen^h_Zl^blfb\Z\mbhg
:k^_ K^_^k^g\^Zk^Zh_ma^lmkn\mnk^hklmkn\mnkZe^e^f^gm!pbg]"
:l <khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm
:l%fbg Fbgbfnf\khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm
:l%ikho :k^Zh_lm^^eikhob]^]
:l%k^j :k^Zh_lm^^ek^jnbk^]
:l* :k^Zh_k^bg_hk\bg`lm^^ebgeZr^k*
:l+ :k^Zh_\hfik^llbhglm^^e!bgeZr^k+"
:le :k^Zh_ma^m^glbe^k^bg_hk\^f^gm^qm^g]bg`Zme^Zlme[]$][^rhg]ma^l^\mbhg\hglb]^k^]
:lF!:lG" M hmZeZk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]bglrff^mkb\Ze%k^\mZg`neZk\henfglmhk^lblmfhf^gm!ZqbZeehZ]"nlbg`
lbfieb_b^]\Ze\neZmbhgf^mah]
:lp khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm4:k^Zh_ing\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmbghg^i^kbf^m^kZkhng]ma^
<
\henfg
:lp%fbg bgbfnf\khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm4FbgbfnfZk^Zh_ing\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmbghg^
F
i^kbf^m^kZkhng]ma^\henfg
:m :k^Zh_m^glbe^k^bg_hk\^f^gmbg_eZmleZ[\henfglmkbil
Z =blmZg\^%ZeehpZg\^Zmlniihkml
Z :qbl]blmZg\^_khfma^\hg\k^m^lnk_Z\^mhma^\^gmk^h_ma^[Zk!_bk^"
Z :g^qihg^gm!bg\hglb]^kbg`[bZqbZe[^g]bg`h_\henfgl"
Z Ikhc^\mbhgh_ma^_hhmbg`_khfma^_Z\^h_ma^\henfghkpZee
Ze =blmZg\^[rpab\ama^eh\Zmbhgpa^k^Z[Zkblghehg`^kk^jnbk^]_hk[^g]bg`fhf^gmbl]blieZ\^]mhZeehp_hkma^
_hk\^l_khfma^mknllfh]^e_hkla^Zk'!ÂLab_mÃ]blmZg\^_hk\nkmZbef^gm"
Z*%Z+% =blmZg\^_khf^]`^h_lniihkmmh\^gmk^h_lniihkm
Z*%[* =bf^glbhglh_ma^\hgmkhei^kbf^m^kZkhng]Zg^ehg`Zm^]lniihkm!ing\abg`la^Zk"
Z'f'l'e' :embmn]^Z[ho^f^Zgl^Ze^o^e
[ Ho^kZeepb]mah_Z\khll&l^\mbhg%hk_eZg`^pb]mabgZM&hkE&[^Zf
[ ;k^Z]mah_[nbe]bg`!pbg]"
[^ >__^\mbo^pb]mah_Z_eZmleZ[!Z]cZ\^gmmhi^kbf^m^k\henfg"
[^__ >__^\mbo^pb]mah_Z_eZg`^
[^j!a^j" >jnboZe^gmpb]ma!a^b`am"h_\henfg6[!a"_hkk^\mZg`neZkl^\mbhgl
[fbg Fbgbfnfpb]mah_p^[hgM&%B&hkE&[^Zfl
[m F^Zgpb]mah_ma^m^glbhgshg^'?hkZM&[^Zfpbmama^_eZg`^bg\hfik^llbhg%hgerma^pb]mah_ma^p^[blmZd^g
bgmhZ\\hngm
[p Pb]mah_ma^p^[hgM&%B&hkE&[^Zfl'Fbgbfnfpb]ma[^mp^^gm^glbhgZg]\hfik^llbhg\ahk]l
[* AZe_h_]blmZg\^[^mp^^gZ]cZ\^gmp^[lh_]hpglmZg][^Zfl
<^ >qihlnk^\h^__b\b^gm!lghp"
<m Ma^kfZe\h^__b\b^gm!lghp"
<p La^Zk\^gmk^
ii
Symbol Definition
\*%\+ bf^glbhglh_Zk^\mZg`neZk\henfg'?hk^]`^\henfgl%\*blf^Zlnk^]i^ki^g]b\neZkmhma^_k^^^]`^!ing\abg`
=
la^Zk"
\Zem :embmn]^_Z\mhk!pbg]"
\] =rgZfb\_Z\mhk!pbg]"
\]bk =bk^\mbhgZe_Z\mhk!pbg]"
\^%_eZm >qihlnk^_Z\mhk!pbg]"
\_ ?hk\^\h^__b\b^gm!pbg]"
\fbg Fbgbfnf\ho^k%!]n^mhma^k^jnbk^f^gml_hk[hg]%\fbg%[hk]nkZ[bebmr\fbg%]nk"
\ghf GhfbgZe\ho^k'GhfbgZe\ho^klahne]lZmbl_rma^fbgbfnfk^jnbk^f^gmlh_[hg]%]nkZ[bebmrZg]_bk^
\i^ !>qm^kgZe"ik^llnk^\h^__b\b^gm!pbg]"
\i^%*) !>qm^kgZe"ik^llnk^\h^__b\b^gm_hkZk^Zl7*f+!pbg]"
\ib Bgm^kgZeik^llnk^\h^__b\b^gm!pbg]"
\ikh[ Ikh[Z[bebmr_Z\mhk!pbg]"
\l^Zlhg L^Zlhg_Z\mhk!pbg]"
\l Lbs^_Z\mhk!pbg]"
\r%\q <henfg]bf^glbhglbgieZg
D\]^o :eehpZg\^fZ]^bg]^lb`g_hk]^obZmbhg
= =bZf^m^kh_Z\bk\neZk\henfg4=bZf^m^k
] >__^\mbo^]^imamhm^glbhglm^^e
]+ >__^\mbo^]^imamh\hfik^llbhglm^^e
]\ >__^\mbo^]^imah_\hg\k^m^bg\hfik^llbhg
> >__^\mh_Z\mbhg4Bgm^`kbmr!bg_bk^"4>eZlmb\fh]nenl
>\] =^lb`goZen^h_fh]nenlh_^eZlmb\bmrh_\hg\k^m^
>\f L^\Zgmfh]nenlh_^eZlmb\bmrh_\hg\k^m^
>I ;^g]bg`lmb__g^ll
>l =^lb`goZen^h_fh]nenlh_^eZlmb\bmrh_k^bg_hk\bg`lm^^e
>qi' >qik^llbhg
>JN LmZmb\^jnbeb[kbnf
^ >\\^gmkb\bmr
^) Fbgbfnf^\\^gmkb\bmrbg\henfgl
^+ =^_e^\mbhg!nl^]bgZll^llbg`F+bgle^g]^k\henfgl"
^b >\\^gmkb\bmr]n^mhbfi^k_^\mbhgl
^r%^s >\\^gmkb\bmr%F>] (O>]Zehg`rZg]sZq^lk^li^\mbo^er!ing\abg`la^Zk"
?* ?Z\mhkmhZ\\hngm_hk_eZg`^]l^\mbhgl!]^_e^\mbhg"
?+ ?Z\mhkmhZ\\hngm_hk[kbmme^iZkmbmbhglbgZllh\bZmbhgpbmaehg`liZgl!]^_e^\mbhg"
?, ?Z\mhkmhZ\\hngm_hkl^kob\^lmk^llbgm^glbe^k^bg_hk\^f^gm!]^_e^\mbhg"
? :\mbhg
?>F ?bq^]^g]fhf^gm
?\!?l" ?hk\^bg\hg\k^m^!lm^^e"
?] =^lb`goZen^h_ZgZ\mbhg
?> M^glbe^_hk\^bgk^bg_hk\^f^gmmh[^Zg\ahk^]
?d <aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_ZgZ\mbhg
?k^i K^ik^l^gmZmbo^Z\mbhg!6r?dpa^k^r6_Z\mhkmh\hgo^km\aZkZ\m^kblmb\mhk^ik^l^gmZmbo^Z\mbhg"
?l M^glbe^_hk\^bgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
?m] =^lb`goZen^h_ma^m^glbe^_hk\^bgehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gm
D?m] :]]bmbhgZem^glbe^_hk\^bgehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gm]n^mhma^mknllla^Zkfh]^e
iii
Symbol Definition
?O%>] MhmZeo^kmb\ZeehZ]!hg[kZ\^]Zg][kZ\bg`f^f[^kl"
?p K^lnemZgm\aZkZ\m^kblmb\_hk\^]n^mhpbg]'!L^^l^\mbhg+'/"
_[] NembfZm^[hg]lmk^ll
_\] =^lb`goZen^h_\hg\k^m^\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`ma
_\d <aZkZ\m^kblmb\\hfik^llbo^\rebg]^klmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^Zm+1]Zrl
_\m%] =^lb`gm^glbe^lmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^!a\m _\m%d (g<"
_\m%d <aZkZ\m^kblmb\ZqbZem^glbe^lmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^
_\mf F^ZgoZen^h_ZqbZem^glbe^lmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^
_l\ <hfik^llbo^lmk^llbg\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmZmNEL
_r] =^lb`grb^e]lmk^g`mah_ehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gm%:le
_rd <aZkZ\m^kblmb\rb^e]lmk^g`mah_k^bg_hk\^f^gm
_rp] =^lb`grb^e]lmk^g`mah_ma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
_rp]%^_ >__^\mbo^]^lb`glmk^g`mah_ing\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
_rpd <aZkZ\m^kblmb\rb^e]lmk^g`mah_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
@d <aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_Zi^kfZg^gmZ\mbhg
@d%lni Nii^k\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_Zi^kfZg^gmZ\mbhg
@d%bg_ Ehp^k\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_Zi^kfZg^gmZ\mbhg
`d <aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_Zi^kfZg^gmZ\mbhgi^kngbme^g`mahkZk^Z
Ab AhkbshgmZeZ\mbhgZiieb^]ZmZe^o^e
A A^b`amh_[nbe]bg`!pbg]"
a Ho^kZee]^imah_Z\khll&l^\mbhg4A^b`am
aZo^ H[lmkn\mbhga^b`am!pbg]"
a]bl =blieZ\^f^gma^b`am!pbg]"
a_ =^imah__hhmbg`4Mab\dg^llh__eZg`^
al =^imah_leZ[
I L^\hg]fhf^gmh_Zk^Zh_\hg\k^m^l^\mbhg4Bg^kmbZ
I BglneZmbhg!bg_bk^"
b KZ]bnlh_`rkZmbhg
D F>] ([] +_\d':f^Zlnk^h_ma^k^eZmbo^\hfik^llbo^lmk^llbgZf^f[^kbg_e^qnk^
D ?Z\mhkmhZ\\hngm_hklmkn\mnkZelrlm^f!]^_e^\mbhg"
D OZen^h_DZ[ho^pab\a\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]
Do :\hkk^\mbhg_Z\mhk_hkZqbZeehZ]
Df :\hkk^\mbhg_Z\mhk_hk\k^^i
d <h^__b\b^gmhk_Z\mhk
d K^eZmbo^_e^qb[bebmrhkk^eZmbo^lmb__g^ll
e <e^Zka^b`amh_\henfg[^mp^^g^g]k^lmkZbgml
e A^b`amh_ma^lmkn\mnk^bgf^mk^l
e!hkE" E^g`ma4LiZg
e) >__^\mbo^e^g`ma!h_\henfgl"
e) =blmZg\^[^mp^^gihbgmlh_s^khfhf^gm
e) =^lb`geZie^g`ma
e)%_b >__^\mbo^e^g`mang]^k_bk^\hg]bmbhgl
e[ ;Zlb\Zg\ahkZ`^e^g`ma
e[] =^lb`gZg\ahkZ`^e^g`ma
e[%^j >jnboZe^gmZg\ahkZ`^e^g`ma
e[%fbg FbgbfnfZg\ahkZ`^e^g`ma
iv
Symbol Definition
e[%kj] ;Zlb\Zg\ahkZ`^e^g`ma
e^__ >__^\mbo^liZg
eg <e^ZkliZg
er%es LiZglh_Zmph&pZrleZ[bgma^rZg]s]bk^\mbhgl
F ;^g]bg`fhf^gm'Fhf^gm_khf_bklmhk]^kZgZerlbl
F Fhf^gm\ZiZ\bmrh_Zlbg`erk^bg_hk\^]l^\mbhg!Z[ho^pab\a\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]"
F)%>ji ?bklmhk]^k[^g]bg`fhf^gmbgjnZlbi^kfZg^gmehZ]\hf[bgZmbhg!LEL"
F)*%F)+ ?bklmhk]^k^g]fhf^gmlZmNELbg\en]bg`ZeehpZg\^l_hkbfi^k_^\mbhgl
F)>] >jnboZe^gm_bklmhk]^kfhf^gmbg\en]bg`ma^^__^\mh_bfi^k_^\mbhgl!ZmZ[hnmfb]a^b`am"
F)>]%_b ?bklmhk]^kfhf^gmng]^k_bk^\hg]bmbhgl
F+ GhfbgZel^\hg]hk]^kfhf^gmbgle^g]^k\henfgl
F>] =^lb`goZen^h_ma^Ziieb^]bgm^kgZe[^g]bg`fhf^gm
F>]r%F>]s =^lb`gfhf^gmbgma^k^li^\mbo^]bk^\mbhg
FK]r%FK]s Fhf^gmk^lblmZg\^bgma^k^li^\mbo^]bk^\mbhg
Fm =^lb`gmkZgl_^kfhf^gmmh\henfg_khfZ_eZmleZ[
f Gnf[^kh_o^kmb\Zef^f[^kl\hgmkb[nmbg`mhZg^__^\m
f FZll
G :qbZe_hk\^
G ;Zlb\liZg&mh&^__^\mbo^&]^imakZmbh%e(]%_hkD6*')
G)>]%_b :qbZeehZ]ng]^k_bk^\hg]bmbhgl
G: GZmbhgZe:gg^q
GZ%G[ Ehg`bmn]bgZe_hk\^l\hgmkb[nmbg`mhAb
G>] =^lb`goZen^h_ma^Ziieb^]ZqbZe_hk\^!m^glbhghk\hfik^llbhg"ZmNEL
G=I GZmbhgZeer=^m^kfbg^]IZkZf^m^k!l"Zlin[ebla^]bgZ\hngmkrÃlGZmbhgZe:gg^q
g EhZ]e^o^eZmghkfZem^fi^kZmnk^l'<hgl^koZmbo^erg6)'0!_bk^"
g :qbZelmk^llZmNEL
g NembfZm^Z\mbhg!ehZ]"i^kngbme^g`ma!hkZk^Z"
g K^eZmbo^ZqbZe_hk\^G>] (!:\ _\]"
g[Ze Ma^oZen^h_gZmfZqbfnffhf^gmk^lblmZg\^
g)%gl Gnf[^kh_lmhk^rl
Jd <aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg
Jd*!Jdb" <aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_Ze^Z]bg`oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg!<aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_ZgZ\\hfiZgrbg`oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg"
jd <aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgi^kngbme^g`mahkZk^Z
j[ ;Zlb\pbg]ik^llnk^
ji I^Zdpbg]ik^llnk^
ji!s^" I^Zdo^eh\bmrik^llnk^Zmk^_^k^g\^a^b`ams^%!pbg]"
K K^lblmZg\^4F^\aZgb\Zek^lblmZg\^!bg_bk^"
K: K^Z\mbhgZmlniihkm:
K; K^Z\mbhgZmlniihkm;
K] =^lb`goZen^h_ma^k^lblmZg\^mhZgZ\mbhg
k KZ]bnl
kf KZmbhh__bklmhk]^k^g]fhf^gmlbg\henfglZmNEL
LEL L ^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^!l"¾\hkk^lihg]bg`mh\hg]bmbhgl[^rhg]pab\ali^\b_b^]l^kob\^k^jnbk^f^gmlZk^gh
ehg`^kf^m
l LiZ\bg`
l LghpehZ]hgZkhh_
v
Symbol Definition
ld <aZkZ\m^kblmb\`khng]lghpehZ]
lk KZ]bZeliZ\bg`h_i^kbf^m^klh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
lm MZg`^gmbZeliZ\bg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmZehg`i^kbf^m^klh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
m Mab\dg^ll4Mbf^[^bg`\hglb]^k^]4;k^Z]mah_lniihkm
m) Ma^Z`^h_\hg\k^m^Zmma^mbf^h_ehZ]bg`
NEL NembfZm^ebfbmlmZm^!l"¾Zllh\bZm^]pbma\heeZil^hkhma^k_hkflh_lmkn\mnkZe_Zbenk^
n I^kbf^m^kh_\hg\k^m^\khll&l^\mbhg%aZobg`Zk^Z:\
n I^kbf^m^kh_maZmiZkmpab\abl^qihl^]mh]krbg`
n <bk\nf_^k^g\^h_hnm^k^]`^h_^__^\mbo^\khll&l^\mbhg!mhklbhg"
n) I^kbf^m^kZ]cZ\^gmmh\henfgl!ing\abg`la^Zk"
n* ;Zlb\\hgmkhei^kbf^m^k!Zm+]_khf_Z\^h_ehZ]"!ing\abg`la^Zk"
n*# K^]n\^]\hgmkhei^kbf^m^kZmi^kbf^m^k\henfgl!Zm+]_khf_Z\^h_ehZ]"!ing\abg`la^Zk"
nb E^g`mah_ma^\hgmkhei^kbf^m^kng]^k\hglb]^kZmbhg!ing\abg`la^Zk"
nhnm I^kbf^m^kZmpab\ala^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblghehg`^kk^jnbk^]
O La^Zk_hk\^
O>] =^lb`goZen^h_ma^Ziieb^]la^Zk_hk\^
OK]%\ La^Zkk^lblmZg\^h_Zf^f[^kpbmahnmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
OK]%fZq La^Zkk^lblmZg\^h_Zf^f[^kebfbm^][rma^\knlabg`h_\hfik^llbhglmknml
OK]%\fbg Fbgbfnfla^Zkk^lblmZg\^h_f^f[^k\hglb]^kbg`\hg\k^m^Zehg^
OK]%l La^Zkk^lblmZg\^h_Zf^f[^k`ho^kg^][rma^rb^e]bg`h_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
o[ ;Zlb\pbg]o^eh\bmr
o[%) M a^_ng]Zf^gmZe[Zlb\pbg]o^eh\bmr[^bg`ma^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\*)fbgnm^pbg]o^eh\bmrZm*)fZ[ho^`khng]e^o^ebg
hi^g\hngmkr
o[%fZi ?ng]Zf^gmZe[Zlb\pbg]o^eh\bmr_khf?b`nk^G:'*f(l
o>] Ing\abg`la^Zklmk^ll
o>] La^Zklmk^ll_hkl^\mbhglpbmahnmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm!6O>] ([p]"
o>]%s La^Zklmk^ll_hkl^\mbhglpbmala^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm!6O>] ([ps6O>] ([p)'2]"
oK]%\ =^lb`gla^Zkk^lblmZg\^h_\hg\k^m^pbmahnmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm^qik^ll^]ZlZlmk^ll
oK]%fZq <ZiZ\bmrh_\hg\k^m^lmknml^qik^ll^]ZlZlmk^ll
P* ?Z\mhk\hkk^lihg]bg`mhZ]blmkb[nmbhgh_la^Zk!ing\abg`la^Zk"
P^ I^Zd^qm^kgZepbg]ehZ]
Pd aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_pbg]Z\mbhg!G;ghmbgma^>nkh\h]^lZg]lahne][^k^`Zk]^]ZlZ_hkfh_Jd%
<
\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg"
pd <aZkZ\m^kblmb\ngbmpbg]ehZ]'
pd <kZ\dpb]ma
pfZq Ebfbmbg`\Ze\neZm^]\kZ\dpb]ma
Q)%Q:%Q< <hg\k^m^^qihlnk^\eZll^l
Q=%Q?%QL
q G^nmkZeZqbl]^ima
q =blmZg\^[^mp^^g[nbe]bg`l!pbg]"
q =blmZg\^h_ma^l^\mbhg[^bg`\hglb]^k^]_khfma^\^gmk^ebg^h_ma^lniihkm
q%r%s <h&hk]bgZm^l4IeZg^lng]^k\hglb]^kZmbhg
qn =^imah_ma^g^nmkZeZqblZmma^nembfZm^ebfbmlmZm^Z_m^kk^]blmkb[nmbhg
S Shg^gnf[^kh[mZbg^]_khffZi!lghp"
s E^o^kZkfh_bgm^kgZe_hk\^l
vi
Symbol Definition
s K^_^k^g\^a^b`am!pbg]"
s^ K^_^k^g\^a^b`am_hkpbg]pZk]pZeelh_k^\mZg`neZk[nbe]bg`l!pbg]"
a :g`e^4:g`e^h_la^Zkebgdlmhma^ehg`bmn]bgZeZqbl4KZmbh
a: :\h^__b\b^gm_hknl^pbmaZk^ik^l^gmZmbo^oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgmZdbg`bgmhZ\\hngmZk^Zlniihkm^]
a*%a+%a, ?Z\mhkl]^Zebg`pbmaZg\ahkZ`^Zg]eZilh_[Zkl
a-%a.%a/
a\\!a\m" :\h^__b\b^gmmZdbg`bgmhZ\\hngmehg`m^kf^__^\mlh_\hfik^llbo^!m^glbe^"ehZ]Zg]ma^pZrehZ]blZiieb^]
a^ Fh]neZkkZmbh6>l (>\]
ag :\h^__b\b^gm_hknl^pbmaZk^ik^l^gmZmbo^oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgmZdbg`bgmhZ\\hngmgnf[^kh_lmhk^rllniihkm^]
b :g`e^4KZmbh4<h^__b\b^gm
b ?Z\mhk]^Zebg`pbma^\\^gmkb\bmr!ing\abg`la^Zk"
g IZkmbZe_Z\mhk
g< IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hk\hg\k^m^
g? IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkZ\mbhgl%?
g@ IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hki^kfZg^gmZ\mbhgl%@
g@d%lni IZkmbZe_Z\mhkmh[^Ziieb^]mh@d%bg_
g@d%bg_ IZkmbZe_Z\mhkmh[^Ziieb^]mh@d%lni
gJ IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgl%J
gF IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkfZm^kbZe!nlnZeerg<hkgL"
gL IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkk^bg_hk\bg`lm^^e
d K^]blmkb[nmbhgkZmbh^jnZelkZmbhh_ma^k^]blmkb[nm^]fhf^gmmhma^^eZlmb\[^g]bg`fhf^gm!*¾k^]blmkb[nmbhg"
e\n NembfZm^\hfik^llbo^lmkZbgbgma^\hg\k^m^
e\n+ NembfZm^\hfik^llbo^lmkZbgebfbmbg\hg\k^m^pab\ablghm_neerbgink^ZqbZe\hfik^llbhgZllnfbg`nl^h_ma^
iZkZ[heb\¾k^\mZg`neZklmk^ll¾lmkZbgk^eZmbhglabi!gnf^kb\Zeere\n+6e\n,"
e\n, NembfZm^\hfik^llbo^lmkZbgebfbmbg\hg\k^m^pab\ablghm_neerbgink^ZqbZe\hfik^llbhgZllnfbg`nl^h_ma^
[bebg^Zklmk^ll¾lmkZbgk^eZmbhglabi
el\ <hfik^llbo^lmkZbgbgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
elm M^glbe^lmkZbgbgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
n ?Z\mhk]^_bgbg`^__^\mbo^lmk^g`ma!6*_hk©<.)(/)"
n* <h^__b\b^gm_hk[hg]\hg]bmbhgl
n+ <h^__b\b^gm_hk[Zk]bZf^m^k
y :g`e^4:g`e^h_\hfik^llbhglmknml!la^Zk"
yb Bg\ebgZmbhgnl^]mhk^ik^l^gmbfi^k_^\mbhgl
l Le^g]^kg^llkZmbh
l ?Z\mhk]^_bgbg`ma^a^b`amh_ma^\hfik^llbhgshg^!6)'1_hk©<.)(/)"
l_b Le^g]^kg^llbg_bk^
lebf Ebfbmbg`le^g]^kg^llkZmbh!h_\henfgl"
mb%m*%m+ LghpehZ]laZi^_Z\mhkl
m_b Zmbhh_ma^]^lb`gZqbZeehZ]ng]^k_bk^\hg]bmbhglmhma^]^lb`gk^lblmZg\^h_ma^\henfgZmghkfZem^fi^kZmnk^
K
[nmpbmaZg^\\^gmkb\bmrZiieb\Z[e^mh_bk^\hg]bmbhgl
v Lmk^g`mak^]n\mbhg_Z\mhk_hk\hg\k^m^\kZ\d^]bgla^Zk
j K^]n\mbhg_Z\mhk(]blmkb[nmbhg\h^__b\b^gm'?Z\mhkZiieb^]mh@dbg;L>G*22)>qi'!/'*)["
r K^jnbk^]m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh
r =^glbmrh_Zbk!pbg]"
r K^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh_hkk^jnbk^]\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm%:l+([]
vii
Symbol Definition
r* I^k\^gmZ`^h_k^bg_hk\^f^gmeZii^]pbmabg)'/.e)_khfma^\^gmk^ebg^h_ma^eZi[^bg`\hglb]^k^]
re K^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh_hkehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gm
rer%res K^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbhh_[hg]^]lm^^ebgma^rZg]s]bk^\mbhg
r) K^_^k^g\^k^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh_\d)'.£*)¾,
s`] =^lb`goZen^h_ma^`khng]ik^llnk^
sl Lmk^llbgk^bg_hk\^f^gmZmLEL
sl :[lhenm^oZen^h_ma^fZqbfnflmk^lli^kfbmm^]bgma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmbff^]bZm^erZ_m^kma^_hkfZmbhgh_ma^\kZ\d
sl\!slm" Lmk^llbg\hfik^llbhg!Zg]m^glbhg"k^bg_hk\^f^gm
sl] =^lb`glmk^llbgma^[ZkZmma^nembfZm^ebfbmlmZm^
sln Ngfh]b_b^]l^kob\^lmk^llbgk^bg_hk\^f^gm]^m^kfbg^]_khfNELehZ]l!L^^?b`nk^<,"
h!e%m)" ?bgZeoZen^h_\k^^i\h^__b\b^gm
h^_ >__^\mbo^\k^^i_Z\mhk
f ;Zk]bZf^m^k
c ?Z\mhkl]^_bgbg`k^ik^l^gmZmbo^oZen^lh_oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgl
c) <hf[bgZmbhgoZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg!^'`'nl^]pa^g\hglb]^kbg`NEL"
c* ?k^jn^gmoZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg!^'`'nl^]pa^g\hglb]^kbg`pa^ma^kl^\mbhgpbeeaZo^\kZ\d^]hkghm"
c+ JnZlb&i^kfZg^gmoZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg!^'`'nl^]pa^g\hglb]^kbg`]^_hkfZmbhg"
w F^\aZgb\Zek^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh6:l_r] (:\_\]©*
viii
Bgmkh]n\mbhg
* Introduction
*'* Aim
Ma^Zbfh_mablin[eb\ZmbhgblmhbeenlmkZm^makhn`aphkd^]^qZfie^lahp;L>G*22+¾*¾*T*V
!>nkh\h]^+"fZr[^nl^]bgikZ\mb\^mh]^lb`gbg&lbmn\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^l'Bmblbgm^g]^]
maZm ma^l^ phkd^] ^qZfie^l pbee ^qieZbg ahp \Ze\neZmbhgl mh >nkh\h]^ + fZr [^ i^k_hkf^]'
>nkh\h]^+lmkb\mer\hglblmlh__hnkiZkml!IZkml*¾*%*¾+%+Zg],"T*&-V[nm_hkma^inkihl^lh_
mablin[eb\Zmbhg%>nkh\h]^+k^_^klmhiZkm*¾*hger%nge^lljnZebË^]'Ma^phkd^]^qZfie^lpbee
[^\Zkkb^]hnmpbmabgma^^gobkhgf^gmh_hma^kk^e^oZgmin[eb\Zmbhgleblm^][^ehp%Zg]beenlmkZm^]
bg?b`nk^*'*3
N Ma^hma^kmak^^iZkmlh_>nkh\h]^+'
N Hma^k>nkh\h]^l'
N FZm^kbZeZg]^q^\nmbhglmZg]Zk]l'
N In[eb\Zmbhgl[rma^\hg\k^m^bg]nlmkrZg]hma^kl'
Ma^k^ Zk^% ma^k^_hk^% fZgr k^_^k^g\^l mh hma^k ]h\nf^gml Zg] pabe^ bm bl bgm^g]^] maZm mabl
in[eb\Zmbhg%k^_^kk^]mhZlPhkd^]^qZfie^l%\ZglmZg]Zehg^%bmblZgmb\biZm^]maZmnl^klfZr
k^jnbk^ l^o^kZe h_ ma^ hma^k k^_^k^g\^l mh aZg]% bg iZkmb\neZk% <hg\bl^ >nkh\h]^ +T.V% pab\a
lnffZkbl^l ma^ kne^l Zg] ikbg\bie^l maZm pbee [^ \hffhger nl^] bg ma^ ]^lb`g h_ k^bg_hk\^]
\hg\k^m^_kZf^][nbe]bg`lmh>nkh\h]^+'
NA
BS EN 1990 CONCISE
BASIS OF EUROCODE
DESIGN 2
MANUALS
VOL 2
NA
BS EN 1991–2 HOW TO
NA DESIGN
BS EN 1991–1–1
–2 NA WORKED EXAMPLES CONCRETE
NA TO EUROCODE 2
–3 NA STRUCTURES
ACTIONS –4 VOL 1
NA
–6 DETAILERS
HANDBOOK
Densities and
imposed loads
Fire www.
Eurocode2
Snow
Wind .info
Execution
DESIGN
GUIDES
PD6687
NA
NA RC SPREAD
BS EN 1992–1–1 1–2 NA SHEETS
DESIGN OF NA
–2
CONCRETE –3
STRUCTURES BS EN 13670
EXECUTION
General OF
Fire CONCRETE
STRUCTURES PRECAST PRECAST
Bridges DESIGN WORKED
Liquid retaining MANUAL EXAMPLES
Ghm^
Ma^m^kfLmZg]Zk]l^g\hfiZll^l;kbmblaLmZg]Zk]l%>nkh\h]^l%GZmbhgZe:gg^q^l!G:"Zg]In[ebla^]=h\nf^gml
?b`nk^*'*
Phkd^]^qZfie^lbg\hgm^qm
Ma^]^lb`glZk^bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma;L>G*22+¾*¾*T*V%Zlfh]bË^][rma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^qT*ZV
Zg]^qieZbg^]bgI=//10T/V'
1
@^g^kZeer% ma^ \Ze\neZmbhgl Zk^ \khll&k^_^k^g\^] mh ma^ k^e^oZgm \eZnl^l bg Zee _hnk iZkml h_
>nkh\h]^ +T*¾-V Zg]% pa^k^ ZiikhikbZm^% mh hma^k ]h\nf^gml' L^^ ?b`nk^ *'+ _hk Z `nb]^ mh
ik^l^gmZmbhg'K^_^k^g\^lmh;L1**)T0Vk^_^kmhIZkm*nge^llhma^kpbl^lmZm^]'
@^g^kZeer%ma^Âlbfie^Ã^qZfie^l]^i^g]hg^jnZmbhglZg]]^lb`gZb]l]^kbo^]_khf>nkh\h]^+'
Ma^]^kbo^]^jnZmbhglZk^`bo^gbg:ii^g]bq:Zg]ma^]^lb`gZb]l_khfL^\mbhg*.h_<hg\bl^
>nkh\h]^+T.VZk^k^i^Zm^]bg:ii^g]bq;'
Ma^^qZfie^lZk^bgm^g]^]mh[^ZiikhikbZm^_hkma^bkinkihl^%pab\ablmhbeenlmkZm^ma^nl^h_
>nkh\h]^+_hkbg&lbmn\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^l'Ma^k^Zk^lbfie^^qZfie^lmhbeenlmkZm^ahp
mrib\ZeaZg]\Ze\neZmbhglfb`am[^]hg^nlbg`ZoZbeZ[e^\aZkmlZg]mZ[e^l]^kbo^]_khfma^<h]^'
Ma^l^Zk^_heehp^][rfhk^]^mZbe^]^qZfie^lbeenlmkZmbg`ma^]^mZbe^]phkdbg`lh_ma^<h]^l'
Bghk]^kmh^qieZbgma^nl^h_>nkh\h]^+%l^o^kZeh_ma^\Ze\neZmbhglZk^ik^l^gm^]bg]^mZbe_Zk
bg^q\^llh_maZmg^\^llZkrbg]^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhglhg\^nl^klZk^_ZfbebZkpbmama^<h]^'MhZg
^qm^gm%ma^]^lb`glZk^\hgmkbo^]mhlahpoZeb]f^mah]lh_]^lb`gbg`^e^f^gml%mh`bo^bglb`am
Zg]mha^eibgoZeb]Zmbg`\hfinm^kf^mah]l'Ma^rZk^ghmg^\^llZkberma^fhlmZiikhikbZm^%ma^
fhlm^\hghfb\hkma^hgerf^mah]lh_]^lb`gbg`ma^f^f[^klbeenlmkZm^]'
?khfma^k^e^oZgmNDGZmbhgZe:gg^q!`^g^kZeermh
NA
;L>G*22+¾*¾*" NA
?khfhma^k>nkh\h]^l3;L>G*22)%;L>G*22*%
EC1-1-1: 6.4.3
;L>G*22+¾*¾+%^m\ EC1-1-1: 6.4.3
;Z\d`khng]iZi^kmhNDGZmbhgZe:gg^q^l
PD 6687[6]
;L>G*22+¾* PD 6687[6]
?b`nk^*'+
@nb]^mhik^l^gmZmbhg
:llhf^h_ma^]^mZbebg`kne^lbg>nkh\h]^+Zk^`^g^kZeerfhk^bgoheo^]maZgmahl^mh;L1**)%
lhf^ h_ ma^ ]^lb`gl ik^l^gm^] bg mabl in[eb\Zmbhg aZo^ [^^g ^qm^g]^] bgmh Zk^Zl maZm aZo^
mkZ]bmbhgZeer[^^gma^k^lihglb[bebmrh_]^mZbe^kl'Ma^l^^qm^g]^]\Ze\neZmbhglZk^ghmg^\^llZkber
iZkm h_ÂghkfZeà ]^lb`g [nm Zk^ bg\en]^] Zm ma^ ^g] h_ lhf^ \Ze\neZmbhgl' Bm bl Zllnf^] maZm
ma^]^lb`g^kpbee]bl\nllZg]Z`k^^pbmama^]^mZbe^kZk^Zlh_k^lihglb[bebmrZg]ma^]^`k^^h_
kZmbhgZeblZmbhg% ma^ ^qm^gm h_ ]^lb`gbg` ]^mZbel% Zll^llf^gm h_ \nkmZbef^gm Zg] hma^k Zli^\ml
maZmma^]^mZbe^klahne]ng]^kmZd^'Bmblk^\h`gbl^]maZmbgma^oZlmfZchkbmrh_\Zl^l%ma^kne^l
`bo^gbg]^mZbebg`fZgnZelT1%2Vpbee[^nl^]'Ahp^o^k%ma^^qZfie^lZk^bgm^g]^]mha^eipa^g
\nkmZbef^gm%Zg\ahkZ`^Zg]eZie^g`malg^^]mh[^]^m^kfbg^]'
2
Bgmkh]n\mbhg
?b`nk^*',
Ma^>nkh\h]^ab^kZk\ar
;L>G*22)ikhob]^lma^g^\^llZkrbg_hkfZmbhg_hkma^ZgZerlblh_lmkn\mnk^lbg\en]bg`iZkmbZe
Zg]hma^k_Z\mhklmh[^Ziieb^]mhma^Z\mbhgl_khf>nkh\h]^*'Bm^lmZ[ebla^lma^ikbg\bie^lZg] EC0: 2.1
k^jnbk^f^gml_hkma^lZ_^mr%l^kob\^Z[bebmrZg]]nkZ[bebmrh_lmkn\mnk^l'Bm]^l\kb[^lma^[Zlbl_hk
]^lb`gZl_heehpl3
:lmkn\mnk^laZee[^]^lb`g^]Zg]^q^\nm^]!\hglmkn\m^]"bgln\aZpZrmaZmbmpbee%]nkbg`bml
bgm^g]^]eb_^%pbmaZiikhikbZm^]^`k^^lh_k^ebZ[bebmrZg]bgZg^\hghfb\ZepZr3
N LnlmZbgZeeZ\mbhglZg]bg_en^g\^lebd^ermhh\\nk]nkbg`^q^\nmbhgZg]nl^'
N K^fZbg_bm_hkma^nl^_hkpab\abmblk^jnbk^]'
Bghma^kphk]l%bmlaZee[^]^lb`g^]nlbg`ebfbmlmZm^likbg\bie^lmhaZo^Z]^jnZm^3
N LmZ[bebmr'
N Lmkn\mnkZek^lblmZg\^!bg\en]bg`lmkn\mnkZek^lblmZg\^bg_bk^"'
N L^kob\^Z[bebmr'
N =nkZ[bebmr'
?hk[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^l%Z]^lb`gphkdbg`eb_^h_.)r^Zklblbfieb^]'
;L>G*22)lmZm^lmaZmebfbmlmZm^llahne][^o^kbË^]bgZeek^e^oZgm]^lb`glbmnZmbhgl3i^klblm^gm%
mkZglb^gmhkZ\\b]^gmZe'Ghk^e^oZgmebfbmlmZm^laZee[^^q\^^]^]pa^g]^lb`goZen^l_hkZ\mbhgl
Zg]k^lblmZg\^lZk^nl^]bg]^lb`g'Ma^ebfbmlmZm^lZk^3
N NembfZm^ebfbmlmZm^l!NEL"%pab\aZk^Zllh\bZm^]pbma\heeZil^hkhma^k_hkflh_lmkn\mnkZe
_Zbenk^'
N L^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^l!LEL"%pab\a\hkk^lihg]mh\hg]bmbhgl[^rhg]pab\ali^\b_b^]
l^kob\^k^jnbk^f^gmlZk^ghehg`^kf^m'
:eeZ\mbhglZk^Zllnf^]mhoZkrbgmbf^Zg]liZ\^'LmZmblmb\Zeikbg\bie^lZk^Ziieb^]mhZkkbo^Zmma^
fZ`gbmn]^h_ma^iZkmbZeehZ]_Z\mhklmh[^nl^]bg]^lb`gmhZ\ab^o^ma^k^jnbk^]k^ebZ[bebmrbg]^q
!e^o^eh_lZ_^mr"'Ma^k^blZgng]^kerbg`ZllnfimbhgmaZmma^Z\mbhglma^fl^eo^lZk^]^l\kb[^]bg
lmZmblmb\Zem^kfl'
3
*', Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
:\mbhglZk^]^Ëg^]bgma^*)iZkmlh_;L>G*22*>nkh\h]^*3:\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^lT**V3
;L>G*22*¾*¾*3+))+3=^glbmb^l%l^e_&p^b`am%bfihl^]ehZ]l_hk[nbe]bg`l
;L>G*22*¾*¾+3+))+3:\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^l^qihl^]mhËk^
;L>G*22*¾*¾,3+)),3LghpehZ]l
;L>G*22*¾*¾-3+)).3Pbg]Z\mbhgl
;L>G*22*¾*¾.3+)),3Ma^kfZeZ\mbhgl
;L>G*22*¾*¾/3+)).3:\mbhgl]nkbg`^q^\nmbhg
;L>G*22*¾*¾03+))/3:\\b]^gmZeZ\mbhgl
;L>G*22*¾+3+)),3:\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^l'MkZ_Ë\ehZ]lhg[kb]`^l
;L>G*22*¾,3+))/3<kZg^lZg]fZ\abg^kr
;L>G*22*¾-3+))/3LbehlZg]mZgdl
Mabl in[eb\Zmbhg bl fZbger \hg\^kg^] pbma ]^lb`gbg` _hk ma^ Z\mbhgl ]^Ëg^] [r IZkm¾*¾*3
=^glbmb^l%l^e_&p^b`am%bfihl^]ehZ]l_hk[nbe]bg`l'
=^lb`goZen^lh_Z\mbhglZg]ehZ]ZkkZg`^f^gmlZk^\ho^k^]bgL^\mbhg+'
BS EN 1990
EUROCODE
Basis of Structural Design
BS EN 1997 BS EN 1998
EUROCODE 7 EUROCODE 8
Geotechnical Design Seismic Design
BS EN 1991
EUROCODE 1
Basis of Structural Design
BS 8500 BS 4449
BS EN 206 Specifying Reinforcing
Concrete Concrete Steels
BS EN 1992
EUROCODE 2
BS EN 13670 Design of concrete structures BS EN 10080
Execution of Part 1–1: General Rules for Reinforcing
Structures Structures Steels
Part 1–2: Structural Fire Design
Ghm^
?hk\eZkbmrGZmbhgZe:gg^q^lZg]^qieZgZmhkr]h\nf^gml!^'`'I=//10%Zg]
Ghg&<hgmkZ]b\mhkr<hfie^f^gmZkrBg_hkfZmbhg¾G<<B"Zk^ghmlahpg'
?b`nk^*'-
>nkh\h]^+bg\hgm^qm
4
Bgmkh]n\mbhg
Mablin[eb\Zmbhgbg\en]^lk^_^k^g\^lmhma^k^e^oZgmGZmbhgZe:gg^q^lZlZiikhikbZm^'
5
*'0 Assumptions
*'0'* Eurocode 2
>nkh\h]^+Zllnf^lmaZm3
Cl. 1.3 N =^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhgpbee[^ng]^kmZd^g[rZiikhikbZm^erjnZeb_b^]Zg]^qi^kb^g\^]i^klhgg^e'
N :]^jnZm^lni^koblbhgZg]jnZebmr\hgmkhepbee[^ikhob]^]'
N FZm^kbZelZg]ikh]n\mlpbee[^nl^]Zlli^\b_b^]'
N Ma^lmkn\mnk^pbee[^Z]^jnZm^erfZbgmZbg^]Zg]pbee[^nl^]bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbmama^]^lb`g[kb^_'
PD 6687[6] N Ma^k^jnbk^f^gml_hk^q^\nmbhgZg]phkdfZglabi`bo^gbg>G*,/0)Zk^\hfieb^]pbma'
*'0'+ The worked examples
Nge^llghm^]hma^kpbl^%ma^\Ze\neZmbhglbgmablin[eb\ZmbhgZllnf^3
BS 4449 N Ma^nl^h_@kZ]^:%;hk<k^bg_hk\^f^gm%]^lb`gZm^]ÂAÃbgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma;L1///T*2V'
Table 4.1,
N >qihlnk^\eZllQ<*'
BS 8500: Table A.1
@^g^kZeer^Z\a\Ze\neZmbhgblkhng]^]Zg]bmblma^khng]^]oZen^maZmblnl^]bgZgr_nkma^k\Ze\neZmbhg'
Ma^oZen^lh_g<Zg]gL%iZkmbZe_Z\mhkl_hkfZm^kbZel%Zk^bg]b\Zm^]bgMZ[e^*'*'
MZ[e^*'*
Table 2.1 & NA IZkmbZe_Z\mhkl_hkfZm^kbZel
*'2 Execution
Bgma^ND%==>GO*,/0)T++Vbl\nkk^gmerZoZbeZ[e^[nmpbmahnmbmlGZmbhgZe:iieb\Zmbhg=h\nf^gm'
?hk[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^lbgma^ND%ma^[Z\d`khng]]h\nf^gmI=//10T/V\hglb]^klma^ikhoblbhglh_
ma^GZmbhgZeLmkn\mnkZe<hg\k^m^Li^\bË\Zmbhg!GL<L"T*/Vmh[^^jnboZe^gmmhmahl^bg>G*,/0)_hk
mhe^kZg\^\eZll*'Pa^gin[ebla^]%;L>G*,/0)T*0VZg]%b_ZiikhikbZm^%ma^\hkk^lihg]bg`GZmbhgZe
:iieb\Zmbhg=h\nf^gmpbeemZd^ik^\^]^g\^'
6
:gZerlbl%Z\mbhglZg]ehZ]ZkkZg`^f^gml
?hk NEL% ma^ fhf^gml ]^kbo^] _khf ^eZlmb\ ZgZerlbl fZr [^ k^]blmkb[nm^] ikhob]^] maZm ma^
k^lnembg`]blmkb[nmbhgh_fhf^gmlk^fZbglbg^jnbeb[kbnfpbmama^Ziieb^]Z\mbhgl'Bg\hgmbgnhnl
[^ZflhkleZ[lpbma_\d©.)FIZma^fbgbfnfZeehpZ[e^kZmbhh_ma^k^]blmkb[nm^]fhf^gmmh Cl. 5.5.4 & NA
ma^fhf^gmbgma^ebg^ZkZgZerlbl%d%bl)'0)pa^k^<eZll;hk<eZll<k^bg_hk\^f^gmblnl^]hk
)'1)pa^k^<eZll:k^bg_hk\^f^gmblnl^]'
Pbmabgma^ebfbmll^m%\h^_Ë\b^gml_hkfhf^gmZg]la^Zk]^kbo^]_khf^eZlmb\ZgZerlblfZr[^
Cl. 5.1.1
nl^]mh]^m^kfbg^_hk\^lbgk^`neZklmkn\mnk^l!l^^:ii^g]bq;"'Ma^]^lb`gh_\henfgllahne][^
[Zl^]hg^eZlmb\fhf^gmlpbmahnmk^]blmkb[nmbhg'
IeZlmb\ZgZerlblfZr[^nl^]_hk]^lb`gZmNELikhob]^]maZmma^k^jnbk^]]n\mbebmr\Zg[^Zllnk^]%
Cl. 5.6.2
_hk^qZfie^3[rebfbmbg`qn (]!mh©)'+._hk\hg\k^m^lmk^g`ma\eZll^l©<.)(/)"4nlbg`<eZll;
hk<k^bg_hk\^f^gm4hk^glnkbg`ma^kZmbhh_fhf^gmlZmbgm^kf^]bZm^lniihkmlmhfhf^gmlbg
liZglbl[^mp^^g)'.Zg]+')'
+'*'+ SLS
:mma^l^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^!LEL"ebg^Zk^eZlmb\ZgZerlblfZr[^nl^]'Ebg^Zk^eZlmb\ZgZerlbl
fZr[^\Zkkb^]hnmZllnfbg`3
N <khll&l^\mbhglZk^ng\kZ\d^]Zg]k^fZbgieZg^!b'^'ZgZerlblfZr[^[Zl^]hg\hg\k^m^
Cl. 5.4(1)
`khlll^\mbhgl"'
N Ebg^Zklmk^ll¾lmkZbgk^eZmbhglabil'
N Ma^nl^h_f^ZgoZen^lh_^eZlmb\fh]nenl'
+'+ Actions
:\mbhglk^_^kmhehZ]lZiieb^]mhma^lmkn\mnk^Zl]^Ëg^][^ehp3
N OZkbZ[e^Z\mbhglZk^Z\mbhgl_hkpab\ama^oZkbZmbhgbgfZ`gbmn]^pbmambf^blghmg^`eb`b[e^' EC1-1-1:
2.2, 3.3.1(2)
N :\\b]^gmZeZ\mbhglZk^Z\mbhglh_lahkm]nkZmbhg[nmh_lb`gb_b\ZgmfZ`gbmn]^maZmZk^
EC1-1-7
ngebd^ermhh\\nkhgZ`bo^glmkn\mnk^]nkbg`ma^]^lb`gphkdbg`eb_^'
Bfihl^]]^_hkfZmbhglZk^ghm\hglb]^k^]bgmablin[eb\Zmbhg'
7
N :gnii^koZen^pbmaZgbgm^g]^]ikh[Z[bebmrh_ghm[^bg`^q\^^]^]hkehp^koZen^pbmaZg
bgm^g]^]ikh[Z[bebmrh_[^bg`Z\ab^o^]¾ghkfZeernl^]_hkoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhglpbmadghpg
lmZmblmb\Ze]blmkb[nmbhgl%ln\aZlpbg]hklghp'
N :ghfbgZeoZen^¾nl^]_hklhf^oZkbZ[e^Zg]Z\\b]^gmZeZ\mbhgl'
<Zm^`hkr =^l\kbimbhg
EC1-1-1: A :k^Zl_hk]hf^lmb\Zg]k^lb]^gmbZeZ\mbobmb^l
Tables 6.1, 6.7, 6.9
B H__b\^Zk^Zl
& NA
C :k^Zlh_\hg`k^`Zmbhg
D Lahiibg`Zk^Zl
E LmhkZ`^Zk^ZlZg]bg]nlmkbZenl^!bg\en]bg`Z\\^llZk^Zl"
F MkZ__b\Zg]iZkdbg`Zk^Zl!o^ab\e^l5,)dG"
G MkZ__b\Zg]iZkdbg`Zk^Zl!o^ab\e^l7,)dG"
H Khh_l!bgZ\\^llb[e^^q\^im_hkfZbgm^gZg\^Zg]k^iZbk"
I Khh_l!Z\\^llb[e^pbmah\\niZg\r\Zm^`hkb^l:¾="
K Khh_l!Z\\^llb[e^_hkli^\bZel^kob\^l%^'`'_hka^eb\him^keZg]bg`Zk^Zl"
MZ[e^+'* Ghm^l
<Zm^`hkb^lh_ 1<Zm^`hkrCblghmnl^]'
bfihl^]ehZ]l 2?hk_hkdeb_mehZ]bg`k^_^kmh;L>G*22*¾*¾*<e'/'+','
MZ[e^+',
;3h__b\^l
EC1-1-1:
Tables 6.1, 6.2 Ln[& >qZfie^ Bfihl^]ehZ]l
& NA.3 \Zm^`hkr
jd!dG(f+" Jd!dG"
B1 @^g^kZenl^hma^kmaZgbg;+ +'. +'0
B2 :mhk[^ehp`khng]_ehhke^o^e ,') +'0
8
:gZerlbl%Z\mbhglZg]ehZ]ZkkZg`^f^gml
MZ[e^+'-
<3Zk^Zlh_\hg`k^`Zmbhg
EC1-1-1:
Ln[& >qZfie^ Bfihl^]ehZ]l Tables 6.1, 6.2
\Zm^`hkr & NA.3
j d Jd
<* :k^ZlpbmamZ[e^l
C11 In[eb\%bglmbmnmbhgZeZg]\hffngZe]bgbg`khhflZg] +') ,')
ehng`^l%\Z_^lZg]k^lmZnkZgml!Ghm^3nl^<-hk<.b_
ZiikhikbZm^"
C12 K^Z]bg`khhflpbmagh[hhdlmhkZ`^ +'. -')
C13 <eZllkhhfl ,') ,')
<+ :k^Zlpbma_bq^]l^Zml
C21 :ll^f[erZk^Zlpbma_bq^]l^Zmbg`a -') ,'/
C22 IeZ\^lh_phklabi ,') +'0
<, :k^Zlpbmahnmh[lmZ\e^l_hkfhobg`i^hie^
C31 <hkkb]hkl%aZeepZrl%Zble^lbgbglmbmnmbhgZemri^[nbe]bg`l% ,') -'.
ahlm^el%`n^lmahnl^l%k^lb]^gmbZe\en[lZg]\hffngZe
Zk^ZlbgeZk`^kb [eh\dlh__eZml
C32 LmZbkl%eZg]bg`lbgbglmbmnmbhgZemri^[nbe]bg`l%ahlm^el% ,') -')
`n^lmahnl^l%k^lb]^gmbZe\en[lZg]\hffngZeZk^Zlbg
eZk`^kb [eh\dlh__eZml
C33 <hkkb]hkl%aZeepZrl%Zble^lbghma^kc [nbe]bg`l -') -'.
C34 <hkkb]hkl%aZeepZrl%Zble^lbghma^kc [nbe]bg`lln[c^\m^]mh .') -'.
pa^^e^]o^ab\e^l%bg\en]bg`mkhee^rl
C35 LmZbkl%eZg]bg`lbghma^kc [nbe]bg`lln[c^\m^]mh\khp]l -') -')
C36 PZedpZrl¾Eb`am]nmr!Z\\^lllnbmZ[e^_hkhg^i^klhg% ,') +')
pZedpZrpb]maZiikhq/))ff"
C37 PZedpZrl¾@^g^kZe]nmr!k^`neZkmph&pZri^]^lmkbZg .') ,'/
mkZ__b\"
C38 PZedpZrl¾A^Zor]nmr!ab`a&]^glbmri^]^lmkbZgmkZ__b\ 0'. -'.
bg\en]bg`^l\Zi^khnm^l"
C39 Fnl^nf_ehhklZg]Zkm`Zee^kb^l_hk^qab[bmbhginkihl^l -') -'.
<- :k^Zlpbmaihllb[e^iarlb\ZeZ\mbobmb^l
C41 =Zg\^aZeelZg]lmn]bhl%`rfgZlbZ%lmZ`^ld .') ,'/
C42 =kbeeaZeelZg]]kbeekhhfld .') 0')
<. :k^Zlln[c^\m^]mheZk`^\khp]l
C51 :ll^f[erZk^Zlpbmahnm_bq^]l^Zmbg`%\hg\^kmaZeel%[Zkl .') ,'/
Zg]ieZ\^lh_phklabid,e
C52 LmZ`^lbgin[eb\Zll^f[erZk^Zld 0'. -'.
D^r
a?bq^]l^Zmbg`bll^Zmbg`pa^k^bmlk^fhoZeZg]ma^nl^h_ma^liZ\^_hkhma^kinkihl^lblbfikh[Z[e^
bLfZee[eh\dlh__eZmlZk^mahl^pbma©,lmhk^rlZg]©-_eZmli^k_ehhk(lmZbk\Zl^'Hma^kpbl^ma^rZk^
\hglb]^k^]mh[^ÂeZk`^kÃ[eh\dlh__eZml
cHma^k[nbe]bg`lbg\en]^mahl^ghm\ho^k^][r<,*Zg]<,+%Zg]bg\en]^ahm^elZg]fhm^elZg]
bglmbmnmbhgZe[nbe]bg`lln[c^\m^]mh\khp]l
d?hklmkn\mnk^lmaZmfb`am[^lnl\^imb[e^mhk^lhgZg\^^__^\ml%k^_^k^g\^lahne][^fZ]^mhG:'+'*
e?hk`kZg]lmZg]lZg]lmZ]bZ%k^_^k^g\^lahne][^fZ]^mhma^k^jnbk^f^gmlh_ma^ZiikhikbZm^
\^kmb_rbg`Znmahkbmr
9
MZ[e^+'.
=3lahiibg`Zk^Zl
EC1-1-1:
Tables 6.1, 6.2 Ln[& >qZfie^ Bfihl^]ehZ]l
& NA.3 \Zm^`hkr
jd!dG(f+" Jd!dG"
= Lahiibg`Zk^Zl
D1 :k^Zlbg`^g^kZek^mZbelahil -') ,'/
D2 :k^Zlbg]^iZkmf^gmlmhk^l -') ,'/
MZ[e^+'/
EC1-1-1: >3lmhkZ`^Zk^ZlZg]bg]nlmkbZenl^!bg\en]bg`Z\\^llZk^Zl"
Tables 6.3, 6.4
& NA.4, NA.5 Ln[& >qZfie^ Bfihl^]ehZ]l
\Zm^`hkr
jd!dG(f+" Jd!dG"
>* :k^Zllnl\^imb[e^mhZ\\nfneZmbhgh_`hh]lbg\en]bg`Z\\^llZk^Zl
E11 @^g^kZeZk^Zl_hklmZmb\^jnbif^gmghmli^\b_b^] +') *'1
^el^pa^k^!bglmbmnmbhgZeZg]in[eb\[nbe]bg`l"
E12 K^Z]bg`khhflpbma[hhdlmhkZ`^%^'`'eb[kZkb^l -') -'.
E13 @^g^kZelmhkZ`^hma^kmaZgmahl^li^\b_b^]Z +'-(f 0')
E14 ?be^khhfl%_bebg`Zg]lmhkZ`^liZ\^!h__b\^l" .') -'.
E15 LmZ\dkhhfl![hhdl" +'-(fa^b`am 0')
!fbg'/'."
E16 IZi^klmhkZ`^Zg]lmZmbhg^krlmhk^l -')(fa^b`am 2')
E17 =^gl^fh[be^lmZ\dbg`![hhdl"hgfh[be^mkhee^rlbg -'1(fa^b`am 0')
in[eb\Zg]bglmbmnmbhgZe[nbe]bg`l
E18 =^gl^fh[be^lmZ\dbg`![hhdl"hgfh[be^mkn\dlbg -'1(fa^b`am 0')
pZk^ahnl^l !fbg'*.')"
E19 <he]lmhkZ`^ .')(fa^b`am 2')
!fbg'*.')"
>+ Bg]nlmkbZenl^ L^^;L>G*22*¾*¾*3
?hkdeb_ml<eZll^l?E*mh?E/ MZ[e^l/'./'/
D^r
aEhp^k[hng]oZen^`bo^g'Fhk^li^\b_b\ehZ]oZen^llahne][^Z`k^^]pbma\eb^gm
MZ[e^+'0
?Zg]@3mkZ__b\Zg]iZkdbg`Zk^Zl
10
:gZerlbl%Z\mbhglZg]ehZ]ZkkZg`^f^gml
MZ[e^+'1
A%BZg]D3khh_l
EC1-1-1:
Ln[& >qZfie^ Bfihl^]ehZ]l 6.3.4.1(2), Tables 6.9,
\Zm^`hkr 6.10, 6.11 & NA.7
jd!dG(f+" Jd!dG"
A Khh_l!bgZ\\^llb[e^^q\^im_hkfZbgm^gZg\^Zg]k^iZbk"
Khh_lehi^%a 5,) )'/
,)5a5/) )'/!/)¾a"(,) )'2
5/) )
B Khh_l!Z\\^llb[e^pbmah\\niZg\r\Zm^`hkb^l:¾="
<Zm^`hkb^l:¾= :lMZ[e^l+'+mh+'.Z\\hk]bg`mh
li^\b_b\nl^
D Khh_l!Z\\^llb[e^_hkli^\bZel^kob\^l%^'`'_hka^eb\him^keZg]bg`Zk^Zl"
A^eb\him^k\eZllA<*!5+)dG"!ln[c^\mmh ¾¾ +)
]rgZfb\_Z\mhkf 6*'-"
A^eb\him^k\eZllA<+!5/)dG" ¾¾ /)
Ghm^l
1Khh_lZk^\Zm^`hkbs^]Z\\hk]bg`mhma^bkZ\\^llb[bebmr'Bfihl^]ehZ]l_hkkhh_lmaZmZk^ghkfZeer
EC1-1-1:
Z\\^llb[e^Zk^`^g^kZeerma^lZf^Zl_hkma^li^\b_b\nl^Zg]\Zm^`hkrh_ma^Z]cZ\^gmZk^Z'Bfihl^]
6.3.4 & NA
ehZ]l_hkkhh_lpbmahnmZ\\^llZk^`bo^gZ[ho^'
2Ma^k^blgh\Zm^`hkrC'
Movable partitions
Ma^l^e_&p^b`amh_fhoZ[e^iZkmbmbhglfZr[^mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngm[rZngb_hkfer]blmkb[nm^]ehZ]%
EC1-1-1:
jd%pab\alahne][^Z]]^]mhma^bfihl^]ehZ]lh_ÌhhklZl_heehpl3 6.3.1.2 (8) & NA
N ?hkfhoZ[e^iZkmbmbhglpbmaZl^e_&p^b`amh_*')dG(fpZeee^g`ma3
jd6)'.dG(f+'
N ?hkfhoZ[e^iZkmbmbhglpbmaZl^e_&p^b`amh_+')dG(fpZeee^g`ma3
jd6)'1dG(f+'
N ?hkfhoZ[e^iZkmbmbhglpbmaZl^e_&p^b`amh_,')dG(fpZeee^g`ma3
jd6*'+dG(f+'
A^Zob^kiZkmbmbhgllahne][^\hglb]^k^]l^iZkZm^er'
11
EC1-1-1: Number of storeys
6.3.1.2 (11) :k^]n\mbhg_Z\mhk_hkgnf[^kh_lmhk^rl%ag%fZr[^nl^]Zg]lahne][^]^m^kfbg^]nlbg`3
& NA Exp. ( NA.2)
ag6*'*¾g(*) _hk*©g©.
ag6)'/ _hk.5g©*)
ag6)'. _hkg7*)
pa^k^
g6gnf[^kh_lmhk^rlpbmaehZ]ljnZeb_rbg`_hkk^]n\mbhg!b'^'\Zm^`hkb^l:mh=Zleblm^]bg
MZ[e^+'*"'
EC1-1-1:
Use
6.3.1.2 (11) & NA :\\hk]bg`mhma^NDG:%a:Zg]agfZrghm[^nl^]mh`^ma^k'
pa^k^
mb 6lghpehZ]laZi^_Z\mhk%%^bma^km*hkm+
EC1-1-3:
5.3.1, 5.3.2 & NA
m*6ng]kb_m^]lghplaZi^_Z\mhk
m+6]kb_m^]lghplaZi^_Z\mhk
?hkÌZmkhh_l%)6a!pbmaghab`a^klmkn\mnk^l\ehl^hkZ[nmmbg`"%
m*6m+6)'1
?hklaZeehpfhghibm\akhh_l%)5a5,)!pbmaghab`a^klmkn\mnk^l\ehl^hk
Z[nmmbg`"%m*6)'1%m+6)'1!*$a(,)"?hkhma^k_hkflh_khh_Zg]eh\Ze^__^\ml
k^_^kmh;L>G*22*¾*¾,L^\mbhgl.',Zg]/
? hkma^P^lm<hngmkr%P^lmPZe^lZg]Bk^eZg]ma^Ë`nk^ble^ll'?hkfhlmh_L\hmeZg]
Zg]iZkmlh_ma^^Zlm\hZlmh_>g`eZg]%ma^Ë`nk^blfhk^'L^^?b`nk^+'*'
LghpehZ]bl\eZllbË^]ZlZoZkbZ[e^Ëq^]Z\mbhg'>q\^imbhgZe\bk\nflmZg\^lfZr[^mk^Zm^]Zl
Z\\b]^gmZeZ\mbhglbgpab\a\Zl^k^_^k^g\^lahne][^fZ]^mh;L>G*22*¾*¾,'
12
:gZerlbl%Z\mbhglZg]ehZ]ZkkZg`^f^gml
5
4
55
?b`nk^+'*
<aZkZ\m^kblmb\`khng]lghpehZ]fZi!`khng]lghpehZ]Zm*))fZ'f'l'e'!dG(f+"
Bg^ll^g\^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\pbg]ehZ]\Zg[^^qik^ll^]Zl3
pd6\_ji!s"
pa^k^
\_ 6 _hk\^\h^_Ë\b^gm%pab\aoZkb^l%[nmblZfZq'h_*',_hkho^kZeeehZ]
ji!s"6 \^!s"\^Mj[
pa^k^
\^!s" 6 ^qihlnk^_Z\mhk_khf?b`nk^+',
EC1-1-4:
\^M 6 mhpgm^kkZbg_Z\mhk_khf?b`nk^+'- Figs NA.7, NA.8
j[ 6 )'))/o[+dG(f+
pa^k^
o[ 6 o[%fZi\Zem
pa^k^
o[%fZi6 _ng]Zf^gmZe[Zlb\pbg]o^eh\bmr_khf?b`nk^+'+
\Zem 6 Z embmn]^_Z\mhk%\hgl^koZmbo^er%\Zem6*$)'))*: EC1-1-4:
Fig. NA.1
pa^k^
:6Zembmn]^Z'f'l'e
Lrf[hel Z[[k^obZmbhgl Zg] lhf^ h_ ma^ \Zo^Zml Zk^ ^qieZbg^] bg ma^ l^\mbhgl [^ehp% pab\a
mh`^ma^kikhob]^Zikh\^]nk^_hk]^m^kfbgbg`pbg]ehZ]mh;L>G*22*¾*¾-'
13
+'/'* Determine basic wind velocity, vb
o[6\]bk\l^Zlhg\ikh[o[%)
pa^k^
EC1-1-4: \]bk 6 ]bk^\mbhgZe_Z\mhk
4.2(1) Note 2 <hgl^koZmbo^er%\]bk6*')
& NA 2.4, 2.5 !\]bkblZfbgbfnfh_)'0,hk)'0-_hkpbg]bgZg^Zlm^ker]bk^\mbhg%
,)mh*+)"
EC1-1-4: \l^Zlhg 6 l^Zlhg_Z\mhk
4.2(2) Note 3 ?hkZ/fhgmak^mnkgi^kbh]%bg\en]bg`pbgm^k%hk`k^Zm^k%
& NA 2.7: Fig. NA.2 \l^Zlhg6*'))
EC1-1-4: \ikh[ 6 ikh[Z[bebmr_Z\mhk
4.2(1) Notes 4 & 5 6 *'))_hkk^mnkgi^kbh]h_.)r^Zkl
& NA 2.8 o[%) 6 o[%fZi\Zem
EC1-1-4: pa^k^
4.2(1) Note 2 o[%fZi 6 _ng]Zf^gmZe[Zlb\pbg]o^eh\bmr_khf?b`nk^+'+
& NA 2.4: Fig. NA.1
200 200
Use 1.0 in this area
31
30 4.0
29 100 100
28 90 90
27 80 80
70 70
26 60 60
50 50
3.5
40 40
30 30
10
z -hdis(m)
z -hdis(m)
20 20
3.0
25 0.9
23
10 10
22 9 2.5 9
8 8
24 7 7
6 6 0.8
5 5
4 2.0 4
0.7
3 3
2 1.5 2
≤0.1 1 10 ≥100 ≤0.1 1 10 ≥20
Distance upwind to shoreline (km) Distance inside town terrain (km)
Ghm^ Ghm^
Ln[c^\mmhZembmn]^\hkk^\mbhg' @^g^kZeera]bl6)'?hkm^kkZbg\Zm^`hkrBO!mhpgl^m\'"l^^;L>G*22*¾*¾-3:'.'
hp^o^k%_hkma^]^m^kfbgZmbhgh_ho^kZeeehZ]lhg[nbe]bg`l%ma^g^mik^llnk^
A EC1-1-4:
\h^_Ë\b^gml`bo^gbgMZ[e^+'2fZr[^nl^]'Bgmabl\Zl^bmpbee[^ngg^\^llZkr 7.2.2(2) Note 1 &
mh]^m^kfbg^bgm^kgZepbg]ik^llnk^\h^_Ë\b^gml' NA.2.27, Table NA.4
15
EC1-1-4:
Flat roofs
7.2.3, NA.2.28 & NA ?hkÌZmkhh_l%Z\\hk]bg`mhma^:]oblhkrGhm^bgma^G:lhf^h_ma^oZen^l
advisory note h_\i^%*)bgMZ[e^0'+h_;L>G*22*¾*¾-!l^^MZ[e^+'**"Zk^lb`gbË\Zgmer
]b__^k^gm_khf\nkk^gmikZ\mb\^bgma^ND'Bmk^\hff^g]lmaZm]^lb`g^kllahne]
BS 6399: \hglb]^knlbg`ma^oZen^lbg;L/,223+mhfZbgmZbgma^\nkk^gme^o^elh_lZ_^mr
Table 8 & Fig. 18 Zg]^\hghfr'L^^MZ[e^+'*+'
EC1-1-4: ? hkhma^k_hkflh_khh_k^_^kmh;L>G*22*¾*¾-Zg]ma^NDG:'
NA.2.28 & NA BmpbeeZelh[^g^\^llZkrmh]^m^kfbg^bgm^kgZepbg]ik^llnk^\h^_Ë\b^gml_hk
advisory note ma^]^lb`gh_\eZ]]bg`'
EC1-1-4: \ib 6 bgm^kgZeik^llnk^\h^_Ë\b^gm'
7.2.9(6) Note 2 ?hkgh]hfbgZgmhi^gbg`l\ibfZr[^mZd^gZlma^fhk^hg^khnlh_$)'+Zg]¾)',
EC1-1-4: MZ[e^+'2
NA 2.27, Table NA.4 G^mik^llnk^\h^__b\b^gm%\i^%*)%_hkpZeelh_k^\mZg`neZkieZg[nbe]bg`l#
a(] G^mik^llnk^\h^__b\b^gm%\i^%*)
5 *',
1 *'*
ª 0.25 )'1
Ghm^l
*#bg^__^\mma^l^oZen^lZk^_hk\^\h^__b\b^gml_hk]^m^kfbgbg`ho^kZeeehZ]lhg[nbe]bg`l'
+a6a^b`amh_[nbe]bg`'
,[6[k^Z]mah_[nbe]bg`!i^ki^g]b\neZkmhpbg]"'
-]6]^imah_[nbe]bg`!iZkZee^emhpbg]"'
.OZen^lfZr[^bgm^kiheZm^]'
/>q\en]^l_ngg^eebg`'
MZ[e^+'*)
EC1-1-4: >qm^kgZeik^llnk^\h^__b\b^gm%\i^%*)%_hkpZeelh_k^\mZg`neZk&ieZg[nbe]bg`l
7.2.2(2) Table 7.1,
Note 1 & NA 2.27: Shg^ =^l\kbimbhg \i^%*)
Tables NA.4a , NA.4b FZq' Fbg'
Zone A ?hkpZeeliZkZee^emhma^pbg]]bk^\mbhg%Zk^Zlpbmabg ¾*'+
)'+fbgT[4+aVh_pbg]pZk]^]`^
Zone B ?hkpZeeliZkZee^emhma^pbg]]bk^\mbhg%Zk^Zlpbmabg ¾)'1
)'+fbgT[4+aVh_pbg]pZk]^]`^
Zone C ?hkpZeeliZkZee^emhma^pbg]]bk^\mbhg%Zk^Zl_khf ¾)'.
)'+fbgT[4+aVmhfbgT[4+aVh_pbg]pZk]^]`^
Zone D Pbg]pZk]pZee $)'1
Zone E E^^pZk]pZee ¾)'0
Zones D G^m $*',
and E
Ghm^l
*a6a^b`amh_[nbe]bg`'
+[6[k^Z]mah_[nbe]bg`!i^ki^g]b\neZkmhpbg]"'
EC1-1-4: MZ[e^+'**
7.2, Table 7.2 & NA >qm^kgZeik^llnk^\h^__b\b^gm%\i^%*)_hk_eZmkhh_l#
Shg^ =^l\kbimbhg \i^%*)
LaZki^]`^ PbmaiZkZi^m
Zm^Zo^l
Zone F Pbmabg)'*fbgT[4+aVh_pbg]pZk]^]`^Zg]pbmabg ¾*'1 ¾*'/
)'+fbgT[4+aVh_k^mnkg^]`^!iZkZee^emhpbg]]bk^\mbhg"
Zone G Pbmabg)'*fbgT[4+aVh_pbg]pZk]^]`^Zg]hnmpbma ¾*'+ ¾*'*
)'+fbgT[4+aVh_k^mnkg^]`^!iZkZee^emhpbg]]bk^\mbhg"
Zone H Khh_[^mp^^g)'*fbgT[4+aVZg])'.fbgT[4+aV_khf ¾)'0 ¾)'0
pbg]pZk]^]`^
Zone I K^fZbg]^k[^mp^^g)'.fbgT[4+aVZg]e^^pZk]^]`^ ¨)'+ ¨)'+
Ghm^l
*#:\\hk]bg`mhG:mh;L>G*22*&*&-%mablmZ[e^blghmk^\hff^g]^]_hknl^bgma^ND'
+a6a^b`amh_[nbe]bg`'
16 ,[6[k^Z]mah_[nbe]bg`!i^ki^g]b\neZkmhpbg]"'
:gZerlbl%Z\mbhglZg]ehZ]ZkkZg`^f^gml
MZ[e^+'*+ EC1-1-4:
>qm^kgZeik^llnk^\h^__b\b^gm%\i^%_hk_eZmkhh_l 7.2.3, NA.2.28 &
NA advisory note.
Shg^ =^l\kbimbhg \i^
EC1-1-4:
pd 6 ZlZ[ho^ 6.2(1) a), 6.2(1) c)
\l\] 6 lmkn\mnkZe_Z\mhk%\hgl^koZmbo^er
EC1-1-4:
6 *') 6.2(1) e) & NA.2.20
hkfZr[^]^kbo^]
pa^k^
\l 6 lbs^_Z\mhk EC1-1-4:
\lfZr[^]^kbo^]_khf>qi'!/'+"hkmZ[e^G:','=^i^g]bg`hgoZen^lh_ 6.3(1), Exp. (6.2) &
![$a"Zg]!s¾a]bl"Zg]]bob]bg`bgmhShg^:%;hk<%ZoZen^h_\l NA.2.20, Table NA3
!Z_Z\mhk5*'))"fZr[^_hng]'
\]6 ]rgZfb\_Z\mhk EC1-1-4:
\]fZr[^]^kbo^]_khf>qi'!/',"hkË`nk^G:'2'=^i^g]bg`hgoZen^lh_dl 6.3(1), Exp. (6.3) &
!eh`Zkbmafb\]^\k^f^gmh_lmkn\mnkZe]Zfibg`"Zg]a([%ZoZen^h_\]!Z_Z\mhk7 NA.2.20: Fig. NA9
*'))"fZr[^_hng]'
\ ]fZr[^mZd^gZl*')_hk_kZf^][nbe]bg`lpbmalmkn\mnkZepZeelZg]fZlhgkr EC1-1-4:
bgm^kgZepZeel%Zg]_hk\eZ]]bg`iZg^elZg]^e^f^gml 5.3.2, Exp. (5.4)
& NA
:k^_6k^_^k^g\^Zk^Zh_ma^lmkn\mnk^hklmkn\mnkZe^e^f^gm
17
+'1 Permanent actions
Ma^ ]^glbmb^l Zg] Zk^Z ehZ]l h_ \hffhger nl^] fZm^kbZel% la^^m fZm^kbZel Zg] _hkfl h_
\hglmkn\mbhgZk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^l+'*,mh+'*.'
:\mbhglZkblbg`_khfl^mme^f^gm%]^_hkfZmbhgZg]\k^^iZk^hnmlb]^ma^l\hi^h_mabl]h\nf^gm
[nm `^g^kZeer Zk^ mh [^ \hglb]^k^] Zl i^kfZg^gm Z\mbhgl' Pa^k^ \kbmb\Ze% k^_^k mh li^\bZeblm
ebm^kZmnk^'
MZ[e^+'*,
;ned]^glbmb^l_hklhbelZg]fZm^kbZelT**%+/V
18
:gZerlbl%Z\mbhglZg]ehZ]ZkkZg`^f^gml
MZ[e^+'*-
Mrib\ZeZk^ZehZ]l_hk\hg\k^m^leZ[lZg]la^^mfZm^kbZelT**%+/V
19
+'.\EhZ]l_hkmrib\Ze_hkflh_\hglmkn\mbhg
MZ[e^+'*. MZ[e^+'*-
EhZ]l_hkmrib\Ze_hkflh_\hglmkn\mbhgT+/V +'.\EhZ]l_hkmrib\Ze_hkflh_\hglmkn\mbhg
<ZobmrpZee !dG(f+" K^lb]^gmbZe_ehhk !dG(f+"
;kb\dphkd*)+'.ff +'-) <Zki^m )').
BglneZmbhg.)ff )')+ ?ehZmbg`_ehhk )'*.
;eh\dphkd*))ff *'-) L^e_&p^b`amh_+.)fflheb]leZ[ /'+.
IeZlm^k )'+* Lnli^g]^]\^bebg` )'+)
MhmZe -')
L^kob\^l )'*)
Eb`amp^b`am\eZ]]bg` !dG(f+"
MhmZe /'0.
BglneZm^]iZg^e )'+)
L\ahhe_ehhk !dG(f+"
Inkebgl )').
<Zki^m(_ehhkbg` )').
=krebgbg`hglmn] )'*.
L^e_&p^b`amh_+.)fflheb]leZ[ /'+.
MhmZe )'-)
Lnli^g]^]\^bebg` )'*.
<nkmZbgpZeebg` !dG(f+"
:eehp *')) L^kob\^l )'+)
20
:gZerlbl%Z\mbhglZg]ehZ]ZkkZg`^f^gml
MZ[e^+'*/ EC0:
IZkmbZe_Z\mhkl!g?"_hknl^bgo^kb_b\Zmbhgh_ebfbmlmZm^lbgi^klblm^gmZg]mkZglb^gm]^lb`glbmnZmbhgl Tables A1.2(A), A1.2(B),
A1.2(C), A1.4 & NA
EbfbmlmZm^ I^kfZg^gmZ\mbhgl E^Z]bg`oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg :\\hfiZgrbg`oZkbZ[e^
!@d" !Jd%*" Z\mbhgl!Jd%b"]
Z">jnbeb[kbnf!>JN"
*'*)!)'2"Z *'.)!)')"Z c)%b*'.)!)')"Z
["Lmk^g`maZmNEL!LMK(@>H"ghmbgoheobg``^hm^\agb\ZeZ\mbhgl
Either
>qi'!/'*)" *',.!*')"Z *'. c)*'.
or the worst case of
>qi'!/'*)Z" *',.!*')"Z c)*'. c)*'.
and
>qi'!/'*)[" *'+.!*')"Z *'. c)*'.
\"Lmk^g`maZmNEL!LMK(@>H"pbma`^hm^\agb\ZeZ\mbhgl
Worst case of
L^m; *',.!*')"Z *'.!)')"Z
and
L^m< *') *',
]"L^kob\^Z[bebmr
<aZkZ\m^kblmb\ *')) *')) c)%b*'))
?k^jn^gm *')) c*%**')) c+%b*'))
JnZlb&i^kfZg^gm *')) c+%**')) c+%b*'))
^":\\b]^gmZe]^lb`glbmnZmbhgl
>qi'!/'**Z" *') :][ c*%b!fZbg"
c+%b!hma^kl"
_"L^blfb\
>qi'!/'*+Z([" *') :>]\ c+%b
D^r Ghm^l
Z OZen^b__ZohnkZ[e^!lahpgbg[kZ\d^ml" * Ma^oZen^lh_cZk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^+'*0'
[ E^Z]bg`Z\\b]^gmZeZ\mbhg%:]%blng_Z\mhk^] + @^hm^\agb\ZeZ\mbhgl`bo^gbgma^mZ[e^
\ L^blfb\Z\mbhg%:>] Zk^[Zl^]hg=^lb`g:iikhZ\a*bg
] K^_^kmh;L>G*22)3:*'+'+G: <eZnl^:*','*!."h_;L>G*22)%pab\abl
k^\hff^g]^]bgbmlGZmbhgZe:gg^q'
21
+'2'+ Design values at ULS
?hkma^NELh_lmk^g`ma!LMK"%ma^]^lb`g^kfZr\ahhl^[^mp^^gnlbg`>qik^llbhg!/'*)"hkma^
EC0: 6.4.3.2(3)
phklm\Zl^h_>qik^llbhg!/'*)Z"hk>qik^llbhg!/'*)["'
MZ[e^+'*0
OZen^lh_c_Z\mhkl
EC0: A1.2.2 :\mbhg c) c* c+
& NA
Bfihl^]ehZ]lbg[nbe]bg`l
Category A: domestic, residential areas )'0 )'. )',
Category B: office areas )'0 )'. )',
Category C: congregation areas )'0 )'0 )'/
Category D: shopping areas )'0 )'0 )'/
Category E: storage areas *') )'2 )'1
Category F: traffic area (vehicle weight © 30 kN) )'0 )'0 )'/
Category G: traffic area (30 kN < vehicle weight © 160 kN) )'0 )'. )',
>qik^llbhg!/'*)"e^Z]lmhma^nl^h_g?6g@6*',._hki^kfZg^gmZ\mbhglZg]g?6gJ6*'.)_hk
oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgl!g@_hki^kfZg^gmZ\mbhglblbgm^g]^]mh[^\hglmZgmZ\khllZeeliZgl"'
>qik^llbhg!/'*)"blZepZrl^jnZemhhkfhk^\hgl^koZmbo^maZgma^e^ll_ZohnkZ[e^h_>qik^llbhgl
!/'*)Z"Zg]!/'*)["'>qik^llbhg!/'*)["pbeeghkfZeerZiierpa^gma^i^kfZg^gmZ\mbhglZk^ghm
`k^Zm^kmaZg-'.mbf^lma^oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgl!^q\^im_hklmhkZ`^ehZ]l%\Zm^`hkr>bgMZ[e^+'*0%
pa^k^>qik^llbhg!/'*)Z"ZepZrlZiieb^l"'
Ma^k^_hk^%^q\^imbgma^\Zl^h_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^llniihkmbg`lmhkZ`^ehZ]lpa^k^c)6*')%
hk_hkfbq^]nl^%>qik^llbhg!/'*)["pbeenlnZeerZiier'Manl%_hkf^f[^kllniihkmbg`o^kmb\Ze
Z\mbhglZmNEL%*'+.@d$*'.Jdpbee[^ZiikhikbZm^_hkfhlmlbmnZmbhglZg]Ziieb\Z[e^mhfhlm
\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l!l^^?b`nk^+'."'
<hfiZk^]pbmama^nl^h_>qik^llbhg!/'*)"%ma^nl^h_^bma^k>qik^llbhg!/'*)Z"hk!/'*)["e^Z]l
mh Z fhk^ \hglblm^gm k^ebZ[bebmr bg]^q Z\khll eb`amp^b`am Zg] a^Zorp^b`am fZm^kbZel'
22
:gZerlbl%Z\mbhglZg]ehZ]ZkkZg`^f^gml
50
40
Use Exp. (6.10a)
gk kN/m (or kN/m2)
30
Ghm^
:llnfbg`c)6)'0
20 b'^'Ziieb\Z[e^mhZeeZk^Zl
^q\^imlmhkZ`^'
Use Exp. (6.10b)
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
q k kN/m (or kN/m2)
?b`nk^+'.
Pa^gmhnl^>qi'!/'*)Z"hk>qi'!/'*)["
qk2
gk2
qk1
gk1
Ghm^
qk1 @^g^kZeerma^oZkbZ[e^
gk1 Z\mbhglhgZmrib\Zeh__b\^
qk3 = wk [eh\dphne][^\hglb]^k^]
Zl[^bg`mak^^l^mlh_
qk1
gk1 bg]^i^g]^gmoZkbZ[e^
Z\mbhgl3
*' Bfihl^]h__b\^ehZ]l
qk1 hgma^h__b\^_ehhkl'
gk1 +' Khh_bfihl^]ehZ]'
A B C ,' Pbg]ehZ]'
?b`nk^+'/
Bg]^i^g]^gmoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgl
23
Ma^^qik^llbhglmZd^bgmhZ\\hngmma^ikh[Z[bebmrh_chbgmh\\nkk^g\^h_ehZ]l[rZiierbg`ma^
c)%b_Z\mhkmhma^Z\\hfiZgrbg`oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg'Ma^ikh[Z[bebmrmaZmma^l^\hf[bg^]Z\mbhglpbee
[^^q\^^]^]bl]^^f^]mh[^lbfbeZkmhma^ikh[Z[bebmrh_Zlbg`e^Z\mbhg[^bg`^q\^^]^]'
B_ma^mphbg]^i^g]^gmoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhglJd%*Zg]Jd%+Zk^Zllh\bZm^]pbma]b__^k^gmliZglZg]ma^
nl^h_>qik^llbhg!/'*)["blZiikhikbZm^%ma^gbghg^l^mh_ZgZerl^lZiier
*'+.@d$*'.Jd%*mhma^Jd%*liZgl
Zg]*'+.@d$c)'b*'.Jd%*mhma^Jd%+liZgl'
BgZllh\bZm^]ZgZerl^lZiier
*'+.@d$c)%b*'.Jd%*mhma^Jd%*liZgl
Zg]*'+.@d$*'+.Jd%+mhma^Jd%+liZgl'
L^^>qZfie^+'**'+!mphoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgl"'
<heehjnbZeer
c)aZl[^\hf^dghpgZlma^Â\aZkZ\m^kblmb\ÃoZen^
c*aZl[^\hf^dghpgZlma^Â_k^jn^gmÃoZen^
c+aZl[^\hf^dghpgZlma^ÂjnZlb&i^kfZg^gmÃoZen^
MZ[e^+'*1
EC0: Table A1.4
IZkmbZe_Z\mhklmh[^Ziieb^]bgma^o^kb_b\Zmbhgh_ma^LEL
24
:gZerlbl%Z\mbhglZg]ehZ]ZkkZg`^f^gml
:m NEL pa^k^ ma^ oZkbZmbhg bl ghm lfZee% g@d%lni lahne] [^ nl^] pbma @dc%lni Zg] g@d%bg_ pbma
@dc%bg_'LbfbeZker%pa^k^ma^oZkbZmbhgblghmlfZee%ZmLEL@dc%lnilahne][^nl^]pa^k^Z\mbhglZk^
ng_ZohnkZ[e^Zg]@dc%bg_nl^]pa^k^_ZohnkZ[e^'
Pa^k^\a^\dl%ghmZ[er\a^\dlhglmZmb\^jnbeb[kbnf!>JN"%Zk^o^krl^glbmbo^mhoZkbZmbhgh_ma^
fZ`gbmn]^h_Zi^kfZg^gmZ\mbhg_khfhg^ieZ\^mhZghma^k%ma^_ZohnkZ[e^Zg]ng_ZohnkZ[e^
EC0: 6.4.3 (4)
iZkmlh_mablZ\mbhglahne][^\hglb]^k^]Zlbg]bob]nZeZ\mbhgl'Bgln\aÂo^krl^glbmbo^Ão^kbË\Zmbhgl
g@%lniZg]g@%bg_lahne][^nl^]'
Bg ma^ ZgZerlbl h_ ma^ lmkn\mnk^ Zm ma^ ebfbm lmZm^ [^bg` \hglb]^k^]% ma^ fZqbfnf ^__^\m h_
Z\mbhgl lahne] [^ h[mZbg^] nlbg` Z k^Zeblmb\ ZkkZg`^f^gm h_ ehZ]l'@^g^kZeer oZkbZ[e^ Z\mbhgl
lahne][^ZkkZg`^]mhikh]n\^ma^fhlmng_ZohnkZ[e^^__^\m%_hk^qZfie^mhikh]n\^fZqbfnf
ho^kmnkgbg`fhf^gmlbgliZglhkfZqbfnf[^g]bg`fhf^gmlbglniihkml'
?hk [nbe]bg` lmkn\mnk^l% ]^lb`g \hg\^gmkZm^l fZbger hg ma^ NEL% ma^ nembfZm^ ebfbm lmZm^ h_ EC0: 3.3, 3.4, 6.4, 6.5
lmk^g`ma!LMK"%Zg]LEL%ma^l^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^'Ahp^o^k%bmbl^ll^gmbZemaZmZeeebfbmlmZm^l
Zk^\hglb]^k^]'Ma^ebfbmlmZm^lh_^jnbeb[kbnf!>JN"%lmk^g`maZmNELpbma`^hm^\agb\ZeZ\mbhgl
!LMK(@>H"Zg]Z\\b]^gmZelbmnZmbhglfnlm[^mZd^gbgmhZ\\hngmZlZiikhikbZm^'
Pa^k^ZgZerlblbl\Zkkb^]hnm_hkma^lbg`e^ehZ]\Zl^h_ZeeliZglehZ]^]%ma^k^lnembg`fhf^gml%
^q\^im mahl^ Zm \Zgmbe^o^kl% lahne] [^ k^]n\^] [r +)% pbma Z \hgl^jn^gmbZe bg\k^Zl^ bg ma^
liZgfhf^gml'
25
g JJ d g @@ d
g JJ d g JJ d g @
@ d
g JJ d g @@ d
Ghm^
Pabelmma^nl^h_>qi'!/'*)"blbg]b\Zm^]%ma^l^ZkkZg`^f^gmlfZr^jnZeer[^nl^]pbma>qi'!/'*)Z"
hk!/'*)["'
?b`nk^+'0
EhZ]ZkkZg`^f^gml_hk[^ZflZg]leZ[lZ\\hk]bg`mhNDG:mh>nkh\h]^
26
:gZerlbl%Z\mbhglZg]ehZ]ZkkZg`^f^gml
qk
gk
A B C D E
6000 mm 6000 mm 6000 mm 6000 mm
a) Actions kN/m
Permanent action, gk
Self-weight, 175 mm thick slabs : 0.17 x 25 x 6.0 = 26.3
E/o self-weight downstand 800 × 225 : 0.80 x 0.225 x 25 = 4.5
50 mm screed @ 22 kN/m3 : 0.05 x 22 x 6.0 = 6.6
Finishes and services : 0.50 x 6.0 = 3.0
Dividing wall 2.40 × 4.42 (200 mm dense blockwork with = 10.6
plaster both sides)
Total gk = 51.0
Variable action, qk
Imposed, dwelling @ 1.5 kN/m2 : 1.5 x 6.0 = 9.0
Total qk = 9.0
Ultimate load, n
Assuming use of Exp. (6.10), n = 1.35 × 51 + 1.5 × 9.0 = = 82.4
Assuming use of worst case of Exp. (6.10a) or Exp. (6.10b)
Exp. (6.10a): n = 1.35 × 51 + 0.7 × 1.5 × 9.0 = = 78.3
Exp. (6.10b): n = 1.25 × 51 + 1.5 × 9.0 = = 77.3
In this case Exp. (6.10a) would be critical‡
=ultimate load = 78.3
‡ This could also be determined from Figure 2.5 or by determining that gk > 4.5qk
27
Ikhc^\m]^mZbel <Ze\neZm^][r chg Ch[gh' CCIP – 041
Continuous beam in mixed use <a^\d^][r web La^^mgh' 1
structure <eb^gm TCC =Zm^ Oct 09
A B C D E
6000 mm 6000 mm 6000 mm 6000 mm
Office use @ 2.5 kN/m2 Shopping use @ 4.0 kN/m2
c0 = 0.7 c0 = 0.7
a) Load combination
Load combination Exp. (6.10a) or Exp. (6.10b) will be used, as either
will produce a smaller total load than Exp. (6.10). It is necessary to
decide which expression governs.
i) Actions kN/m
Permanent action
As before, Example 2.12.1 gk = 51.0
Variable action
Office @ 2.5 kN/m2 qk1 = 15.0
Shopping @ 4.0 kN/m2 qk2 = 24.0
Ultimate load, n
For office use:
Exp. (6.10a): n = 1.35 × 51 + 0.7 × 1.5 × 15.0 = 84.6
Exp. (6.10b): n = 1.25 × 51 + 1.5 × 15.0 = 86.3
For shopping use:
Exp. (6.10a): n = 1.35 × 51 + 1.5 × 0.7 × 24.0 = 94.1
Exp. (6.10b): n = 1.25 × 51 + 1.5 × 24.0 = 99.8
By inspection Exp. (6.10b) governs in both cases‡
‡ This could also be determined from Figure 2.5 or by determining that g > 4.5q
k k
28
:gZerlbl%Z\mbhglZg]ehZ]ZkkZg`^f^gml
i) Actions kN/m
Permanent
1.25 × 51.0 = 63.8
Variable
Office use
as leading action, gQQk = 1.5 × 15 = 22.5
as accompanying action, c0gQQk = 0.7 = 15.75
× 1.5 × 15
Shopping use
as leading action, gQQk = 1.5 × 24 = 36.0
as accompanying action, c0gQQk = 0.7 = 25.2
× 1.5 × 24
A B C D E
A B C D E
29
iv) For maximum bending moment at support B
The arrangement of loads is shown in Figure 2.12. As both spans AB EC1-1-1:
and BC receive load from the same source, no reduction is possible 6.3.1.1 (10)
(
(other g area‡).
than that for large ). & NA
Leading Permanent
variable action action
gQ q k1 = 22.5 kN/m gG g k = 63.8 kN/m
A B C D E
Leading Permanent
variable action action
gQ q k2 = 36 kN/m gG g k = 63.8 kN/m
A B C D E
Accompanying
p Leading
variable action variable action
c 0gQ q k1 = 15.8 kN/m g Q q k2 = 36.0 kN/m
Permanent actionn
gG,in f g k = 51 kN/m
m
A B C D E
Eurocode 2 requires that all spans should be loaded with either gG,sup or gG,inff (as Cl. 2.4.3(2)
per Table 2.16). As illustrated in Figure 2.14, using gG,inff = 1.0 might be critical for
curtailment and hogging in spans.
spans
EC1-1-1:
‡ Variable actions may be subjected to reduction factors: a , according to the
A
6.3.1.2 (10)
area supported
pp ((m2), aA = 1.0 – A/1000 ≥ 0.75. & NA
30
:gZerlbl%Z\mbhglZg]ehZ]ZkkZg`^f^gml
C
A B
gGk,sup gk= 1.35gk gQ qk= 1.5qk gGk,sup P= 1.35P EC0: Tables A1.1,
A1.2 (B) & NA
C
A B
31
ii) For maximum sagging moment AB
c2qk= 0.3*qk
1.0c
1.0gk 1.0P
EC0:
Tables A1.1,
C A1.2.2, A1.4 &
A B
*Assuming office area
NA
c2qk= 0.3*qk
1.0c
1.0P
1.0gk
C
A B
* Assuming office area
Notes
Quasi-permanent load combinations may also be used for calculations of crack widths or
controlling cracking, i.e. the same load combinations as shown in Figures 2.19 and 2.20 may
be used to determine SLS moment to determine stress in reinforcement. The characteristic
and/or frequent combinations may be appropriate for other SLS limit states: for example, it
is recommended that the frequent combination is used to determine whether a member has
cracked or not.
32
:gZerlbl%Z\mbhglZg]ehZ]ZkkZg`^f^gml
qk2
gk2
wk
qk3
gk3
A B
A B
Figure 2.22 Frame with floor variable action as leading variable action Tables 2.16
& 2.17
33
b) EQU – Treating the rooff imposed load as the leading variable
action
0.9gk1 1.5q k1
1.1gk1
A B
Figure 2.23 Frame with roof variable action as leading variable actttion
A B
34
,3LeZ[l
3 Slabs
3.0 General
Ma^\Ze\neZmbhglbgmabll^\mbhgZk^ik^l^gm^]bgma^_heehpbg`ln[&l^\mbhgl3
,'*:lbfierlniihkm^]hg^&pZrleZ[
,'+ :\hgmbgnhnlhg^&pZrleZ[
,', :\hgmbgnhnlkb[[^]leZ[
,'-:[Zrh_ZÌZmleZ[
,'.:lmZbkÌb`am'
Ma^l^\Ze\neZmbhglZk^bgm^g]^]mhlahppaZmfb`am[^]^^f^]mrib\ZeaZg]\Ze\neZmbhgl'Ma^r
Zk^ beenlmkZmbo^ h_ ma^<h]^ Zg] Zk^ ghm g^\^llZkber [^lm ikZ\mb\^'Ma^ Ëklm mak^^ ln[&l^\mbhgl
bg\en]^ ]^mZbebg` \a^\dl ^'`' \nkmZbef^gm e^g`mal ]^m^kfbg^] lmkb\mer bg Z\\hk]Zg\^ pbma ma^
ikhoblbhglh_;L>G*22+¾*¾*'Ma^ÌZmleZ[\Ze\neZmbhgbllniie^f^gm^][rZ\hff^gmZkr'
:`^g^kZef^mah]h_]^lb`gbg`leZ[lbllahpg[^ehp'
N =^m^kfbg^]^lb`geb_^' EC0 & NA Table NA.2.1
N :ll^llZ\mbhglhgma^leZ[' EC1 & NA
N :ll^ll]nkZ[bebmrk^jnbk^f^gmlZg]]^m^kfbg^ Table 4.1
\hg\k^m^lmk^g`ma' BS 8500-1: Tables A4 & A5
N <a^\d\ho^kk^jnbk^f^gml_hkZiikhikbZm^_bk^ EC2-1-2: Tables 5.8,
k^lblmZg\^i^kbh]' 5.9, 5.10 & 5.11
N <Ze\neZm^fbgbfnf\ho^k_hk]nkZ[bebmr%_bk^Zg] Cl. 4.4.1
[hg]k^jnbk^f^gml'
N =^m^kfbg^pab\a\hf[bgZmbhglh_Z\mbhglZiier' EC0 & NA Tables
NA.A1.1 & NA.A1.2 (B)
N =^m^kfbg^ehZ]bg`ZkkZg`^f^gml' Cl. 5.1.3(1) & NA
N :gZerl^lmkn\mnk^mhh[mZbg\kbmb\Zefhf^gmlZg]la^Zk Cl. 5.4, 5.5, 5.6
_hk\^l'
N =^lb`g_e^qnkZek^bg_hk\^f^gm' Cl. 6.1
N <a^\d]^_e^\mbhg' Cl. 7.4
N <a^\dla^Zk\ZiZ\bmr' Cl. 6.2
N Hma^k]^lb`g\a^\dl3
<a^\dfbgbfnfk^bg_hk\^f^gm Cl. 9.3.1.1(1), 9.2.1.1(1)
<a^\d\kZ\dbg`!lbs^hkliZ\bg`h_[Zkl" Cl. 7.3, Tables 7.2N & 7.3N
<a^\d^__^\mlh_iZkmbZeËqbmr Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
<a^\dl^\hg]Zkrk^bg_hk\^f^gm' Cl. 9.3.1.1(2), 9.3.1.4(1)
N <a^\d\nkmZbef^gm' Cl. 9.3.1.1(4), 9.2.1.3, Fig. 9.2
N <a^\dZg\ahkZ`^' Cl. 9.3.1.2, 8.4.4, 9.3.1.1(4)
Cl. 9.2.1.5(1), 9.2.1.5(2)
N <a^\deZil' Cl. 8.7.3
35
3.1 Simply supported one-way slab
Mabl\Ze\neZmbhgblbgm^g]^]mhlahpZmrib\Ze[Zlb\aZg]\Ze\neZmbhg'
4800
3.1.1 Actions
kN/m2
Permanent:
Self-weight 0.175 × 25 = 4.4 EC1-1-1: Table A1
50 mm screed = 1.0
Finishes, services = 0.5
Total gk = 5.9
Variable:
Offices, general use B1 = 2.5 EC1-1-1: Tables
Movable partitions @ 2.0 kN/m = 0.8 6.1, 6.2 & NA
Total jk = 3.3 EC1-1-1: 6.3.12(8)
3.1.2 Cover
Nominal cover, cnom: Exp. (4.1)
cnom = cmin + Dcdev
where
cmin = max[cmin,b ; cmin,dur]
where Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
cmin,b = minimum cover due to bond = diameter of bar
Assume 12 mm main bars.
cmin,dur = minimum cover due to environmental conditions Table 4.1.
Assuming XCI and using C30/37 concrete, BS 8500-1:
cmin,dur = 15 mm Table A4.
Dcdev = allowance in design for deviation. Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
Assuming no measurement of cover,
Dcdev = 10 mm
= cnom = 15 + 10 = 25 mm
36
,'*3Lbfierlniihkm^]hg^&pZrleZ[
Fire:
Check adequacy of section for 1 hour fire resistance (i.e. REI 60). EC2-1-2:
Thickness, hs,min = 80 mm cf. 175 mm proposed = OK 4.1(1), 5.1(1)
Axis distance, amin = 20 mm cf. 25 + f/2 = 31 i.e. not critical = OK & Table 5.8
= choose cnom = 25 mm
3.1.6 Deflection
Check span-to-effective-depth ratio. Appendix B
Basic span-to-effective-depth ratio for r = 0.41% = 20 Table 7.4N & NA
As,prov/As,req = 645/599 = 1.08 Exp. (7.17)
Max. span = 20 × 1.08 × 144 = 3110 mm i.e. < 4800 mm = no good
Consider in more detail:
Allowable l/d = N × K × F1 × F2 × F3
where Cl. 7.4.2,
N = 25.6 (r = 0.41%, fck = 30 MPa) Appendix C7,
K = 1.0 (simply supported) Tables C10-C13
F1 = 1.0 (beff/bw = 1.0)
F2 = 1.0 (span < 7.0 m)
F3 = 310/ ss © 1.5
37
where‡
ss = ssu (As,reqq/As,prov) 1/d Cl. 7.4.2, Exp. (7.17)
where Table 7.4N, & NA
ssu { 242 MPa (From Figure C3 and Table NA.5:
gk/qk = 1.79, c2 = 0.3, gG = 1.25) Note 5
d = redistribution ratio = 1.0 Figure C3
= ss { 242 × 594/645 = 222
= F3 = 310/222 = 1.40 © 1.5 Figure C3
= Allowable l/
l d = 25.6 × 1.40 = 35.8
Actual l/
l d = 4800/144 = 33.3 = OK
Use H12 @ 175 B1 (645 mm2/m)
3.1.7 Shear
By inspection, OK
However, if considered critical:
V = 29.5 kN/m as before Cl. 6.2.1(8)
VEd = 29.5 – 0.14 × 12.3 = 27.8 kN/m
vEd = 27.8 × 103/144 × 103 = 0.19 MPa Cl. 6.2.2(1);
vRd,c = 0.53 MPa Table C6
= No shear reinforcement required
q
H12 @ 175
Figure 3.2 Simply
p supported
pp slab: summary
a) Minimum areas
Minimum area of reinforcement:
As,min = 0.26 (ffctm/ffyk) bt] ª 0.0013 btd Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
where
bt = width of tension zone Table 3.1
fctm = 0.30 × fck0.666
38
,'*3Lbfierlniihkm^]hg^&pZrleZ[
LeZ[l
Crack control:
OK by inspection. Table 7.2N & NA
Maximum spacing of bars:
< 3h < 400 mm OK Cl. 9.3.1.1.(3)
Secondary reinforcement:
20% As,reqq = 0.2 × 645 = 129 mm2/m
Use H10 @ 350 (224) B2
Cl. 9.3.1.1.(2)
Edges: effects of assuming partial fixity along edge
Top steel required = 0.25 × 594 = 149 mm2/m
Use H10 @ 350 (224) T2 B2 as U-bars Cl. 9.3.1.2.(2)
extending 960 mm into slab§
b) Curtailment
Curtailment main bars:
Curtail main bars 50 mm from or at face of support. SMDSC[9]:
Fig. 6.4;
How to[8]:
Detailing
At supports:
50% of As to be anchored from face of support. Cl. 9.3.1.2.(1)
Use H12 @ 350 B1 T1 U-bars
§A free unsupported edge is required to use ‘longitudinal and transverse Cl. 9.3.1.4.(1)
reinforcement’ generally using U-bars with legs at least 2h long. For slabs
150 mm deep or greater, SMDSC[9] standard detail recommends U-bars lapping
500 mm with bottom steel and extending 0.1ll top into span.
39
3.2 Continuous one-way solid slab
Mabl\Ze\neZmbhgblbgm^g]^]mhlahpbg]^mZbema^ikhoblbhglh_]^lb`gbg`ZleZ[mh>nkh\h]^+
nlbg`^ll^gmbZeerma^lZf^leZ[Zlnl^]bg>qZfie^,'*'
qk = 3.3 kN/m2
gk = 5.9 kN/m2
3.2.1 Actions
kN/m2
Permanent:
As Section 3.1.1 gk = 5.9
Variable:
As Section 3.1.1 jk = 3.3 EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.2(8)
3.2.2 Cover
Nominal cover, cnom:
As Section 3.1.2 cnom = 25 mm
40
,'+3<hgmbgnhnlhg^&pZrlheb]leZ[
LeZ[l
Bending moment:
End span MEd = 0.086 × 12.3 × 5.9752 = 37.8 kNm/m Cl. 5.1.1(7)
1st internal support MEd = 0.086 × 12.3 × 5.9752 = 37.8 kNm/m Table C2
Shear:
End support VEd = 0.40 × 12.3 × 5.975 = 29.4 kN/m
1st interior support VEd = 0.60 × 12.3 × 5.975 = 44.1 kN/m
41
3.2.6 Deflection: end span
Check end span-to-effective-depth ratio.
Allowable l/d
d = N × K × F1 × F2 × F3 Appendix B
where
N = basic effective depth to span ratio:
r = 0.44%
r0 = fck0.5 × 10−3 = 0.55% = use Exp. (7.16a) Cl. 7.4.2(2)
N = 11 + 1.5fck0.5
r0/rr+ 3.2fck0.5
r−
(r0/r 1)1.5 Exp. (7.16a)
= 11 + 1.5 × 300.5 × 0.55/0.44 + 3.2 × 300.5 (0.55/0.44 – 1)1.5
= 11.0 + 10.3 + 2.2 = 23.5
K = structural system factor Cl. 7.4.2
= 1.3 (end span of continuous slab)
F1 = flanged section factor Cl. 7.4.2
= 1.0 (beff/bw = 1.0)
F2 = factor for long spans associated with brittle partitions Cl. 7.4.2
= 1.0 (span < 7.0 m)
F3 = 310/ ss ≤ 1.5 Cl. 7.4.2, Exp. (7.17)
Table 7.4N & NA,
Table NA.5:
Note 5
where‡
ss = (ffyk/ gS) (As,reqq/As,prov) (SLS loads/ULS loads (1/d) Exp. (7.17)
= fyd × (As,reqq/As,prov) × (gk + c2 qk)/(g
gGgk + gQqk) (1/d) EC0: A1.2.2
Table C14
= (500/1.15) × (639/645) × [(5.9 + 0.3 × 3.3)/12.3] × 1.08§
= 434.8 × 0.99 × 0.56 × 1.08 = 260 MPa
F3 = 310/260 = 1.19
Note: As,prov/As,req ≤ 1.50 Table 7.4N & NA,
Table NA.5:
Note 5
Allowable l/d
d = N × K × F1 × F2 × F3
= 23.5 × 1.3 × 1.0 × 1.19
= 36.4
Max. span = 36.4 × 144 = 5675 mm, i.e. < 5795 mm = No good
Try increasing reinforcement to H12 @ 150 B1 (754 mm2/m)
42
,'+3<hgmbgnhnlhg^&pZrlheb]leZ[
LeZ[l
F3 = 310/233 = 1.33
Allowable l/d
d = N × K × F1 × F2 × F3
= 35.8 × 1.5 × 1.0 × 1.33
= 71.4
Max. span = 71.4 × 144 = 10280 mm i.e. > 5795 mm OK
Use H12 @ 225 B1 (502 mm2/m) in internal spans
p
3.2.8 Shear
Design shear force, VEd:
At d from face of end support,
VEd= 29.4 – (0.144 + 0.0875) × 12.3 = 26.6 kN/m Cl. 6.2.1(8)
At d from face of 1st interior support,
VEd = 44.1 − (0.144 + 0.0875) × 12.3 = 41.3 kN/m
43
where
k = 1 + (200/d)0.5 ≤ 2.0 as d < 200 mm
k = 2.0
rl = Asl/bd
Assuming 50% curtailment (at end support)
= 50% × 754/(144 × 1000) = 0.26%
VRd,c = (0.18/1.5) × 2.0 × (100 × 0.26/100 × 30)0.33 × 1000 × 144
= 0.12 × 2 × 1.97 × 1000 × 144
= 0.47 × 1000 × 144 = 68.1 kN/m
But VRd,cmin = 0.035k1.5fck0.5 bwd
where
k = 1 + (200/d)0.5 ≤ 2.0; as before k = 2.0
VRd,cmin = 0.035 × 21.5 × 300.5 × 1000 × 144
= 0.54 × 1000 × 144 = 77.6 kN/m
= VRd,c = 77.6 kN/m
= OK, no shear reinforcement required at end or 1st internal
supports
= H12 @ 150 B1 & H12 @ 175 T1 OK
Commentary
It is usually presumed that the detailer would take the design
summarised above together with the general arrangement illustrated
in Figure 3.3 and detail the slab to normal best practice. The
detailer’s responsibilities, standards and timescales should be clearly
defined but it would be usual for the detailer to draw and schedule
not only the designed reinforcement but all the reinforcement
required to provide a compliant and buildable solution. The work
would usually include checking the following aspects and providing
appropriate detailing :
t Minimum areas
t Curtailment lengths
t Anchorages
44
,'+3<hgmbgnhnlhg^&pZrlheb]leZ[
LeZ[l
t Laps
t U-bars
t Rationalisation
t Critical dimensions
t Details and sections
45
Curtail 0.2 × 5975 = 1195 mm, say 1200 mm measured from face Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
of support‡.
46
,'+3<hgmbgnhnlhg^&pZrlheb]leZ[
A B
a) Load arrangement
r
A B
X
MEd,max
A B
lbd
987 MEdx /z
c) Tensile
T force in bottom reinforcement
50%
50%
A
B
987
633 (say 500)
(say 850)
47
Assuming X = xl
0.043nl2 = 0.4nlxll – nxx2l2/2
0.043 = 0.4xx – x2/2
0 = 0.043 – 0.4xx + x2/2
x = 0.128 or 0.672, say 0.13 and 0.66
= at end support 50% moment occurs at 0.13 x span
0.13 × 5975 = 777 mm
Shift rule: for slabs, al may be taken as d (= 144 mm), Cl. 9.2.1.3(2),
= curtail to 50% of required reinforcement at 777 – 144 6.2.2(5)
= 633 mm from centreline of support.
Say 500 mm from face of support
pp A
= in end span at 1st internal support 50% moment occurs at 0.66
× span
0.66 × 5975 = 3944 mm
Shift rule: for slabs al may be taken as d (= 144 mm), Cl. 9.2.1.3(2),
= curtail to 50% of required reinforcement at 3944 + 144 6.2.2(5)
= 4088 mm from support A
or 5975 – 4088 = 987 mm from centreline of support B.
Say 850 mm from face of support
pp B
ii) 1st interior support, top reinforcement Cl. 9.3.1.2(1)
Presuming 50% curtailment of reinforcement is required this may Note, 9.2.1.3(2)
take place al from where the moment of resistance of the section
with the remaining 50% would be adequate. However, it is usual to
determine the curtailment distance as being al from where MEd =
MEd,max/2.
Thus, for the 1st interior support supporting a UDL of n,
MEd,maxTT = 0.086nl 2; RB = 0.6nl
At distance Y from end support, moment,
MEd@Y Y = MEd,maxTT – RAY + nY 2/2
= when M@Y Y = MEd,maxT /2
0.086nl 2/2 = 0.086nl 2 – 0.6nlY Y + nY 2/2
Assuming Y = yl
0.043nl 2 = 0.086nl 2 – 0.6nlyll + ny 2l 2/2
0 = 0.043 − 0.6yy + y 2/2
y = 0.077 (or 1.122), say 0.08
= at end support 50% moment occurs at 0.08 × span
0.08 × 5975 = 478 mm
Shift rule: for slabs, al may be taken as d 144 mm Cl. 9.2.1.3(2),
= curtail to 50% of required reinforcement at 478 + 144 6.2.2(5)
= 622 mm from centreline of support.
50% of reinforcement may be curtailed at, say,
600 mm from either face of support
pp B
48
,'+3<hgmbgnhnlhg^&pZrlheb]leZ[
Assuming Y = yl
0 = 0.086 – 0.6y + y2/2
y = 0.166 (or 1.034), say 0.17
= at end support 50% moment occurs at 0.17 × span
0.17 × 5975 = 1016 mm
Shift rule: for slabs, al may be taken as d
= curtail to 100% of required reinforcement at 1016 + 144
= 1160 mm from centreline of support.
100% of reinforcement may be curtailed at, say,
1100 mm from either face of support B.
iii) Support B bottom steel at support
At the support 25% of span steel required Cl. 9.3.1.1(4),
9.2.1.5(1),
9.2.1.4(1)
0.25 × 639 = 160 mm2
As,min as before = 216 mm2/m Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
For convenience use H12 @ 300 B1 (376 mm2/m)
49
fbd = ultimate bond stress
= 2.25 n1 n2 fct,d Cl. 8.4.2(2)
where
n1 = 1.0 for ‘good’ bond conditions and 0.7 for all other
conditions = 1.0
n2 = 1.0 for bar diameter ≤ 32 mm
fct,d = design tensile strength Cl. 3.1.6(2) &
= act fct,k/ gC. For fck = 30 MPa NA, Tables 3.1
= 1.0 × 2.0/1.5 = 1.33 MPa & 2.1N
=f[] = 2.25 × 1.33 = 3.0 MPa
lb,rqd = (12/4) (81.5/1.33) = 183 mm
lb,min = max(10d, 100 mm) = 120 mm Exp. (8.6)
lbd = 183 mm measured from face of support Fig. 9.3
By inspection, using U-bars, OK
d) Laps
Lap H12 @ 300 U-bars with H12 @ 150 straights.
Tension lap, l0 = a1 a2 a3 a5 a6 lb,rqd a l0min Exp. (8.10)
where
a1 = 1.0 (straight bars) Table 8.2
a2 = 1 − 0.15 (cd − f)/f
where
cd = min(pitch, side cover or cover) Fig. 8.4
= 25 mm
f = bar diameter
= 12 mm
a2 = 0.84 Table 8.2
a3 = 1.0 (no confinement by reinforcement)
a5 = 1.0 (no confinement by pressure)
a6 = 1.5 Table 8.3
lb,rqd = (f/4) ssd/fbd Exp. (8.3)
where
ssd = the design stress at ULS at the position from
where the anchorage is measured.
Assuming lap starts 500 mm from face of
support (587.5 mm from centreline of support):
MEd = 29.5 × 0.59 − 12.3 × 0.592/2
= 15.2 kNm
ssd = MEd /(Asz)
= 15.2 × 106/(376 × 144/0.95) = 267 MPa
fbd = ultimate bond stress Cl. 8.4.2(2)
= 2.25 n1 n2 fct,d
50
,'+3<hgmbgnhnlhg^&pZrlheb]leZ[
where
n1 = 1.0 for ‘good’ conditions
n2 = 1.0 for f < 32 mm
fct,d = act fct,k/gC
where
act = 1.0 Cl. 3.1.6 (2) & NA
fct,k = 2.0 Table 3.1
gC = 1.5 Table 2.1N & NA
=f[] = 2.25 × 2.0/1.5 = 3.0 MPa
lb,rqd = (f/4) ssd/fbd
= (12/4) × (267/3) = 267 mm
l0min b = max[0.3 a6 lb,rqd; 15f/ 200 mm] Exp. 8.6
= max[0.3 × 1.5 × 229; 15 × 12; 200]
= max[124; 180; 200] = 200 mm
= l0 = a1 a2 a3 a5 a6 lb,rqd ≥ l0min
= 1.0 × 0.84 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.5 × 329 ≥ 200 = 414 mm
But good practice suggests minimum lap of max[tension lap; 500]
= lap with bottom reinforcement = 500 mm starting 500 from SMDSC[9]: MS2
face of support.
200
1200 500 600 600 500
H12 U-bars @ 300 H12 @ 175 T1
1200
51
3.3 Continuous ribbed slab
Ikhc^\m]^mZbel <Ze\neZm^][r chg Ch[gh' CCIP – 041
Continuous ribbed slab <a^\d^][r web La^^mgh' 1
<eb^gm TCC =Zm^ Oct 09
gk = 4.17 kN/m2
gk = 4.3 kN/m2
qk = 5.0 kN/m2
A B C D
7500 9000 7500
550 1000 1000 1000 1000 550
52
,',3<hgmbgnhnlkb[[^]leZ[
In line with good practice analysis, this example is carried out using
centreline of support to centreline of support and patch loads‡.
Constant stiffness along the length of the slab has been assumed.
CL CL
A
100
300
A
200 550 1000 200
3.3.1 Actions
Permanent: UDL kN/m2
Self-weight: kN/m2
Rib 0.15 × 0.2 × 25/0.9 = 0.833
Slope 2 × (1/2) × 0.2/10 × 0.2 × 25/0.9 = 0.112
Slab 0.1 × 2.5 = 2.500
Cross rib 0.19 × 0.71 × 0.2 × 25/(0.9 × 7.5) = 0.100
Total self-weight = 3.545 ≈ 3.55
Ceiling = 0.15
Services = 0.30
Raised floor = 0.30
Total permanent actions gk = 4.30
‡ In this case, assuming the patch load analysis is accurate, taking the weight
of solid area to be spread over the whole span would overestimate span and
support moments by 6–8% and shears at the solid/rib interface by 8–9%.
Ignoring the weight of the solid area in the analysis of this ribbed slab would
lead to underestimates of span moments by 1%, support moments by 3% and
no difference in the estimation of shear at the solid shear interface. The latter
may be the preferred option.
53
Permanent: patch load
Extra over solid in beam area as patch load
(0.2 × 25 – 0.833) = 4.167 gk ≈ 4.17
Variable
Imposed = 4.00*
Allowance for partitions = 1.00*
Total variable action gk = 5.00
3.3.2 Cover
Nominal cover, cnom:
cnom = cmin + Dcdev Exp. (4.1)
where
cmin = max(cmin,b ; cmin,dur)
where
cmin,b = minimum cover due to bond Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
= diameter of bar.
Assume 20 mm main bars and 8 mm links
cmin,dur = minimum cover due to environmental conditions.
Assuming XC1 and C30/37 concrete, cmin,durr = 15 mm Table 4.1.
BS 8500-1:
Table A4
Dcdev = allowance in design for deviation. Assuming no
measurement of cover Dcdev = 10 mm Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
= cnom = 20 + 10 to main bars or
= 15 + 10 to links = critical
Fire: EC2-1-2: 5.7.5(1)
Check adequacy of section for REI 60.
Minimum slab thickness, hs = 80 mm OK EC2-1-2: Table 5.8
Axis distance required
Minimum rib width bmin = 120 mm with a = 25 mm EC2-1-2: Table 5.6
or bmin = 200 mm with a = 12 mm
= at 150 mm wide (min.) a = 20 mm
By inspection, not critical.
Use 25 mm nominal cover to links
*Client requirements. See also BS EN 1991–1–1, Tables 6.1, 6.2, Cl. 6.3.2.1(8) & NA.
54
,',3<hgmbgnhnlkb[[^]leZ[
Arrangement:
Choose to use all-and-alternate-spans-loaded. Cl. 5.1.3(1) & NA
option b
3.3.4 Analysis
Analysis by computer, includes 15% redistribution at support and EC0: A1.2.2
none in the span.§ & NA, 5.3.1 (6)
80
60
40
20
0
–20 A B C D
–40
–60
–80 – 65.3 kNm/m – 61.1 kNm/m – 65.3 kNm/m
a) Elastic moments
100
77.1 kNm/m 77.1 kNm/m
80
60
40
20
0
–20 A B C D
–40
–60
–80 –61.7 kNm/m –55.9 kNm/m –61.7 kNm/m
b) Redistributed envelope
rib spacing ≤ 1500 mm, depth of the rib ≤ 4 × its width, the flange is > 0.1 ×
distance between ribs and transverse ribs are provided at a clear spacing not
exceeding 10 × overall depth of the slab.
Note 2: As 7.5 m < 85% of 9.0 m, coefficients presented in Concise Eurocode 2[5]
are not applicable.
55
80
42.5 kN/m 63.2 kN/m 63.5 kN/m
40
0
A B C D
– 40
At solid/rib interface:
AB @ 550 mm from A
MEd (sagging) = 20.4 kNm/m z 18.3 kNm/rib
VEd = 32.5 kN/m z 29.3 kN/rib
BA @1000 mm from B
MEd (hogging) = 47.1 kNm/m z 42.4 kNm/rib
VEd = 45.4 kN/m z 40.9 kN/rib
BC @ 1000 mm from B
MEd (hogging) = 43.0 kNm/m z 38.7 kNm/rib
VEd = 45.1 kN/m z 40.6 kN/rib
Symmetrical about centreline of BC.
56
,',3<hgmbgnhnlkb[[^]leZ[
57
where‡
ss = (fyk/gS) (As,req/As,prov) (SLS loads/ULS loads) (1/d)
= 434.8(523/628) [ (4.30 + 0.3 × 5.0)/13.38]
(65.3/61.7§)
= 434.8 × 0.83 × 0.43 × 1.06
= 164 MPa
F3 = 310/ss
= 310/164 = 1.89# but ≤ 1.5, therefore say 1.50
= Permissible l/d = 22.8 × 1.3 × 0.8 × 0.93 × 1.50 = 33.0
Actual l/d = 7500/257 = 29.2 = OK
Use 2 no. H20/rib (628 mm2/rib)
58
,',3<hgmbgnhnlkb[[^]leZ[
25 cover
12 fabric
8 link
16 bar
16 bar
20 bar 25 bar
8 link 8 link
25 cover 25 cover
59
e) Support B (and C): flexure (hogging) at solid/rib interface
Reinforcement at solid/rib interface needs to be designed for both Cl. 9.2.1.3.(2)
moment and for additional tensile force due to shear (shift rule).
MEd,max = 42.4 kNm/rib max.
VEd,max = 40.9 kNm/rib max.
As = MEd/fydz + DFtd/fyd Cl. 9.2.1.3.(2)
where
z = (245/2) [1 + (1 − 3.53 K)0.5] ≤ 0·95d
where
K = MEd/bd2fck
= 42.4 × 106/(150 × 2452 × 35)
= 0.135
Check K ≤ K'
K' = 0.168 for d = 0.85 (i.e. 15% redistribution) Appendix C,
= Section under-reinforced: no compression reinforcement required Table C4
Appendix A
= z = (245/2) (1 + 0.723) ≤ 232 = 211 mm
fyd = 434.8 MPa
DFtd = 0.5VEd (cot y – cot a) Cl. 6.2.3(7),
Exp. (6.18)
where
y = angle between the concrete compression strut and the Cl. 6.2.3(1)
beam axis. Assume cot y = 2.5 (as a maximum) Appendix A2;
a = angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis. For Table C6
vertical links, cot a = 0 Cl. 6.2.3(1)
DFtd = 1.25VEd = 1.25 × 40.9 = 51.1 kN
As = 42.4 × 106/(434.8 × 211) + 51.1 × 103/434.8
= 462 + 117 mm2 = 579 mm2/rib
To be spread over beff where by inspection, beff = 900. Cl. 9.2.1.2(2)
=Centre of support more critical (679 mm2/rib required). Cl. 5.3.2.1(3)
Top steel may be spread across beff where Cl. 9.2.1.2(2),
beff = bw + beff1 + beff2 ≤ b 5.3.2
= bw + 2 × 0.1 × 0.15 × (l1 + l2)
= 150 + 0.03 × (7500 + 9000) ≤ 900
= 645 mm
= Use 2 no. H16 above rib and 3 no. H12 between (741 mm2/rib)
where 2 no. H16 and 2 no. H12 are within beff
60
,',3<hgmbgnhnlkb[[^]leZ[
K = MEd/bd2fck
= 50.3 × 106/900 × 2572 × 35
= 0.02 i.e. ≤ K’ (as before K’ = 0.168)
By inspection,
z = 0.95d = 0.95 × 257 = 244 mm
By inspection, neutral axis is in flange.
As = MEd/fydz
= 50.3 × 106/434.8 × 244 = 474 mm2
Try 2 no. H20/rib (628 mm2/rib)
b) Span B–C: Deflection
Allowable l/d = N × K × F1 × F2 × F3 Section C7
where
N = Basic l/d Cl. 7.4.2(2)
r = 474/(159 (× 257 + (900 − 159) × 100)
= 474/114963
= 0.41%
r0 = 0.59% (for fck = 30)
= r < r0 use Exp. (7.16a)
N = 11 + 1.5 fck0.5 r0/r + 3.2fck0.5 (r0/r – 1)1.5 Exp. (7.16a)
= 11 + 1.5 × 350.5 × 0.055/0.041 + 3.2 × 350.5 (0.055/0.041 − 1)1.5
= 11 + 11.9 + 3.8 = 26.7
K = (internal span) 1.5 Table 7.4N, &
F1 = (beff/bw = 6.0) 0.8 NA, Table NA.5:
Note 5
F2 = 7.0/leff = 7.0/9.0 = (span > 7.0 m) 0.77 Cl. 7.4.2(2)
F3 = 310/sS ≤ 1.5 Cl. 7.4.2,
where Exp. (7.17)
ss = (fyk /gS) (As,req/As,prov) (SLS loads/ULS loads) (1/d) & NA: Table NA.5
= 434.8 × (474/628) [(4.30 + 0.3 × 5.0)/13.38](61.1/55.9)
= 434.8 × 0.75 × 0.43 × 1.09
= 153 MPa
F3 = 310/ ss
= 310/153 = 2.03 therefore, say = 1.50‡ NA, Table NA.5:
Note 5
= Permissible l/d = 26.8 × 1.5 × 0.8 × 0.77 × 1.50 = 37.1
Actual l/d = 9000/257 = 35 = OK
=Use 2 H20/rib (628 mm2/rib)
‡ Both A
s,prov/As,req and any adjustment to N obtained from Exp. (7.16a) or
Exp. (7.16b) is restricted to 1.5 by Note 5 to Table NA.5 in the UK NA.
61
3.3.7 Design for shear
CL CL
10
1
b = 150
rl = Asl/bwd
where
Asl = assume only 1 H20 anchored = 314 mm2
bw = min. width between tension and compression chords.
At bottom assuming 1/10 slope to rib:
= 150 + 2 × (25 + 8 + 20/2)/10
= 159 mm
d = 257 mm as before
rl = 314/(159 × 257) = 0.0077
fck = 35
=VRd,c = (0.18/1.5) 1.88 (100 × 0.0077 × 35)0.333 × 159 × 257
= 0.68 × 159 × 257 = 27.8 kN/rib
= No shear links required. Cl. 6.2.1(5)
But use nominal links to allow prefabrication.
b) Support B (and C) at solid/rib interface
Shear at solid/rib interface = 40.9 kN/rib [max(BA; BC)]
At d from face of support Cl. 6.2.1(8)
VEd = 40.9 − 0.245 × 13.38 × 0.9 = 37.9 kN/rib
62
,',3<hgmbgnhnlkb[[^]leZ[
Resistance:
VRd,c = (0.18/ gC)k (100 rl fck)0.333 bwd Cl. 6.2.2(1) & NA
where
gC = 1.5
k = 1 + (200/d)0.5 ≤ 2
= 1 + (200/245)0.5
= 1.90
rl = Asl/bwd
where
Asl = 2 H16 = 402 mm2
bw = 159 mm as before
d = 245 mm as before
rl = 0.0103
fck = 35 MPa
= VRd,c = (0.18/1.5) 1.9 (100 × 0.0103 × 35)0.333 × 159 × 245
= 0.75 × 159 × 245 = 29.2 kN/rib
= Shear links required.
Shear links required for a distance:
(37.9 − 29.2)/(13.38 × 0.9) + 245 = 722 + 245 = 967 mm
from interface.
Check shear capacity:
VRd,max = acw bw zvfcd/(cot y + tan y) Exp. (6.9) & NA
where
acw = 1.0
bw = 159 mm as before
z = 0.9d
v = 0.6 (1 − fck/250) = 0.528
fcd = 35/1.5 = 23.3 MPa
y = angle of inclination of strut.
Rearranging formula above:
(cot y + tan y) = acwbwzvfcd/VEd
= (1.0 × 159 × 0.9 × 245 × 0.528 × 23.3)
41.6 × 103
= 10.4
By inspection, cot−1y << 21.8. But cot y restricted to 2.5 and Cl. 6.2.3(2) & NA
= tan y = 0.4.
VRd,max = 1.0 × 159 × 0.9 × 245 × 0.528 × 20/(2.5 + 0.4) = 127.6 kN
= OK
63
Shear links: shear resistance with links
VRd,s = (Asw/s) z fywd cot y ≤ VRd,max Exp. (6.8)
where
Asw/s = area of legs of links/link spacing
z = 0.9d as before
fywd = 500/1.15 = 434.8
cot y = 2.5 as before
= for VEd ≤ VRd,s
Asw/s ≥ VEd/z fywd cot y
≥ 37.9 × 103/(0.9 × 245 × 434.8 × 2.5) ≥ 0.158
Maximum spacing of links = 0.75d = 183 mm Cl. 9.2.2(6)
= Use H8 @ 175 cc in 2 legs (Asw /s = 0.57) for min. 967 mm into rib
64
,',3<hgmbgnhnlkb[[^]leZ[
H8 links in 2 legs
@ 175cc
2H20/rib 2H20/rib 2H20/rib
A B C D
550 1050 1000 1000 1050 1050 1000 1000 1050 550
7500 9000 7500
fck = 35 MPa
cnom = 25 mm
Commentary
It is usually presumed that the detailer would take the above
design and detail the slab to normal best practice. As stated
in Section 3.2.9, the detailer’s responsibilities, standards and
timescales should be clearly defined but it would be usual for the
detailer to draw and schedule not only the designed reinforcement
but all the reinforcement required to provide a buildable solution.
The work would usually include checking the following aspects and
providing appropriate detailing:
t Minimum areas
t Curtailment lengths
t Anchorages
t Laps
t U-bars
t Rationalisation
t Details and sections
65
where Cl. 9.2.1.1,
bt = width of tension zone Exp. (9.1N)
fctm = 0.30 × fck0.666 Table 3.1
As,min = 0.26 × 0.30 × 350.666 × 1000 × 100/500 = 166 mm2/m
(r = 0.17%)
= Use A142 in flange (say OK) BS 8666[19]
ii) Secondary reinforcement
Not applicable.
iii) Maximum spacing of bars
Maximum spacing of bars < 3 h < 400 mm
By inspection. OK Cl. 9.3.1.1.(3)
iv) Crack control
Loading is the main cause of cracking = use Table 7.2N or Table 7.3N for Cl. 7.3.3(2)
wmax = 0.3 mm and max. ss = 200 MPa (see deflection check) Cl. 7.3.1.5
Max. bar size = 25 mm Table 7.2N
or max. spacing = 250 mm Table 7.3N
OK by inspection
v) Effects of partial fixity
Assuming partial fixity exists at end supports, 15% of As is required Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
to extend 0.2 × the length of the adjacent span.
As,req = 15% × 525 = 79 mm2/rib
For the rib in tension:
As,min = 0.26 × 0.30 × 300.666 × 159 × 257/500 = 55 mm2/rib
b) Curtailment
Wherever possible simplified methods of curtailing reinforcement
would be used. The following is intended to show how a rigorous
assessment of curtailment of reinforcement might be undertaken.
i) End support A: bottom steel at support Cl. 9.3.1.1(4),
Check anchorage. 9.3.1.2(1) &
As simply supported, 25% of As should be anchored in support. Note,
25% × 595 = 148 mm2 Cl. 9.2.1.4(1)
Use 1 no. H20/rib (314 mm2/rib) & NA
ii) Check anchorage length
Envelope of tensile force: Cl. 9.3.1.1(4),
To resist envelope of tensile force, provide reinforcement to al or lbd 9.2.1.3(1),
beyond centreline of support. Cl. 9.2.1.3(2),
For members without shear reinforcement, al = d = 232 9.2.1.3(3), Fig. 9.2
By inspection, ssd = 0, lbd = lbd,min = max(10f, 100 mm) Cl. 9.2.1.3
iii) Indirect support
Cl. 9.3.1.1(4),
As anchorage may be measured from face of indirect support, check 9.2.1.4(2),
force to be resisted at solid/rib interface: 9.2.1.4(3),
Fs = MEd/z + FE Fig. 9.3b
66
,',3<hgmbgnhnlkb[[^]leZ[
where
MEd = 18.3 kNm/rib
z = 220 as before Exp. (9.3)
FE = VEd × al/z
where Cl. 9.2.1.3,
VEd = 29.3 kN/rib Exp. (9.2)
al = z cot y/2
= FE = VEd cot y/2
= 29.3 × 1.25 = 36.6 kN/rib
Fs = 18.6 × 106/(220 × 103) + 36.6 = 121.1 kN
iv) Anchorage length:
lbd = alb,rqd ≥ lb,min Cl. 8.4.4,
where Exp. (8.4)
a = conservatively 1.0
lb,rqd = (f/4) (ssd/fbd) Exp. (8.3)
where
f = 20
ssd = design stress in the bar at the ULS
= 121.1 × 1000/314 = 385 MPa
fbd = ultimate bond stress
= 2.25 n1 n1 fct,d Cl. 8.4.2(2)
where
n1 = 1.0 for good bond conditions
n2 = 1.0 for bar diameter ≤ 32 mm
fct,d = act fct,k/gC Cl. 3.1.6(2),
= 1.0 × 2.2/1.5 Tables 3.1,
= 1.47 MPa 2.1 & NA
fbd = 2.25 × 1.47 = 3.31 MPa
= lb,rqd = (20/4) (385/3.31) = 581 mm Fig. 9.3
lb,min = max[10f; 100 mm] = 200 mm
= lbd = 581 mm measured from solid/rib intersection.
i.e. 31 mm beyond centreline of support‡.
v) End support A: top steel
Assuming partial fixity exists at end supports, 15% of As is required Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
to extend at least 0.2 × the length of the adjacent span§.
As,req = 15% × 525 = 79 mm2/rib
As,min = 0.26 × 0.30 × 350.666 × 159 × 257/500 = 68 mm2/rib Cl. 9.3.1.1
Cl. 9.2.1.1(1),
Use 2 no. H12 T1/rib in rib and 2 no. H10 T1/rib between ribs Exp. (9.1N)
(383 mm2/rib)
‡ Whilst this would comply with the requirements of Eurocode 2, it is common practice
to take bottom bars 0.5 × a tension lap beyond the centreline of support
(= 250 mm beyond the centreline of support; see model detail MS1 in SMDSC[9]).
§ It is usual to curtail 50% of the required reinforcement at 0.2l and to curtail the
remaining 50% at 0.3l or line of zero moment (see model detail MS2 in SMDSC[9]).
67
vi) Support B (and C): top steel
At the centreline of support (2 no. H16 T + 3 no. H12 T)/rib are
required. The intention is to curtail in two stages, firstly to 2 no.
H16 T/rib then to 2 no. H12 T/rib.
This reinforcement may be anchored into indirect support or carried Fig. 9.4
through.
68
,',3<hgmbgnhnlkb[[^]leZ[
2H16 + 3H12
per rib
a1 = 264 MEd = 77.1 x 0.9 = 60.4 kNm/rib
‘Shift’ moment
MR = As(fyk/gS)z
2H16/rib
lbd MEd
A B C
264 1310 1180 264
2250 2575
264 264
a) Design moments and moment resistance
2H16
1600 1600
2600 2850
b) Curtailment of reinforcement
p p
69
l0,min = max. 10f or 100 = 200 Exp. (8.6)
l0 = 1.0 × 1.5 × (20/4) × 434.8/3.0
= 1087 mm, say = 1200 mm SMDSC[9]
At BA and BC, check lap 2 no. H12 T to 2 no. H16 T in rib – full tension lap:
l0 = a1 a6 lb,rqd > l0,min Exp. (8.10)
where
a1 = 0.7 (cd = 45 mm, i.e. > 3f) Table 8.2
a6 = 1.5 (as > 50% being lapped)
lb,rqd = (f/4) (ssd/fbd)
where
f = 20
ssd = 434.8
fbd = 2.1 (3.0 MPa as before but n1 = 0.7 for “not good bond Cl. 8.4.2
conditions”)
l0,min = max. 10f or 100 = 120
l0 = 0.7 × 1.5 × (12/4) × 434.8/2.1
= 651 mm, say = 700 mm SMDSC[9]
But to aid prefabrication take to solid/rib intersection 1000 mm
from centre of support.
At BA and BC, check lap 1 no. H16 B to 2 no. H20 B in rib:
By inspection, nominal say, 500 mm SMDSC[9]
d) RC detail of ribbed slab
Links not shown for clarity. Cover 25 mm to links.
2H12 2H12 + 2H1O 2H16 3H12 2H12 2H12 3H12 2H16 2H16 3H12 2H12
150 550 1200 500 1000 1000 500 500 1000 1000
7500 9000
70
,',3<hgmbgnhnlkb[[^]leZ[
The slab is for an office where the specified load is 1.0 kN/m2 for
finishes and 4.0 kN/m2 imposed (no partitions). Perimeter load is
assumed to be 10 kN/m. Concrete is C30/37. The slab is 300 mm
thick and columns are 400 mm square. The floor slabs are at 4.50 m
vertical centres. A 2 hour fire rating is required.
A B Bb C
4.0 4.0 4.0 6.0 D
1 E
200 x 200
hole
8.0
2 9.6
3 8.6
200 x 200
hole
3.4.1 Actions
kN/m2
Permanent: EC1-1-1:
Self-weight 0.30 × 25 = 7.5 Table A1
Finishes = 1.0
Total gk = 8.5
Variable:
Offices jk = 4.0‡
‡ Client requirement. See also BS EN 1991–1–1, Tables 6.1, 6.2, Cl. 6.3.2.1(8) & NA.
71
3.4.2 Cover
cnom:
cnom = cmin + Dcdev Exp. (4.1)
where
cmin = max[cmin,b ; cmin,dur; 10 mm] Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
where
cmin,b = 20 mm, assuming 20 mm diameter reinforcement
cmin,dur = 15 mm for XC1 and using C30/37 Table 4.1.
BS 8500-1:
Dcdev = 10 mm
Table A4.
Fire:
For 2 hours resistance, amin = 35 mm = not critical EC2-1-2:
= cnom = 20 + 10 = 30 mm Table 5.9
1 2 3
9600 8600
72
,'-3?eZmleZ[
As two span, use table applicable to beams and slabs noting Table C3
increased coefficients for central support moment and shear.
Design moments in bay.
Spans:
MEd = (1.25 × 8.5 × 0.090 + 1.5 × 4.0 × 0.100)× 6.0 × 9.52 = 842.7 kNm
Support:
MEd = 16.6 × 0.106 × 6.0 × 9.52 = 952.8 kNm
C D
6000
1
1500 Column
strip
Middle
strip
1500
2 Column
1500 strip
73
Punching shear force, VEd:
At C2,
VEd = 16.6 × 6.0 × 9.6‡ × 0.63 × 2 = 1204.8 kN Table C3
At C1 (and C3)
VEd = 16.6 × 6.0 × 9.6 × 0.45 + (10 + 0.2 × 0.3 × 25)§ × 1.25 × 6.0 Table C3
= 516.5 kN
74
,'-3?eZmleZ[
75
iii) In middle strip Use H16 @ 200 T1 (1005 mm2/m)
The reinforcement should extend 0.2h from edge = 600 mm Cl. 9.3.1.4(2)
76
,'-3?eZmleZ[
Actions:
Permanent from slab gk = 5 × 8.5 kN/m2 = 42.5 kN/m
Variable from slab qk = 5 × 4.0 kN/m2 = 20.0 kN/m
Permanent perimeter load gk = 10.0 kN/m
Cl. 5.1.3(1) &
Load combination and arrangement: NA: Table NA.1
As before, choose to use all-spans-loaded case and coefficients (option c)
Ultimate load, n:
By inspection, Exp. (6.10b) is critical. Fig. 2.5
n = 1.25 × (42.5 +10) + 1.5 × 20 = 95.6 kN/m EC0: Exp. (6.10b)
Perimeter load, 10 × 1.25 = 12.5 kN/m
Effective span, leff
Effective span = 6000 – 2 × 400/2 + 2 × 300/2 = 5900 Cl. 5.3.2.2(1)
77
Punching shear force, VEd
For internal supports, as before = 516.5 kN
For penultimate support, 516.5 × 1.18 = 609.5 kN Table C3
78
,'-3?eZmleZ[
f) Requirements
There is a requirement to place 50% of At within a width equal to 0.125 Cl. 9.4.1(2)
of the panel width on either side of the column. As this column strip is
adjacent to the edge of the slab, consider one side only:
Area required = (1.5 × 1357 + 3.3 × 190)/2 mm2
= 1334 mm2
Within = 0.125 × 6.0 m = 750 mm of the column centreline,
i.e. require 1334/0.75 = 1779 mm2/m for 750 mm from the column
centreline.
‡ The hogging moment could have been considered at face of support to reduce
the amount of reinforcement required. This should be balanced against the
effect of the presence of a 200 × 200 hole at some supports which would
have the effect of increasing K but not unduly increasing the total amount of
reinforcement required in the column strip (a 1.5% increase in total area would
been required).
79
Allowing for similar from centreline of column to edge of slab:
Use 6 no. H20 @ 175 T2(1794 mm2/m)
(r = 0.68%)
between edge and to 750 mm from centre of support
80
,'-3?eZmleZ[
‡ The hogging moment could have been considered at face of support to reduce
81
As = MEd/fydz = 18.5 × 106/(228 × 500/1.15) = 187 mm2/m
(r = 0.08%) Table C5
As before minimum area of reinforcement governs
As,min = 0.26 × 0.30 × 300.666 × 1000 × 240/500 = 361 mm2/m Cl. 9.3.1.1, 9.2.1.1
(r = 0.15%)
Try H12 @ 300 B2 (376 mm2/m)
e) Requirements
Regarding the requirement to place 50% of At within a width equal
to 0.125 of the panel width on either side of the column:
Area required = (3.0 × 1158 + 6.1 × 187)/2 mm2
= 2307 mm2
Within = 2 × 0.125 × 6.0 m = 1500 mm centred on the column
centreline,
i.e. require 2307/1.5 = 1538 mm2/m for 750 mm either side of the
column centreline.
Use H20 @ 200T2 (1570 mm2/m)
750 mm either side of centre of support
(r = 0.60%)
82
,'-3?eZmleZ[
where
v = 0.6(1 − fck/250) = 0.528
fcd = acclfck /gC = 1.0 × 1.0 × 30/1.5 = 20
= 0.5 × 0.528 × 20 = 5.28 MPa = OK Table C7 §
b) Check shear stress at control perimeter u1 (2d from face of column) Cl. 6.4.2
vEd = bVEd/u1d < vRd,c
where
b, VEd and d as before
u1 = control perimeter under consideration. Fig. 6.13
For punching shear at 2d from interior columns
u1 = 2(cx + cy) + 2Q × 2d = 4741 mm
vEd = 1.15 × 1204.8 × 103/4741 × 250 = 1.17 MPa
vRd,c = 0.18/ gC k (100 rlfck)0.333 Exp. (6.47) & NA
where
gC = 1.5
k = 1 + (200/d)0.5 ≤ 2 k = 1 + (200/250)0.5 = 1.89
rl = (rly rlz)0.5 = (0.0085 × 0.0048)0.5 = 0.0064 Cl. 6.4.4.1(1)
where
rer, rlz = Reinforcement ratio of bonded steel in the y and
z direction in a width of the column plus 3d each
side of column#
fck = 30
vRd,c = 0.18/1.5 × 1.89 × (100 × 0.0064 × 30)0.333 = 0.61 MPa
= Punching shear reinforcement required Table C5*
c) Perimeter at which punching shear links are no longer required Exp. (6.54)
uout = VEd × b/(d vRd,c)
uout = 1204.8 × 1.15 × 103/(250 × 0.61) = 9085 mm
Length of column faces = 4 × 400 = 1600 mm
Radius to uout = (9085 – 1600)/2Q = 1191 mm from face of column
Perimeters of shear reinforcement may stop 1191 – 1.5 × 250 = 816 m
from face of column Cl. 6.4.5(4) & NA
Shear reinforcement (assuming rectangular arrangement of links):
sr,max = 250 × 0.75 = 187, say = 175 mm Cl. 9.4.3(1)
83
Inside 2d control perimeter, st,max = 250 × 1.5 = 375, say 350 mm Cl. 9.4.3(2)
Outside control perimeter st,max = 250 × 2.0 = 500 mm
Assuming vertical reinforcement:
At the basic control perimeter, u1, 2d from the column‡:
Asw ≥ (vEd – 0.75vRd,c) sr u1/1.5fywd,ef) Exp. (6.52)
where
fywd,ef = effective design strength of reinforcement
= (250 + 0.25d) < fyd = 312 MPa Cl. 6.4.5(1)
For perimeter u1
Asw = (1.17 – 0.75 × 0.61) × 175 × 4741/(1.5 × 312)
= 1263 mm2 per perimeter
Asw,min ≥ 0.08fck0.5(sr st)/(1.5 fyk sin a + cos a) Exp. (9.11)
where
Asw,min = minimum area of a single leg of link
a = angle between main reinforcement and shear
reinforcement; for vertical reinforcement sin a = 1.0
Asw,min ≥ 0.08 × 300.5 (175 × 350)/(1.5 × 500) = 36 mm2
= Try H8 legs of links (50 mm2)
Asw /u1 ≥ 1263/4741 = 0.266 mm2/mm
Using H8 max. spacing = min[50/0.266; 1.5d] Cl. 9.4.3
= min[188; 375] = 188 mm cc
= Use min. H8 legs of links at 175 mm cc around perimeter u1
Perimeters at 0.75d = 0.75 × 250 = 187.5 mm Cl. 9.4.3(1)
say = 175 mm centres
d) Check area of reinforcement > 1263 mm2 in perimeters inside u1§
1st perimeter to be > 0.3d but < 0.5d from face of column. Say Fig. 9.10,
0.4d = 100 mm from face of column. Cl. 9.4.3(4)
By inspection of Figure 3.23 the equivalent of 10 locations are available
at 0.4d from column therefore try 2 × 10 no. H10 = 1570 mm2.
By inspection of Figure 3.23 the equivalent of 18 locations are
available at 1.15d from column therefore try 18 no. H10 = 1413 mm2.
By inspection of Figure 3.23 the equivalent of 20 locations are available
at 1.90d from column therefore try 20 no. H10 = 1570 mm2.
By inspection of Figure 3.23 beyond u1 to uout grid of H10 at 175 x 175 OK.
outside perimeter u1. See Commentary on design, Section 3.4.14. Punching shear
reinforcement is also subject to requirements for minimum reinforcement and
spacing of shear reinforcement (see Cl. 9.4.3). Cl. 9.4.3
84
,'-3?eZmleZ[
from column
716
100 400 100
2
716
uout 175 175 175 175 200 200 200 175 175 175 175
85
b) Check shear stress at basic perimeter u1 (2.0d from face of column) Cl. 6.4.2
vEd = bVEd/u1d < vRd,c
where
b, VEd and d as before
u1 = control perimeter under consideration. Fig. 6.15
For punching shear at 2d from edge column columns
u1 = c2 + 2c1+ Q × 2d = 2771 mm
vEd = 1.4 × 609.5 × 103/2771 × 250 = 1.23 MPa
vRd,c = 0.18/ gC × k × (100 rlfck)0.333 Exp. (6.47) & NA
where
gC = 1.5
k = as before = 1 +(200/250)0.5 = 1.89
rl = (r lyr lz )0.5
where Cl. 6.4.4.1(1)
rer, rlz = Reinforcement ratio of bonded steel in the y and z direction
in a width of the column plus 3d each side of column.
r ly: (perpendicular to edge) 10 no. H20 T2 + 6 no. H12
T2 in 2 × 750 + 400, i.e. 3818 mm2 in 1900 mm
=r ly = 3818/(250 × 1900) = 0.0080
r lz : (parallel to edge) 6 no. H20 T1 + 1 no. T12 T1 in 400 +
750 i.e. 1997 mm2 in 1150 mm.
=r lz = 1997/(250 × 1150) = 0.0069
r l = (0.0080 × 0.0069)0.5 = 0.0074
fck = 30
vRd,c = 0.18/1.5 × 1.89 × (100 × 0.0074 × 30)0.333 = 0.64 MPa Table C6‡
= Punching shear reinforcement required
C
1
3d = 750
H12 @ 175T1
86
,'-3?eZmleZ[
d) Shear reinforcement
As before, sr,max = 175 mm; st,max = 350 mm and Cl. 9.4.3(1),
fywd,ef = 312 MPa 9.4.3(2)
For perimeter u1
Asw ≥ (vEd – 0.75vRd,c) sr u1/1.5fywd,ef Exp. (6.52)
= (1.23 – 0.75 × 0.64) × 175 × 2771/(1.5 × 312)
= 777 mm2 per perimeter
Asw,min ≥ 0.08 × 300.5 (175 × 350)/(1.5 × 500) = 36 mm2 Exp. (9.11)
Asw/u1 ≥ 777/2771 = 0.28 mm2/mm
Using H8 max. spacing = 50/0.28 = 178 mm cc
=Use min. H8 (50 mm2) legs of links at 175 mm cc around perimeters:
perimeters at 175 mm centres
e) Check area of reinforcement > 777 mm2 in perimeters inside u1§ Fig. 9.10,
1st perimeter to be > 0.3d but < 0.5d from face of column. Say Cl. 9.4.3(4)
0.4d = 100 mm from face of column
By inspection of Figure 3.27 the equivalent of 6 locations are available
at 0.4d from column therefore try 2 × 6 no. H10 = 942 mm2
87
a) Check at perimeter of column
vEd = bVEd/uid < vRd,max Cl. 6.4.3(2),
where 6.4.5(3)
b = factor dealing with eccentricity; recommended value 1.4 Fig. 6.21N & NA
VEd = applied shear force
ui = control perimeter under consideration. For punching shear
adjacent to edge columns u0 = c2 + 3d < c2 + 2c1 Cl. 6.4.5(3)
= 400 + 750 < 3 × 400 mm
= 1150 mm
Allowing for hole, u0 = 1150 – 200 = 950 mm
d = 250 mm as before Exp. (6.32)
vEd = 1.4 × 516.5 × 103/950 × 250 = 3.06 MPa
vRd,max as before = 5.28 MPa = OK Cl. 6.4.5(3) Note
b) Check shear stress at basic perimeter u1 (2.0d from face of column) Cl. 6.4.2
vEd = bVEd/u1d < vRd,c
where
b, VEd and d as before
u1 = control perimeter under consideration. For punching shear Fig. 6.15
at 2d from edge column columns
u1 = c2 + 2c1+ Q × 2d = 2771 mm
Allowing for hole
200/(c1/2): x/(c1/2 + 2d) Fig. 6.14
200/200: x/( 200 + 500)
= x = 700 mm
u1 = 2771 – 700 = 2071 mm
vEd = 1.4 × 516.5 × 103/2071 × 250 = 1.40 MPa
vRd,c = 0.18/gC × k × (100 rlfck)0.333 Exp. (6.47) & NA
where
gC = 1.5
k = as before = 1 + (200/250)0.5 = 1.89
rl = (r ly r lz )0.5
where
rer, rlz = Reinforcement ratio of bonded steel in the y and
z direction in a width of the column plus 3d each
side of column Cl. 6.4.4.1(1)
rly: (perpendicular to edge) 8 no. H20 T2 + 6 no. H12
T2 in 2 × 720 + 400 − 200, i.e. 3190 mm2 in 1640 mm.
=r ly = 3190/(240 × 1640) = 0.0081
rlz: (parallel to edge) 6 no. H20 T1 (5 no. are
effective) + 1 no. T12 T1 in 400 + 750 – 200, i.e.
1683 mm2 in 950 mm.
=r lz = 1683/(260 × 950) = 0.0068
88
,'-3?eZmleZ[
H12 @ 175T1
3d = 750
400
3
d) Shear reinforcement
As before, sr,max = 175 mm; st,max = 350 mm and fywd,ef = 312 MPa Cl. 9.4.3(1)
9.4.3(2)
For perimeter u1
Asw ≥ (vEd – 0.75vRd,c) sr u1/1.5fywd,ef) per perimeter Exp. (6.52)
= (1.40 – 0.75 × 0.64) × 175 × 2071/(1.5 × 312)
= 712 mm2 per perimeter
Asw,min ≥ 0.08 × 300.5 (175 × 350)/(1.5 × 500) = 36 mm2
Asw/u1 ≥ 712/2071 = 0.34 mm2/mm
‡v
Rd,c for various values of d and rl is available from Table C6.
89
Using H8 (50 mm2) max. spacing = min[50/0.3; 1.5d]
= min[147; 375] = 147 mm cc No good
Try using H10, max. spacing = 78.5/0.34 = 231 mm cc, say 175 cc
= Use min. H10 (78.5 mm2) legs of links at 175 mm cc around perimeters:
perimeters at 175 mm centres
Check min. 9 no. H10 legs of links (712 mm2) in perimeter u1, 2d from
column face.
Central support:
Column strip centre: for 750 mm
either side of support: H20 @ 100 T1
Column strip outer: H20 @ 250 T1
Middle strip: H16 @ 200 T1
‡ See Commentary on design Section 3.4.14. Punching shear reinforcement is Cl. 9.4.3
also subject to requirements for minimum reinforcement and spacing of shear
reinforcement.
90
,'-3?eZmleZ[
Interior support:
Column strip centre: 6 no. H20 @ 175 T2
Column strip outer: H12 @ 175 T2
Middle strip: H12 @ 300 T2
Grid 2 flexure
Spans:
Column strip: H16 @ 250 B2
Middle strip: H10 @ 200 B2
Interior support:
Column strip centre: H20 @ 200 T2
Column strip outer: H16 @ 250 T2
Middle strip: H12 @ 300 T2
See Figure 3.26
Punching shear
Internal (e.g. at C2):
Generally, use H10 legs of links in perimeters at max. 175 mm
centres, but double up on 1st perimeter
Max. tangential spacing of legs of links, st,max = 270 mm
Last perimeter, from column face, min. 767 mm
See Figure 3.26
91
C D
1
H20 @ 200 B1 H16 @ 175 B2*
5H12 @ 175 T2
H12 @ 300 B2
H10 @ 200 T2
4H16 @ 250 T2
3H20 @
250 T1 H16 @ 175 B2*
2
9H20 @ 175 T2*
16H20 @ 100 T1
3H20 @ 250 T1 3H20 @ 250 T1
H16 @ 200 T1 16H20 @ 100 T1
Note:* Spacing rationalised to suit punching shear links
92
,'-3?eZmleZ[
D
375 1123
6H20 @ 175 T2
8H20 T1 U-bars in pairs 6H16 @ 175 B2
uout H10 @ 200 T1 U-bars H10 @ 200 T1 U-bars
175
1 1
175 500
u1
175
175
175
1.5d
175 uout
175
175
175
175
Ineffective area
S = 152 H10 legs of links CL
@ 175 mm centres
175 175 175 175 175 175 200 200 175 175 175 175 175 175
100 100
93
c) Punching shear reinforcement
Arrangement of punching shear links
According to the literal definition of :lp in Exp. (6.52), the same Exp. 6.52
area of shear reinforcement is required for all perimeters inside or
outside perimeter n* (rather than (:lp/n*)/sr being considered as the
required density of shear reinforcement on and within perimeter n*).
For perimeters inside n*, it might be argued that Exp. (6.50) Exp. 6.50
(enhancement close to supports) should apply. However, at the time
of writing, this expression is deemed applicable only to foundation
bases. Therefore, large concentrations of shear reinforcement
are required close to the columns – in this example, this included
doubling up shear links at the 1st perimeter.
BS 8110:
Similar to BS 8110[7] figure 3.17, it is apparent that the requirement
Fig. 3.17
for punching shear reinforcement is for a punching shear zone 1.5d
wide. However, in Eurocode 2, the requirement has been ‘simplified’ in
BS 8110:
Exp. (6.52) to make the requirement for a perimeter (up to 0.75d
Cl. 3.7.7.6
wide). It might appear reasonable to apply the same 40%:60% rule
(BS 8110 Cl. 3.7.7.6) to the first two perimeters to make doubling
of punching shear reinforcement at the first perimeter unnecessary:
in terms of Eurocode 2 this would mean 80% Asw on the first
perimeter and 120% Asw on the second. Using this arrangement it
would be possible to replace the designed H10 links in the first two
perimeters with single H12 links.
Outside u1, the numbers of links could have been reduced to Cl. 9.4.3(1)
maintain provision of the designed amount of reinforcement Asw.
A rectangular arrangement of H12 links would have been possible
(within perimeter u1, 350 × 175; outside u1, 500 × 175). However, as
the grid would need to change orientation around each column (to
maintain the 0.75d radial spacing) and as the reinforcement in B2
and T2 is essentially at 175 centres, it is considered better to leave
the arrangement as a regular square grid.
Use of shear reinforcement in a radial arrangement, e.g. using stud
rails, would have simplified the shear reinforcement requirements.
VEd/VRd,c
In late 2008, a proposal was made for the UK National Annex to
include a limit of 2.0 or 2.5 on VEd/VRd,c (or vEd/vRd,c) within punching
shear requirements. It is apparent that this limitation could have
major effects on flat slabs supported on relatively small columns. For
instance in Section 3.4.12, edge column with hole, VEd/VRd,c = 2.18.
Curtailment of reinforcement
In this design, the reinforcement would be curtailed and this would be
done either in line with previous examples or, more practically, in line
with other guidance[20, 21].
94
,'.3LmZbk_eb`am
1750
3450
3.5.1 Loads
kN/m2
Permanent (worse case flight)
Assume 160 waist 0.160 × 305/250 × 25 = 4.88
Treads 4 × 0.25 × 0.175/2 × 25 = 2.19
50 mm screed 0.5 × 22 = 1.10
Finishing = 0.03
gk = 8.20
3.5.3 Design
d = 160 – cnom – f/2 Concise: Table 4.2;
where BS 8500
cnom = 25 mm (for XC1)
f = 12 mm (assumed)
= d = 129 mm
95
K = MEd/bd2fck = 24.2 × 106/(1000 × 1292 × 30)
= 0.048
z/d = 0.95 Table C5
z = 0.95 × 129
= 122 mm
As = MEd/fydz
= 24.2 × 106/[(500/1.15) × 122]
= 456 mm2/m (r = 0.35%)
Try H12 @ 250 (452 mm2/m) = OK)
96
-'*3<hgmbgnhnl[^Zfhgibglniihkml
- Beams
-') General
Ma^\Ze\neZmbhglbgmablL^\mbhgZk^ik^l^gm^]bgma^_heehpbg`iZkml3
-'* <hgmbgnhnl[^Zfhgibglniihkml¾Zlbfierlniihkm^]\hgmbgnhnl[^Zflahpbg`paZm
fb`am[^]^^f^]mrib\ZeaZg]\Ze\neZmbhgl'
-'+ :a^ZoberehZ]^]E&[^Zf'
-', : \hgmbgnhnl pb]^M&[^Zf'Mabl ^qZfie^ bl ZgZerl^] Zg] ]^lb`g^] lmkb\mer bg Z\\hk]Zg\^
pbmama^ikhoblbhglh_>nkh\h]^+'
Ma^rZk^bgm^g]^]mh[^beenlmkZmbo^h_ma^<h]^Zg]ghmg^\^llZkber[^lmikZ\mb\^'
:`^g^kZef^mah]h_]^lb`gbg`[^Zflbllahpg[^ehp'BgikZ\mb\^%l^o^kZeh_ma^l^lm^ilfZr
[^\hf[bg^]'
N =^m^kfbg^]^lb`geb_^' EC0 & NA
Table NA.2.1
N :ll^llZ\mbhglhgma^[^Zf' EC1 & NAs
N :ll^ll]nkZ[bebmrk^jnbk^f^gmlZg]]^m^kfbg^\hg\k^m^ Table 4.1
lmk^g`ma' BS 8500–1:
Tables A4, A5
N <a^\d\ho^kk^jnbk^f^gml_hkZiikhikbZm^_bk^ EC2–1–2:
k^lblmZg\^i^kbh]' Tables 5.8, 5.9, 5.10, 5.11
N <Ze\neZm^fbgbfnf\ho^k_hk]nkZ[bebmr%_bk^Zg][hg] Cl. 4.4.1
k^jnbk^f^gml'
N =^m^kfbg^pab\a\hf[bgZmbhglh_Z\mbhglZiier' EC0 & NA
Tables NA.A1.1, NA.A1.2 (B)
N =^m^kfbg^ehZ]bg`ZkkZg`^f^gml' Cl. 5.1.3(1) & NA
N :gZerl^lmkn\mnk^mhh[mZbg\kbmb\Zefhf^gmlZg]la^Zk Cl. 5.4, 5.5, 5.6
_hk\^l'
N =^lb`g_e^qnkZek^bg_hk\^f^gm' Cl. 6.1
N <a^\d]^_e^\mbhg' Cl. 7.4
N <a^\dla^Zk\ZiZ\bmr' Cl. 6.2
N Hma^k]^lb`g\a^\dl3
<a^\dfbgbfnfk^bg_hk\^f^gm' Cl. 9.3.1.1(1), 9.2.1.1(1)
<a^\d\kZ\dbg`!lbs^hkliZ\bg`h_[Zkl"' Cl. 7.3, Tables 7.2N, 7.3N
<a^\d^__^\mlh_iZkmbZeËqbmr' Cl. 9.3.1.2(2)
<a^\dl^\hg]Zkrk^bg_hk\^f^gm' Cl. 9.3.1.1(2), 9.3.1.4(1)
N <a^\d\nkmZbef^gm' Cl. 9.3.1.1(4), 9.2.1.3,
Fig. 9.2
N <a^\dZg\ahkZ`^' Cl. 9.3.1.2, 8.4.4, 9.3.1.1(4),
9.2.1.5(1), 9.2.1.5(2)
N <a^\deZil' Cl. 8.7.3
97
-'* Continuous beam on pin supports
Mabl \Ze\neZmbhg bl bgm^g]^] mh lahp Z mrib\Ze aZg] \Ze\neZmbhg _hk Z \hgmbgnhnl lbfier
lniihkm^][^Zfnlbg`\h^_Ë\b^gmlmh]^m^kfbg^fhf^gmlZg]la^Zkl'
qk = 11.5 kN/m
gk = 30.2 kN/m
6000 6000
450
4.1.1 Actions
Permanent gk = 30.2 kN/m and variable qk = 11.5 kN/m
4.1.2 Cover
Nominal cover, cnom:
cnom = cmin + Dcdev Exp. (4.1)
where
cmin = max[cmin,b; cmin,dur]
where
cmin,b = minimum cover due to bond Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
= diameter of bar. Assume 25 mm main bars
cmin,dur = minimum cover due to environmental conditions.
Assuming XC3 (moderate humidity or cyclic wet
and dry) and secondarily XF1 (moderate water
98
-'*3<hgmbgnhnl[^Zfhgibglniihkml
Fire:
Check adequacy of section for 2 hours fire resistance (i.e. REI = 120) EC2-1-2:
For bmin = 300 mm, minimum axis distance, a = 35 mm = OK 5.6.3(1),
cnom = 35 mm Table 5.6
99
Flexure in span:
K = MEd/bd2fck = 184.4 × 106/(300 × 3922 × 30) = 0.133 Fig. 3.5
z/d = 0.864 Appendix A1
z = 0.864 × 392 = 338 mm Table C5
As = MEd/fydz = 184.4 × 106/(434.8 × 338) = 1255 mm2
Try 3 no. H25 B (1473 mm2)
(r = 1.25%)
Check spacing:
Spacing of outer bars = 300 – 2 × 35 − 2 × 10 – 25 = 185 mm
Assuming 10 mm diameter link,
= spacing = 98 mm
Steel stress under quasi-permanent loading:
ss = (fyk /gS) (As,req/As,prov) (SLS loads/ULS loads) (1/d)
= fyd × (As,req/As,prov) × (gk + c2 qk)/(gGgk + gQqk) (1/d)
= (500/1.15) × (1255/1473) × [(30.2 + 0.3 × 11.5)/50.8] (1/1.03)
= 434.8 × 0.91 × 0.66 × 0.97 = 237 MPa Cl. 7.3.3(2)
As exposure is XC3, max. crack width wmax = 0.3 mm Cl. 7.3.1(5) & NA
= Maximum bar size = 16 mm or max. spacing = 200 mm = OK Table 7.2N & NA
= Use 3 H25 B (1473 mm2)
Deflection:
Check span-to-effective-depth ratio. Appendix B
Basic span: effective depth ratio for r = 1.25%: Table 7.4N & NA
l/d = 18 + [(1.25 – 0.5)/(1.5/0.5)] × (26 – 18) = 24.0
Max. span = 24.0 × 392 = 9408 mm = OK
Flexure, support:
MEd = 193.8 kNm
K = MEd/bd2fck
where
d = 450 − 35 − 10 − 25/2 = 392 mm
‡ K' is limited to 0.208. However, if, as is usual practice in the UK, x/d is limited to
100
-'*3<hgmbgnhnl[^Zfhgibglniihkml
4.1.6 Shear
a) Support B (critical)
Shear at central support = 192.0 kN
At d from face of support§
VEd = 192.0 − (0.300/2 + 0.392) × 50.8 = 164.50 kN Cl. 6.2.1(8)
vEd = VEd /bd
= 164.5 × 103/(392 × 300) = 1.40 MPa
Maximum shear capacity:
Assuming fck = 30 MPa and cot y = 2.5#
vRd,max* = 3.64 MPa Table C7
vRd,max > vEd = OK
Shear reinforcement:
Assuming z = 0.9d Cl. 6.2.3(1)
Asw /s ≥ VEd /(0.9d × fywd × cot y) Cl. 6.2.3(3),
≥ 164.5 × 103/(0.9 × 392 × (500/1.15) × 2.5) = 0.429 Exp. (6.8)
More accurately,
Asw/s ≥ VEd/(z × fywd × cot y) Cl. 6.2.3(3),
≥ 164.5 × 103/(333 × 1087) = 0.454 Exp. (6.8)
Minimum shear links,
Asw,min/s = 0.08bwfck0.5/fyk Cl. 9.2.2(5)
= 0.08 × 300 × 300.5/500 = 0.263. Not critical
Max. spacing = 0.75d = 0.75 × 392 = 294 mm Cl. 9.2.2(6)
Use H8 @ 200 (Asw /s = 0.50)
b) Support A (and C)
Shear at end support = 137.2 kN
At face of support,
VEd = 137.2 − (0.150 + 0.392) × 50.8 = 109.7 kN Cl. 6.2.1(8)
By inspection, shear reinforcement required and cot y = 2.5 Fig. C1a)
Asw /s ≥ VEd/(z × fywd × cot y) Appendix C5.3
≥ 109.7 × 103/[353 × (500/1.15) × 2.5] = 0.285
Use H8 @ 200 (Asw /s = 0.50) throughout‡
§
Cl. 6.2.1(8)
Where applied actions are predominantly uniformly distributed, shear may be
checked at d from the face of support. See also Section 4.2.11.
# The absolute maximum for v
Rd,max (and therefore the maximum value of vEd)
would be 5.28 MPa when cot y would equal 1.0 and the variable strut angle would
be at a maximum of 45°.
* For determination of VRd,max see Section 4.2.10.
‡ As maximum spacing of links is 294 mm, changing spacing of links would appear
to be of limited benefit.
101
4.1.7 Summary of design
H8 @ 200 centres in 2 legs
3H25
3H25B 3H25B
A B C
Commentary
It is usually presumed that the detailer would take the design
summarised above and detail the beam to normal best practice[8,9].
The design would go no further where standard detailing is all that
is required. Where the element is non-standard (e.g. where there
are point loads), it should be incumbent on the designer to give
the detailer specific information about curtailment, laps, etc. as
illustrated below. The detailer’s responsibilities, standards and
timescales should be clearly defined but it would be usual for the
detailer to draw and schedule not only the designed reinforcement
but all the reinforcement required to provide a compliant and buildable
solution. The work would usually include the checking the following
aspects and providing appropriate detailing:
t Minimum areas
t Curtailment lengths
t Anchorages
t Laps
t U-bars
t Rationalisation
t Critical dimensions
t Details and sections
The determination of minimum reinforcement areas and curtailment
lengths, using the principles in Eurocode 2 is shown below. In practice
these would be determined from published tables of data or by using
reference texts[8,9]. Nonetheless, the designer should check the
drawing for design intent and compliance with the standards. It is
therefore necessary for the designer to understand and agree the
principles of the detailing used.
102
-'*3<hgmbgnhnl[^Zfhgibglniihkml
A B C
450 800 3H25B 800 450
800 600 750 750 600 800
2H16B 3H25B
Note Subsequent detailing checks may find issues with spacing rules especially if
the 'cage and splice bar' method of detailing were to be used. 2H32s T&B would be a
suitable alternative to 3H25s T&B.
103
-'+ Heavily loaded L-beam
Ikhc^\m]^mZbel <Ze\neZm^][r chg Ch[gh' CCIP – 041
Heavily loaded L-beam <a^\d^][r web La^^mgh' 1
<eb^gm TCC =Zm^ Oct 09
Gk2 = 88.7
Qk2 = 138.7
gk1 = 46.0
qk1 = 63.3
A B C
2000
9000 8000
This edge beam supports heavy loads from storage loads. The
variable point load is independent of the variable uniformly
distributed load. The beam is supported on 350 mm square
columns 4000 mm long. fck = 30 MPa; fyk = 500 MPa. The
underside surface is subject to an external environment and a
2-hour fire resistance requirement. The top surface is internal
and subject to a 2-hour fire resistance requirement. Assume that
any partitions are liable to be damaged by excessive deflections.
beff
750
4.2.1 Actions
Permanent:
UDL from slab and cladding gk = 46.0 kN/m
Point load from storage area above = 88.7 kN
Variable:
From slab qk = 63.3 kN/m
Point load from storage area above = 138.7 kN
104
-'+3A^ZoberehZ]^]E&[^Zf
4.2.2 Cover
a) Nominal cover, cnom, underside and side of beam
cnom = cmin + Dcdev Exp. (4.1)
where
cmin = max[cmin,b ; cmin,dur]
where
cmin,b = minimum cover due to bond Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
= diameter of bar. Assume 32 mm main bars and
10 mm links
cmin,dur = minimum cover due to environmental conditions.
Assuming primarily XC3/XC4 exposure (moderate Table 4.1
humidity or cyclic wet and dry); secondarily XF1 BS 8500-1:
exposure (moderate water saturation without Table A4
de-icing salt, vertical surfaces exposed to rain and
freezing) and C30/37 concrete,
cmin,dur = 25 mm
Dcdev = allowance in design for deviation. Assuming no Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
measurement of cover Dcdev = 10 mm
b) Fire
Check adequacy of section for 2 hours fire resistance REI 120. EC2-1-2: 5.6.3
By inspection, web thickness OK. EC2-1-2:
Table 5.6
Axis distance, a, required = 35 mm OK by inspection. EC2-1-2:
Table 5.6
= Try 35 mm nominal cover bottom and sides to 10 mm link.
105
-'+3A^ZoberehZ]^]E&[^Zf
1000
500
195 kNm 108 kNm
0
A B C
–500
– 684 kNm
–1000
–1148 kNm
– 1500
‡ Note:
350 × 350 is a minimum for columns requiring a fire resistance of 120 EC2-1-2:
minutes. Table 5.2a
106
1000
646 kN 794 kN
500
0
A B C
– 500
– 499 kN
– 1000
– 1098 kN
– 1500
U-bar
108
-'+3A^ZoberehZ]^]E&[^Zf
where
n1 = 1.0 for good bond conditions
n2 = 1.0 for bar diameter ≤ 32 mm
fct,d = act fctk/ gC Cl. 3.1.6 (2),
= 1.0 × 2.0/1.5 Tables 3.1 & 2.1,
& NA
= 1.33 MPa
fbd = 2.25 × 1.33 = 3.0 MPa
lb,rqd = (32/4) (274/3.0) = 731 mm‡
lb,min = max[10f; 100 mm] = 250 mm
= lbd = 731 mm i.e. < 1006 mm = OK
Use 2 no. H32 U-bars
beff
beff,1 beff,2
bw
bw
b1 b1 b2 b2
109
I0 = 0.85 I1 I0 = 0.15 (I1+I2) I0 = 0.7 I2 I0 = 0.15 (I2+I3)
I1 I2 I3
l0 for calculation of
flange width Fig. 5.2
beff1 = 0.2 × 3325 + 0.1 × 7650 ≤ 0.2 × 7650 ≤ 3325
= 1430 ≤ 1530 ≤ 3325
= 1430 mm
bw = 350 mm
beff2 = (0.2b2 + 0.1l0) ≤ 0.2 l0 ≤ b2
where
b2 = 0 mm
beff2 = 0 mm
b = 1430 + 350 + 0 = 1780 mm
d = effective depth
= 750 − 35 – 10 – 32/2 = 689 mm
assuming 10 mm link and H32 in span
fck = 30 MPa
K = 1148 × 106/(1780 × 6892 × 30)
= 0.045
Restricting x/d to 0.45, Appendix A1
K' = 0.168
K ≤ K' = section under-reinforced and no compression
reinforcement required.
z = lever arm Appendix A1
= (d/2) [1 + (1 − 3.53K)0.5] ≤ 0.95d
= (689/2) (1 + 0.917) ≤ 0.95 × 689
= 661 ≤ 654 = z = 654 mm
But z = d – 0.4x
Appendix A1
= by inspection, neutral axis is in flange and as x < 1.25 hf , design as
rectangular section.
As = MEd/fydz
where
fyd = 500/1.15 = 434.8 MPa
= 1148 × 106/(434.8 × 654) = 4037 mm2
Try 5 no. H32 B (4020 mm2) (say OK)
Check spacing of bars.
Spacing of bars = [350 – 2 × (35 + 10) – 32]/(5 – 1)
= 57
Clear spacing = 57 – 32 mm = 25 mm between bars
110
-'+3A^ZoberehZ]^]E&[^Zf
300
35 cover
400
32 bar
32 spacers
32 bar
10 link
35 cover
350
As = MEd/fydz
= 1148 × 106/(434.8 × 635) = 4158 mm2
= 4 no. H32 B1 + 2 no. H32 B3 (4824 mm2) OK
b) Span AB – Deflection
Check end span-to-effective-depth ratio. Appendix B
Allowable l/d = N × K × F1 × F2 × F3 Appendix C7
where
N = Basic l/d: check whether r > r0 and whether to use Exp. Cl. 7.4.2(2),
(7.16a) or (7.16b) Exp. (7.16a),
Exp. (7.16b)
111
r = As/Ac‡ = As,req/[bwd + (beff – bw)hf] PD 6687[6]
= 4158/[350 × 668 + (1780 – 350) × 300]
= 4158/662800
= 0.63%
r0 = fck0.5/1000 = 300.5/1000 = 0.55%
r > r0 = use Exp. (7.16b)
112
-'+3A^ZoberehZ]^]E&[^Zf
where
bw = 350 mm
d = 750 − 35 – 12 – 32/2 = 687 mm
assuming 10 mm link and H32 in support but allowing for
H12 T in slab
fck = 30 MPa
= K = 1315 × 106/(350 × 6872 × 30) = 0.265
for d = 0.85, K' = 0.168: to restrict x/d to 0.45, K' = 0.167 Appendix A1
= Compression steel required Table C4
z = (d/2) [1 + (1 − 3.53 K')0.5]
= (687/2) [1 + (1 − 3.53 × 0.167)0.5]
= (687/2) (1 + 0.64) < 0.95d
= 563 mm
As2 = (K – K')fckbd2/fsc(d − d2) Fig. 3.5,
where Appendix A1,
d2 = 35 + 10 + 32/2 = 61 mm How to: Beams
fsc = 700(x − d2)/x < fyd
where
x = 2.5 (d – z) = 2.5 (687 – 563) = 310 mm
fsc = 700 × (310 − 61)/310 < 500/1.15
= 562 MPa but limited to ≤ 434.8 MPa
=As2 = (0.265 – 0.167) × 30 × 350 × 687 2/[434.8(687 − 61) ] = 1784 mm2
Try 4 no. H25 B (1964 mm2)
As = M'/fydz + As2 fsc/fyd Appendix A1
= K' fck bd 2 /(f yd z) + As2 fsc/fyd
= 0.167 × 30 × 350 × 6872/(434.8 × 563) + 1570 ×
434.8/434.8
= 3380 + 1784 = 5164 mm2
Try 4 no. H32 T + 4 no. H25 T (5180 mm2)
This reinforcement should be spread over beff. Cl. 9.2.1.2(2),
beff = beff1 + bw + beff2 Fig. 9.1
Cl. 5.3.2.1,
Fig. 5.3
where
beff1 = (0.2b1 + 0.1l0) ≤ 0.2 l0 ≤ b1
where
b1 = distance between webs/2.
Assuming beams at 7000 mm cc
= (7000 – 350)/2 = 3325 mm
l0 = 0.15 × (l1 + l2) Fig. 5.2
= 0.15 × (9000 + 8000) = 2550 mm
113
=beff1 = 0.2 × 3325 + 0.1 × 2550 ≤ 0.2 × 2550 ≤ 3325
= 920 ≤ 510 ≤ 3325
= 510 mm
bw = 350 mm
beff2 = (0.2b2 + 0.1l0) ≤ 0.2 l0 ≤ b2
where
b2 = 0 mm
beff2 = 0 mm
= beff = 510 + 350 + 0 = 860 mm
Use 4 no. H32 T + 4 no. H25 T (5180 mm2) @ approx 100 mm cc
beff = 860 mm
4H32 4H25
4H25
bw = 350 mm
114
-'+3A^ZoberehZ]^]E&[^Zf
bw = 350 mm
beff2 = (0.2b2 + 0.1l0) ≤ 0.2 l0 ≤ b2
where
b2 = 0 mm
beff2 = 0 mm
= b = 1360 + 350 + 0 = 1710 mm
d = 750 − 35 – 10 – 32/2 = 689 mm
assuming 10 mm link and H32 in span.
fck = 30 MPa
= K = 684 × 106/ (1710 × 6892 × 30)
= 0.028
By inspection, K ≤ K' = section under-reinforced and no compression Appendix A1
reinforcement required.
z = (d/2) [1 + (1 − 3.53K)0.5] ≤ 0.95d Appendix A1
= (689/2) (1 + 0.95) ≤ 0.95 × 689
= 672 > 655 = z = 655 mm
By inspection, x < 1.25 hf ; design as rectangular section Appendix A1
As = MEd/fydz
= 684 × 106/(434.8 × 655) = 2402 mm2
Try 2 no. H32 B + 2 no. H25 B (2590 mm2)
b) Span BC – Deflection
By inspection, compared with span AB OK
115
v = 0.6 (1 − fck/250) = 0.6 (1 − 30/250) = 0.528 Cl. 6.2.3(3)
Note 1, Exp.
(6.6N) & NA
fcd = 30/1.5 = 20.0 MPa Cl. 2.4.2.4(1) & NA
y = angle of inclination of strut. Exp. (6.9),
= 0.5 sin−1 {vEd,z /[0.20 fck (1 – fck /250) ] } ≥ cot−12.5 Appendix A2
where
vEd,z = VEd/bz = VEd /(b × 0.9d)
= 510.3 × 103/(350 × 0.9 × 689) = 2.35 MPa
y = 0.5 sin−1 {2.35/[0.20 × 30 (1 – 30/250) ] } ≥ cot−12.5
= 0.5 sin−1 (0.445) ≥ cot−12.5
= 0.5 × 26.4° ≥ 21.8°
= 21.8°
= VRd,max = 1.0 × 350 × 0.90 × 689 × 0.528 × 20.0/(2.5 + 0.4) = 790 kN
= OK
Shear reinforcement:
Shear links: shear resistance with links
VRd,s = (Asw /s) z fywd cot y Exp. (6.8)
= Asw /s ≥ VEd/z fywd cot y
where
Asw/s = area of legs of links/link spacing
z = 0.9d as before Cl. 2.4.2.4(1)
fywd = 500/1.15 = 434.8 & NA
cot y = 2.5 as before
Asw/s ≥ 510.3 × 103/(0.9 × 689 × 434.8 × 2.5) = 0.76
Minimum Asw/s = rw,minbwsin a Cl. 9.2.2(5),
Exp. (9.4)
where
rw,min = 0.08 × fck0.5/fyk = 0.08 × 300.5/500 Exp. (9.5N) & NA
= 0.00088
bw = 350 mm as before
a = angle between shear reinforcement and the longitudinal
axis. For vertical reinforcement sin a = 1.0
116
-'+3A^ZoberehZ]^]E&[^Zf
117
4.2.13 Check shear capacity for general case
In mid span use H10 in 2 legs @ 300 mm cc (Asw/s = 0.52)
z Asw/sreqd/m width = 1.48 and an allowable vEd,z = 1.60 MPa Fig. C1b)
z 1.60 × 350 × 0.90 × 687 = VEd = 346 kN
4H32 4H25
H10 in 4 legs
@ 150
350 510
118
-',3<hgmbgnhnlpb]^M&[^Zf
A B C D E
7500 7500 7500 7500
This central spine beam supports the ribbed slab in Example 3.3.
The 300 mm deep ribbed slab is required for an office to support
a variable action of 5 kN/m2. The beam is the same depth as the
slab and is supported on 400 mm square columns, see Figure
4.17. fck = 35 MPa; fyk = 500 MPa. A 1-hour fire resistance is
required in an internal environment. Assume that partitions are
liable to be damaged by excessive deflections.
CL
100
200
4.3.1 Actions
Permanent, UDL‡:
From analysis of slab, gk = 47.8 kN/m
Variable:
From analysis of slab, qk = 45.8 kN/m
‡ The actions may also have been estimated assuming an elastic reaction factor
119
4.3.2 Cover
Nominal cover, cnom:
cnom = cmin + Dcdev Exp. (4.1)
where
cmin = max[cmin,b; cmin,dur]
where
cmin,b = minimum cover due to bond Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
= diameter of bar. Assume 25 mm main bars and
8 mm links Table 4.1
cmin,dur = minimum cover due to environmental conditions. BS 8500-1;
Assuming XC1 and C30/37 concrete, cmin,dur = 15 mm Table A4
Dcdev = allowance in design for deviation. Assuming no
measurement of cover Dcdev = 10 mm Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
= cnom = 15 + 10 = 25 mm to links
or = 25 + 10 = 35 mm to main bars
Use 10 mm diameter links to give cnom = 35 mm to main bars
and 25 mm to links (as per ribbed slab design).
Fire: EC2-1-2: 5.6.3
Check adequacy of section for REI 60. EC2-1-2:
Table 5.6
Axis distance required:
Minimum width bmin = 120 mm with a = 25 mm EC2-1-2:
or bmin = 200 mm with a = 12 mm Table 5.6
= at 2000 mm wide (min.) a < 12 mm
By inspection, not critical.
Use 25 mm nominal cover to links
‡ cf. 126.7 kN/m from analysis of slab (63.2 kN/m + 63.5 kN/m). See Figure 3.12.
120
-',3<hgmbgnhnlpb]^M&[^Zf
4.3.4 Analysis
Analysis by computer, assuming simple supports and including EC0: A1.2.2 &
15% redistribution at supports (with in this instance consequent NA;
redistribution in span moments). Cl. 5.3.1 (6)
5.3.1(6)
Table 4.3 Elastic and redistributed moments, kNm
Span number 1 2 3 4
Elastic M 641.7 433.0 433.0 641.7
Redistributed M 606.4 393.2 393.2 606.4
d 0.945 0.908 0.908 0.945
800
657.4 kNm 657.4 kNm
600
516.0 kNm
400
200
A B C D E
– 200
– 400
– 393.2 kNm – 393.2 kNm
– 600
– 606.4 kNm – 606.4 kNm
– 800
800
600 569.1 kN
517.9 kN
462.6 kN
394.6 kN
400
200
A B C D E
– 200
– 400
– 395.6 kN
– 462.6 kN
– 517.9 kN
– 600 – 569.1 kN
– 800
121
4.3.5 Flexural design, span AB
a) Span AB (and DE) – Flexure
MEd = 606.4 kNm
K = MEd/bd2fck
where Cl. 5.3.2.1,
b = beff = beff1 + bw + beff2 Fig. 5.3
where
beff1 = (0.2b1 + 0.1l0) ≤ 0.2l0 ≤ b1
where
b1 = distance between webs/2
Referring to Figures 3.8 and 3.9
= (7500 – 1000 − 550)/2 = 2975 mm
l0 = 0.85 × l1 = 0.85 × 7500 = 6375 mm Fig. 5.2
beff1 = 0.2 × 2975 + 0.1 × 6375 ≤ 0.2 × 6375 ≤ 2975
= 1232 ≤ 1275 ≤ 2975
= 1232 mm
bw = 2000 mm
beff2 = (0.2b2 + 0.1l0) ≤ 0.2 l0 ≤ b2
where
b2 = distance between webs/2.
Referring to Figures 3.8 and 3.9
= (9000 – 1000 − 550)/2 = 3725 mm
l0 = 6375 mm as before
beff2 = 0.2 × 3725 + 0.1 × 6375 ≤ 0.2 × 6375 ≤ 3725
= 1382 ≤ 1275 ≤ 3725
= 1275 mm
fck = 35 MPa
K = 606.4 × 106/(4507 × 2522 × 35)
= 0.061
K' = 0.207 Appendix A1
or restricting x/d to 0.45
K' = 0.168
K ≤ K' = section under-reinforced and no compression
reinforcement required.
z = (d/2) [1 + (1 − 3.53K)0.5] ≤ 0.95d Appendix A1
= (252/2) (1 + 0.886) ≤ 0.95 × 252
= 238 ≤ 239 = z =238 mm
122
-',3<hgmbgnhnlpb]^M&[^Zf
As = MEd/fydz
where
fyd = 500/1.15 = 434.8 MPa
= 606.4 × 106/(434.8 × 239) = 5835 mm2
Try 12 no. H25 B (5892 mm2)
b) Span AB – Deflection
Check span-to-effective-depth ratio. Appendix B
Allowable l/d = N × K × F1 × F2 × F3 Appendix C7
where Cl. 7.4.2(2),
N = Basic l/d: check whether r > r0 and whether to use Exp. Exp. (7.16a),
(7.16a) or (7.16b) Exp. (7.16b)
r = As/Ac‡ = As,req/[bw d + (beff – bw)hf] PD 6687[6]
= 5835/[2000 × 252 + (4507 – 2000) × 100]
= 5835/754700
= 0.77%
r0 = fck0.5/1000 = 300.5/1000 = 0.59%
r > r0 = use Exp. (7.16b)
N = 11 + 1.5fck0.5 r0/(r – r') + fck0.5(r'/r0)0.5/12 Exp. (7.16b)
= 11 + 1.5 (350.5 × 0.059/(0.077 – 0) + 350.5(0/0.59)1.5
= 11 + 6.8 + 0 = 17.8
K = (end span) = 1.3 Table 7.4N & NA
F1 = (beff/bw = 4057/2000 = 2.03) = 0.90 Cl. 7.4.2(2),
Appendix C7
F2 = 7.0/leff (span > 7.0 m) Cl. 7.4.2(2),
where 5.3.2.2(1)
leff = 7100 + 2 × 300/2 = 7400 mm
F2 = 7.0/7.4 = 0.95
F3 = 310/ss ≤1.5 Cl. 7.4.2, Exp.
(7.17), Table 7.4N
where§ & NA, Table NA.5
ss = (fyk/gS) (As,req/As,prov) (SLS loads/ULS loads) (1/d) Note 5
= 434.8 × (5835/5892) [(47.8 + 0.3 × 45.8)/(1.25 ×
47.8 + 1.5 × 45.8)] × (1/0.945)
= 434.8 × 0.99 × 0.48 × 1.06
= 219 MPa
123
F3 = 310/ss
= 310/219 = 1.41
= Permissible l/d = 17.8 × 1.3 × 0.90 × 0.95 × 1.41 = 27.9
Actual l/d = 7500/252 = 29.8 = no good
Try 13 no. H25 B (6383 mm2)
F3 = 310/ss
= 310/219 × 13/12 = 1.53‡ = say 1.50
= Permissible l/d = 17.8 × 1.3 × 0.90 × 0.95 × 1.50 = 29.7
Actual leff /d = 7400/252 = 29.4 Say OK
Use 13 no. H25 B (6383 mm2)
25 cover
12 fabric
8 link
16 bar
16 bar
20 bar 25 bar
8 link 8 link
25 cover 25 cover
‡ Both As,prov/As,req and any adjustment to N obtained from Exp. (7.16a) or Exp. NA, Table NA.5
(7.16b) is restricted to 1.5 by Note 5 to Table NA.5 in the UK NA.
124
-',3<hgmbgnhnlpb]^M&[^Zf
125
where
b1 referring to Figure 3.9
= (7500 – 1000 – 550)/2 = 2975 mm
l0 = 0.70 × l2 = 0.7 × 7500 = 5250 mm
beff1 = 0.2 × 2975 + 0.1 × 5250 ≤ 0.2 × 5250 ≤ 2975 Fig. 5.2
= 1120 ≤ 1050 ≤ 2975
= 1050 mm
bw = 2000 mm
beff2 = (0.2b2 + 0.1l0) ≤ 0.2l0 ≤ b2
where
b2 = distance between webs/2
Referring to Figures 3.8 and 3.9
= (9000 – 1000 – 550)/2 = 3725 mm
l0 = 5250 mm as before
126
-',3<hgmbgnhnlpb]^M&[^Zf
c) Hogging
Assuming curtailment of top reinforcement at 0.30l + al, How to: Detailing
From analysis MEd
at 0.3l from BC (& DC) = 216.9 kNm
at 0.3l from CB (& CD) = 185.6 kNm
K = 216.9 × 106/(2000 × 2262 × 35) = 0.061
By inspection, K < K'
‡ 2.18 of PD 6687[6] suggests that r in T sections should be based on the area
127
z = (226/2)[1 + (1 − 3.53 K')0.5]
= (226/2)[1 + (1 − 3.53 × 0.061)0.5]
= (226/2) (1 + 0.89) < 0.95d
= 214 mm < 215 mm
As = MEd/fydz
= 216.9 × 106/(434.8 × 214) = 2948 mm2
Use 12 no. H20 T (3748 mm2)
(to suit links and bottom steel)
Top steel at supports may be curtailed down to 12 no. H20 T at Cl. 9.2.1.3(2)
0.3l + al = 0.3 × 7500 + 1.25 × 214 = 2518 say 2600 mm from
centreline of support.
z = (226/2) [1 + (1 − 3.53K)0.5]
= (226/2) [1 + (1 − 3.53 × 0.119)0.5]
= (226/2) (1 + 0.76) < 0.95d
= 199 mm
As = MEd/fydz
= 426.0 × 106/(434.8 × 199) = 4923 mm2
Try 10 no. H25 T (4910 mm2)‡
128
-',3<hgmbgnhnlpb]^M&[^Zf
129
b) Support B (and C and D)
By inspection, the requirement for minimum reinforcement and, in
this instance, for H10 legs of links will outweigh design requirements.
Nonetheless check capacity of Asw/s = 5.38
VRd,s = (Asw/s) z fywd cot y Exp. (6.8)
= 5.38 × 0.9 × 252 × 434.8 × 2.5 = 1326.3 kN
Maximum shear at support = 517.9 kN
i.e. capacity of minimum links not exceeded.
By inspection, the requirement for indirect support of the ribs of the Cl. 9.2.5,
slab using 87 mm2/rib within 150 mm of centreline of ribs (at 900 mm Section 3.4.8
centres) and within 50 mm of rib/solid interface is adequately catered
for and will not unduly effect the shear capacity of the beam.
Use 150 mm centres to tie in with 900 mm centres of ribs
= Use H10 in 12 legs @ 150 mm cc (Asw/s = 6.28) throughout beam
‡ In this case, at the perimeter of the column, it is assumed that the strut angle
is 45°, i.e. that cot y = 1.0. In other cases, where cot y < 1.0, vRd,max is available
from Table C7.
130
-',3<hgmbgnhnlpb]^M&[^Zf
131
Check availability of reinforcement‡:
1st perimeter to be > 0.3d but < 0.5d, i.e between 70 mm and 117 Fig. 9.10,
mm from face of column. Say 0.4d = 100 mm from face of column. 9.4.3(4)
s = 150 mm
600 u1
70
CL
24 H10 legs
in u1 perimeter
58
‡ The same area of shear reinforcement is required for all perimeters inside or
132
-',3<hgmbgnhnlpb]^M&[^Zf
A B C D E
13H25B 12H20B 12H20B 13H25B
133
. Columns
.') General
Ma^\Ze\neZmbhglbgmabll^\mbhgbeenlmkZm^3
.'*=^lb`gh_Zghg&le^g]^k^]`^\henfgnlbg`aZg]\Ze\neZmbhg'
.'+=^lb`gh_Zi^kbf^m^k\henfgnlbg`bm^kZmbhgh_^jnZmbhglmh]^m^kfbg^k^bg_hk\^f^gm
k^jnbk^f^gml'
.',=^lb`gh_Zgbgm^kgZe\henfgpbmaab`aZqbZeehZ]'
.'-=^lb`gh_Zle^g]^k\henfgk^jnbkbg`Zmph&ahnkËk^k^lblmZg\^'
Bg`^g^kZe%ZqbZeehZ]lZg]Ëklmhk]^kfhf^gmlZk^Zllnf^]mh[^ZoZbeZ[e^'Ma^]^lb`gl\hglb]^k
le^g]^kg^llbghk]^kmh]^m^kfbg^]^lb`gfhf^gml%F>]'Ma^\henfglZk^]^lb`g^]Zg]\a^\d^]
_hk[bZqbZe[^g]bg`'Ma^^__^\mlh_Zeehpbg`_hkbfi^k_^\mbhglZk^beenlmkZm^]'
:`^g^kZef^mah]h_]^lb`gbg`\henfglblZl_heehpl'BgikZ\mb\^%l^o^kZeh_ma^l^lm^ilfZr[^
\hf[bg^]'
N =^m^kfbg^]^lb`geb_^' EC0 & NA Table NA 2.1
N :ll^llZ\mbhglhgma^\henfg' EC1 (10 parts) & UK NAs
N =^m^kfbg^pab\a\hf[bgZmbhglh_Z\mbhglZiier' EC0 & NA Tables NA A1.1
& NA A1.2(B)
N :ll^ll]nkZ[bebmrk^jnbk^f^gmlZg]]^m^kfbg^\hg\k^m^ BS 8500–1
lmk^g`ma'
N <a^\d\ho^kk^jnbk^f^gml_hkZiikhikbZm^_bk^ Approved Document B,
k^lblmZg\^i^kbh]' EC2–1–2
N =^m^kfbg^\ho^k_hk_bk^%]nkZ[bebmrZg][hg]' Cl. 4.4.1
N :gZerl^lmkn\mnk^_hk\kbmb\Ze\hf[bgZmbhgfhf^gml Section 5
Zg]ZqbZe_hk\^l'
N <a^\dle^g]^kg^llZg]]^m^kfbg^]^lb`gfhf^gml' Section 5.8
N =^m^kfbg^Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]' Section 6.1
N <a^\dliZ\bg`h_[ZklZg]ebgdl' Sections 8 & 9
134
<henfgl
38.5 kNm
NEd = 1620 kN
– 38.5 kNm
‡For examples of load take-downs and 1st order moment analysis see Section
5.3.2
§ Effective lengths are covered in Eurocode 2 Cl. 5.8.3.2 and Exp. (5.15). The Fig. 5.7
effective length of most columns will be l /2< l0 < l (see Eurocode 2 Figure 5.7f). PD 6687[6]:
PD 6687[6] Cl. 2.10 suggests that using the procedure outlined in Eurocode 2
Cl. 2.10
(5.8.3.2(3) and 5.8.3.2(5)) leads to similar effective lengths to those tabulated
in BS 8110[7] and reproduced in Table 5.1 of Concise Eurocode 2[5] and in this Cl. 5.8.3.2(3)
publication as Table C16. For simplicity, tabular values are used in this example. 5.8.3.2(5)
However, experience suggests that these tabulated values are conservative. Table C16
135
where
i = radius of gyration
= h/120.5 for rectangular sections
l = 3187 × 3.46/300 = 36.8
136
.'*3>]`^\henfg
137
NRd = Acfcd + Asfyd
= 3002 × 0.85 × 30/1.5 + 1964 × 500/1.15
= 1530.0 + 853.9
= 2383.9 kN
NEd/NRd = 1620/2383.9 = 0.68
=a = 1.48 by interpolating between values given for NEd/NRd =
0.1, (1.0) and NEd/NRd = 0.7, (1.5)
5.1.6 Links
Diameter min. f/4 = 25/4 = 8 mm Cl. 9.5.3 & NA
Max. spacing = 0.6 × 300 = 180 mm Cl. 9.5.3(3),
Cl. 9.5.3(4)
Links at say 175 mm cc
4 H25
H8 links @ 175 cc
25 mm cover
fck = 30 MPa
138
.'+3I^kbf^m^k\henfg
250
325
M02yy
300 × 300
3575 Column under
consideration
5.2.1 Cover
cnom = cmin + Dcdev Exp. (4.1)
where
cmin = max[cmin,b; cmin,dur]
where
cmin,b = diameter of bar. Assume 32 mm bars and 8 mm links Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
= 32 mm to main bars, 32 − 8 = 24 mm to links
= say 25 mm
cmin,dur = minimum cover due to environmental conditions.
Assume XC1.
cmin,dur = 15 mm
cmin = 25 mm
Dcdev = 10 mm Cl. 4.4.1.3(3)
Therefore cnom = 25 + 10 = 35 mm to links cnom = 35 mm to links.
139
5.2.2 Fire resistance
Check validity of using Method A and Table 5.2a of BS EN 1992–1–2: EC2-1-2: 5.3.2,
Table 5.2a
l0,fi ≈ 0.7 × 3.325 i.e. < 3.0 m = OK. EC2-1-2:
5.3.3(3)
e = M02yy /NEd = 89.6 × 106/1129.6 × 103 = 79 mm EC2-1-2:
5.3.2 & NA
emax = 0.15h = 0.15 × 300 = 45 mm = no good.
Check validity of using Method B and Table 5.2b: EC2-1-2:
emax = 0.25b = 75 mm = no good. 5.3.3
‡ Using 4 no. H20 gives w = 0.34, n = 0.54 and bmin = 310 mm = no good.
140
.'+3I^kbf^m^k\henfg
141
llim = 20 × 0.7 × 1.46 × 1.7/0.740.5
= 40.4 llim = 40.4
= as l < llim column is not slender and 2nd order moments are not
required.
Column is not slender
‡The effects of imperfections need only be taken into account in the most
142
.'+3I^kbf^m^k\henfg
fck = 30
b = 300
h = 300
dc = depth of compression zone
= lx Exp. (3.19)
= 0.8x < h
where
x = depth to neutral axis
d2 = 35 + 8 + 25/2 = 55 mm assuming H25
gC = 1.5
ssc, (sst) = stress in reinforcement in compression (tension) Table 2.1N
fcd = accnfck/gC d2
o o
ecu2
ssc
esc As2
dc
x
h
n. axis
ey As1
sst d2
o o
Try x = 200 mm
ecu = ecu2 = 0.0035
0.0035 × (x – d2) 0.0035 × (200 – 55)
esc = =
x 200
= 0.0025
ssc = 0.0025 × 200000 ≤ fyk/gS
= 500 ≤ 500/1.15
= 434.8 MPa
est = 0.0035(h – x – d2)/x = 0.0035(300 – 200 – 55)/200
= 0.0008
sst = 0.0008 × 200000 ≤ 500/1.15
= 160 MPa
1129.6 × 103 – 0.85 × 1.0 × 30 × 300 × 200 × 0.8/(1.5 × 103)
AsN/2 =
434.8 – 160
= (1129.6 – 816.0) × 103
= 1141 mm2
274.8
143
98.5 × 106 – 0.85 × 1.0 × 30 × 300 × 200 × 0.8 (300/2 – 200 × 0.8/2)/(1.5 × 103)
AsM/2 =
(300/2 – 55) (434.8 + 160)
(98.5 – 57.1) × 10 6
= = 733 mm2
95 × 594.8
5.2.7 Links
Minimum size links = 25/4 = 6.25, say 8 mm
Spacing: minimum of
a) 0.6 × 20 × 25 = 300 mm, Cl. 9.5.3(3),
b) 0.6 × 300 = 180 mm or 9.5.3(4)
c) 0.6 × 400 = 240 mm
Use H8 @ 175 mm cc
144
.'+3I^kbf^m^k\henfg
4 H25
H8 links @ 175 cc
cnom = 35 mm to links
145
.', Internal column
Ma^ÌZmleZ[lahpgbg>qZfie^,'-!k^ikh]n\^]Zl?b`nk^.'/"bliZkmh_Zg1&lmhk^rlmkn\mnk^
Z[ho^`khng]pbmaZ[Zl^f^gm[^ehp`khng]'Ma^ikh[e^fblmh]^lb`g\henfg<+[^mp^^g
`khng]ÌhhkZg]*lmÌhhk'
The suspended slabs (including the ground floor slab) are 300
mm thick flat slabs at 4500 mm vertical centres. Between ground
and 5th floors the columns at C2 are 500 mm square; above 5th
floor they are 465 mm circular. Assume an internal environment,
1-hour fire resistance and fck = 50 MPa.
A B Bb C
4.0 4.0 4.0 6.0 D
1 E
200 x 200
hole
8.0
2 9.6
3 8.6
200 x 200
hole
146
.',3Bgm^kgZe\henfg
Floors:
gk = 8.5, qk = 4.0 Section 3.4
In keeping with Section 3.4 use coefficients to determine loads in Section 3.4
take-down.
Consider spans adjacent to column C2: Table C3
Along grid C, consider spans to be 9.6 m and 8.6 m and C2 to be
the internal of 2 - span element.
Therefore elastic reaction factor = 0.63 + 0.63 = 1.26
Along grid 2 consider spans to be 6.0 m and 6.2 m and internal of
multiple span.
Elastic reaction factor = 0.5 + 0.5 = 1.00
147
5.3.3 Design axial load, ground– 1st floor, NEd
a) Axial load to Exp. (6.10)
NEd = gGGk + gQQk1 + c0gQQki EC0:
Exp. (6.10) & NA
where EC0:
gG = 1.35 A1.2.2 & NA
gQ = 1.50
c0,1 = 0.7 (offices)
Qk1 = leading variable action (subject to reduction factor aA or an)
Qki = accompanying action (subject to aA or an) EC1-1-1:
6.3.1.2 (10),
6.3.1.2 (11), & NA
where
aA = 1 – A/1000 ≥ 0.75
= 1 – 9 × 69.9/1000 = 0.37 ≥ 0.75
= 0.75
an = 1.1 – n/10 for 1 ≤ n ≤ 5
= 0.6 for 5 ≤ n ≤ 10 and
= 0.5 for n > 10
where
n = number of storeys supported
an= 0.6 for 8‡ storeys supported
= as an < aA, use an = 0.6
148
.',3Bgm^kgZe\henfg
3 2 1
4500
300 thick ave 6100 wide 500 sq
8600 9600
Actions:
gk = (6.0 + 6.2)/2 × 8.5 = 51.9 kN/m
qk = (6.0 + 6.2)/2 × 4.0 = 24.4 kN/m
Relative stiffness of lower column:
Assuming remote ends of slabs are pinned, relative stiffness
blcdlc3/Llc
=
blcdlc3/Llc + bucduc3/Luc + 0.75b23d233/L23 + 0.75b21d213/L21
where
b = breadth
d = depth
L = length
lc = lower column, uc = upper column
23 = beam 23, similarly 21 = beam 21
0.54/4.5
=
2 × 0.5 /4.5 + 0.75 × 6.1 × 0.33/8.6 + 0.75 × 6.1 × 0.33/9.6
4
149
1st order moment using Exp. (6.10)
FEM 23‡ = 1.35 × 51.9 × 8.62/12 = 431.8 kNm
FEM 21 = (1.35 × 51.9 + 1.5 × 24.4) × 9.62/12
= 106.7 × 9.62/12 = 819.5 kNm
Mlower,yy = 0.252 × [819.5 – 431.8] = 97.7 kNm
b) Grid 2
Consider grid 2 to determine Mzz in column (about grid C)
B C D 4500
6200 6000
Actions:
gk = 0.63 × (8.6 + 9.6) × 8.5
= 11.47 × 8.5 = 97.5 kN/m
qk = 11.47 × 4.0 = 45.9 kN/m
150
.',3Bgm^kgZe\henfg
0.54/4.5
=
2× 0.54/4.5 + 11.47 × 0.33/6.2 +11.47 × 0.33/6.0
= 0.0139/(0.0278 + 0.0500 + 0.0516) = 0.107
1st order moment using Exp. (6.10)
FEM CB = (1.35 × 97.5 + 1.5 × 45.9) × 6.22/12
= 200.5 × 6.22/12 = 642.3 kNm
FEM CD = 1.35 × 97.5 × 6.02/12 = 394.9 kNm
Mlower,zz = 0.107 × (642.3 – 394.9) = 26.5 kNm
1st order moment using Exp. (6.10a)
FEM CB = 1.25 × 97.5 × 6.02/12 = 365.6 kNm
FEM CD = (1.25 × 97.5 + 1.5 × 45.9) × 6.22/12
= 190.7 × 6.22/12 = 611.0 kNm
Mlower,zz = 0.107 × (611.0 – 365.6) = 26.3 kNm
1st order moment using Exp. (6.10b)
FEM CB = (1.35 × 97.5 + 0.7 × 1.5 × 45.9) × 6.22/12
= 190.7 × 6.22/12 = 576.0 kNm
FEM CD = 1.35 × 97.5 × 6.02/12 = 394.9 kNm
Mlower,zz = 0.107 × (576.0 – 394.9) = 19.4 kNm
= Exp. (6.10a) critical again
To avoid duplicate designs for both Exps (6.10a) and (6.10b), a worse
case of their design forces will be used, thus:
NEd = 9000 kN, Myy = 95.7 kNm, Mzz = 26.3 kNm
151
5.3.6 Design: cover
cnom = cmin + Dcdev Exp. (4.1)
where
cmin = max[cmin,b; cmin,dur]
where
cmin,b = diameter of bar. Assume 32 mm bars and 8 mm links. Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
= 32 – 8 = 24 mm to link
cmin,dur = minimum cover due to environmental conditions.
Assume XC1.
cmin,dur = 15 mm BS 8500-1:
Table A4
cmin = 24 mm, say 25 mm to link
Dcdev = 10 mm
= cnom = 25 + 10 = 35 mm Cl. 4.4.1.3 & NA
152
.',3Bgm^kgZe\henfg
Critical direction is where k1 and k2 are greatest i.e. where slab spans How to[8]:
are greater Columns
blcdlc3/Llc
k1 = k2 =
2b23d233/L23 + 2b21d213/L21
= (0.54/4.5)/(2 × 6.1 × 0.33/8.6 + 2 × 6.1 × 0.33/9.6)
= (0.0625)/(0.0383 + 0.0343)
= 0.86
l0 = 0.5 (4500 – 300) [1 + 0.86/(0.45 + 0.86)]0.5 [1 + 0.86/(0.45
+ 0.86)]0.5
l0 = 0.5 × 4200 × 1.66
= 0.828 × 4200 = 3478 mm
153
where
ei = l0/400 Cl. 5.2.7
e0NEd = minimum eccentricity Cl. 6.1(4)
where
e0 = h/30 ≥ 20 mm
MEdyy = 95.7 + (3570/400) × 8933 × 10−3 ≥ 0.02 × 8933
= 95.7 + 79.7 ≥ 178.7
= 175.4 < 178.7 kNm
MEdzz = 18.8 + 79.7 ≥ 178.7
= 178.7 kNm = Both critical.
d2
CL
‡ Using design actions to Exp. (6.10) would have resulted in a requirement for
8500 mm2.
154
.',3Bgm^kgZe\henfg
C
z
ey Centre of
reaction
MEdy
b
* ez
y 2
MEdz
155
a = exponent dependent upon NEd/NRd Cl. 5.8.3(4)
where
NRd = Acfcd + Asfyd
= 500 × 500 × 0.85 × 50/1.5 + 9648 × 500/1.15
= 7083 + 3216
= 10299 kN
NEd/NRd = 9000/10299 = 0.87.
Interpolating between values given for NEd/NRd = 0.7 Notes to
(1.5) and for NEd/NRd = 1.0 (2.0) Exp. (5.39)
= a = 1.67
5.3.13 Links
Minimum diameter of links: = f/4 = 32/4 Cl. 9.5.3 & NA
= 8 mm
Spacing, either:
a) 0.6 × 20 × f = 12 × 32 = 384 mm, Cl. 9.5.3(3),
b) 0.6 × h = 0.6 × 500 = 300 mm or 9.5.3(4)
c) 0.6 × 400 = 240 mm.
= Use H8 links at 225 mm cc
Number of legs:
Bars at 127 mm cc i.e. < 150 mm = no need to restrain bars in face Cl. 9.5.3(6)
but good practice suggests alternate bars should be restrained. SMDSC: 6.4.2
= Use single leg on face bars both ways @ 225 mm cc
12 H32
H8 links @ 225 cc
35 mm to link
500 mm sq
fck = 50 MPa
156
.'-3LfZeei^kbf^m^k\henfg
300
450
350 x 350
column
4000
Paving
Foundation
5.4.1 Cover
Nominal cover, cnom
cnom = cmin + Dcdev Exp. (4.1)
where
cmin = max[cmin,b; cmin,dur]
157
where
cmin,b = diameter of bar. Assume 32 mm main bars and
10 mm links
cmin,dur = minimum cover due to environmental conditions.
Assuming primarily XC3/XC4, secondarily XF1,
cmin,dur = 25 mm Cl. 4.4.1.2(3)
Dcdev = allowance in design for deviation BS 8500-1[14] :
= 10 mm Table A4
= Try cnom = 32 + 10 = 42 mm to main bars
or = 25 + 10 = 35 mm to 8 mm links
Try cnom = 35 mm to 8 mm links.
158
.'-3LfZeei^kbf^m^k\henfg
159
= l0z = 0.5 × 3850 × [1 + 0.1/(0.45 + 0.1) ]0.5 [1 + ∞/(0.45 + ∞)]0.5
= 0.5 × 3850 × 1.087 × 1.41
= 0.77 × 3850 = 2965 mm
‡ On first pass the default value for B is used. It should be noted that in the
160
.'-3LfZeei^kbf^m^k\henfg
161
where
nu = 1 + w
where
w = mechanical ratio
= Asfyd/Acfd
= 1.08 as before
nu = 2.08
n = NEd/Acfcd
= 1824.1/2082 = 0.88
nbal = the value of n at maximum moment
resistance
= 0.40 (default)
Kv = (2.08 – 0.88)/(2.08 – 0.40)
= 1.20/1.68 = 0.71
Kh = a correction factor for creep
= 1 + bhef
where
b = 0.35 + (fck/200) – (l/150)
= 0.35 + 30/200 – 29.3/150
= 0.35 + 0.15 – 0.195
= 0.305
hef = effective creep coefficient‡ Cl. 5.8.4(2)
= h(∞,t0) M0,Eqp/M0Ed
where
h(∞,t0) = final creep coefficient Cl. 3.1.4(2)
= from Figure 3.1 for inside conditions Fig. 3.1a
h = 350 mm, C30/37, t0 = 15
ƺ 2.4
M0,Eqp = 1st order moment due to quasi-
permanent loads
Gk + h2 Qk
≈ × Mz + eiNEd
jgGGk + h0gQQk
‡With reference to Exp. (5.13N), hef may be taken as equal to 2.0. However, for the
purpose of illustration the full derivation is shown here. Exp. (5.1.3N)
162
.'-3LfZeei^kbf^m^k\henfg
M2 = 28.4 kNm
MOEdz = 95.8 kNm
+ =
Mz = 0 M2/2 = 14.2 kNm Mz = 0
a) 1st order moments b) Including 2nd order moments: c) Design moments: MEdz
from analysis MEdz = max [M02, MOEd + M2, M01 = 0.5M2] about z axis
§ Imperfections need to be taken into account in one direction only. Cl. 5.8.9(2)
163
= 68.7 kNm
M2 = 0 (as column is not slender not slender about y axis).
= MEdy = 127.9 kNm
164
.'-3LfZeei^kbf^m^k\henfg
= 205.8 kNm
a depends on NEd/NRd
where
NRd = Acfcd + Asfyd
= 3502 × 0.85 × 30/1.5 + 5180 × 500/1.15
= 2082.5 + 2252.2
= 4332.7 kN
NEd/NRd = 1824.1/4332.7 = 0.42
= a = 1.27
(159.5/205.8)1.27 + (114.5/205.8)1.27 = 0.72 + 0.47 Cl. 5.8.9(4)
= 1.19
= No good
= Try 8 no. T32 (6432 mm2)
For Asfyk/bhfck = 6432 × 500/(3502 × 30)
= 0.88
for NEd/bhfck = 0.50
MEd/bh2fck = 0.187 Fig. C4e)
= MRd = 240.5 kNm
Check biaxial bending
(159.5/245.7)1.27 + (114.5/245.7)1.27 = 0.59 + 0.39 = 0.98 OK
8 H32
H8 links @ 200 cc
35 mm cover to link
No laps in column section
Note
The beam should be checked for torsion.
165
/ Walls
/') General
PZeel Zk^ ]^Ëg^] Zl [^bg` o^kmb\Ze ^e^f^gml pahl^ e^g`mal Zk^ _hnk mbf^l `k^Zm^k maZg ma^bk
mab\dg^ll^l'Ma^bk]^lb`g]h^lghm]b__^klb`gbË\Zgmer_khfma^]^lb`gh_\henfglbgmaZmZqbZe
ehZ]lZg]fhf^gmlZ[hnm^Z\aZqblZk^Zll^ll^]Zg]]^lb`g^]_hk'
Ma^\Ze\neZmbhglbgmabll^\mbhgbeenlmkZm^ma^]^lb`gh_Zlbg`e^la^ZkpZee'
@^g^kZeer%ma^f^mah]h_]^lb`gbg`pZeelblZl_heehpl'BgikZ\mb\^%l^o^kZeh_ma^l^lm^ilfZr[^
\hf[bg^]'
N =^m^kfbg^]^lb`geb_^' EC0 & NA Table NA 2.1
N :ll^llZ\mbhglhgma^pZee' EC1 (10 parts) & UK NAs
N =^m^kfbg^pab\a\hf[bgZmbhglh_Z\mbhglZiier' EC0 & NA: Tables NA A1.1 &
NA: A1.2(B)
N :ll^ll]nkZ[bebmrk^jnbk^f^gmlZg]]^m^kfbg^\hg\k^m^ BS 8500–1
lmk^g`ma'
N <a^\d\ho^kk^jnbk^f^gml_hkZiikhikbZm^_bk^ Approved Document B
k^lblmZg\^i^kbh]' EC2–1–2
N =^m^kfbg^\ho^k_hk_bk^%]nkZ[bebmrZg][hg]' Cl. 4.4.1
N :gZerl^lmkn\mnk^_hk\kbmb\Ze\hf[bgZmbhgfhf^gml Section 5
Zg]ZqbZe_hk\^l'
N <a^\dle^g]^kg^llZg]]^m^kfbg^]^lb`gfhf^gml' Section 5.8
N =^m^kfbg^Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]' Section 6.1
N <a^\dliZ\bg`h_[Zkl' Sections 8 & 9
166
PZeel
Ma^^qZfie^blbgm^g]^]mhlahpahpZla^ZkpZeeikhob]bg`iZkmh_ma^eZm^kZelmZ[bebmrbghg^
]bk^\mbhgbgZf^]bnfkbl^lmkn\mnk^fb`am[^]^lb`g^][raZg]'
:qbZeehZ]lZg]Ëklmhk]^kfhf^gmlZk^]^m^kfbg^]'Ma^]^lb`g\hglb]^klle^g]^kg^llbghk]^k
mh ]^m^kfbg^ ]^lb`g fhf^gml% F>]% bg ma^ ieZg^ i^ki^g]b\neZk mh ma^ pZee'Ma^ ^__^\ml h_
Zeehpbg`_hkbfi^k_^\mbhglZk^ZelhbeenlmkZm^]'
7200
4800
300
30700 N
X
Figure 6
6.11 Typical floor plan
900 Roof
3rd
4@3300
2nd
1st
Gnd
600 Figure 6.2 Section X–X
900
167
6.1.1 Actions
Permanent Variable
actions actions
gk qk
kN/m2 Section 2.8
Roof Paving 40 mm 1.00
Waterproofing 0.50
Insulation 0.10
Suspended ceiling 0.15
Services 0.30
Self-weight 200 mm slab 5.00
Section 2.4.2
7.05
Imposed load 0.60
168
/'*3La^ZkPZee
169
6.1.4 Vertical loads from wind action: moments in plane
Consider wind loads, N–S
300 3600 6000 6000 6000 6000 2500 300
30700
2400 o/a
Wall A 4400
2400
Lift shaft
200 thick
walls
N
wk = 1.10 kN/m2
CoGL
2400
170
/'*3La^ZkpZee
CL Wall A‡
1.45 24.00 2.80
15.31
Wall A
* Cw
* CoGL
Wk
15.35
Figure 6.5 Shear centre, Cw and centre of action, Wk
900 Roof
3300
3rd
14100
3300
2nd
wk = 17.2 kN/m
3300
1st
3300
Gnd
600 Figure 6.6 Wall A
900
– wind loads N–S
300 4400 300
171
= at just above ground floor, characteristic in-plane moment
in wall A, Mk, due in this case to wind
= 17.2 × 14.12/2 = 1709.8 kNm
Resolving into couple using 1 m either end of wall‡, characteristic wind
load in each end, Wk
= 1709.8/3.4 = ±502.9 kN
3rd HI3
2nd HI2
1st
HI1
Gnd
HIG
‡ For medium-rise shear walls there are a number of methods of design. Cl. 9.6.1
172
/'*3La^ZkpZee
= am = 0.71
= yi = 0.67 × 0.71/200
= 0.0024
Nb, Na = axial forces in members below and above
(Nb – Na) = axial load from each level
At roof level
Area = 30.4 × 14.5 – 1.3 × 2.5 – 3.6 × 4.8 = 420.3 m3
Perimeter = 2 × (30.4 + 14.5) = 89.8 m
(Na – Nb) = axial load from roof level
= 420.3 × (7.05 + 0.6) + 89.8 × 0.9 × 4.0 = 3286.4 + 252.2 kN
At 3rd floor
(Na – Nb) = 420.3 × (5.78 + 2.5) + 89.8 × 3.3 × 4.0 = 3615.7 + 1050.8 kN
At 2nd floor
(Na – Nb) = 3615.7 + 1050.8 kN
At 1st floor
(Na – Nb) = 3615.7 + 1050.8 kN
HiR = 0.0024 × (3286.4 + 252.2) = 7.9 + 0.6 = 8.5 kN
Hi3 = Hi2 = Hi1 = 0.0024 × (3615.7 + 1050.8) = 8.7 + 2.5 = 11.2 kN
Characteristic design moment at ground floor,
Mk = 8.5 × 13.2 + 11.2 × (9.90 + 6.60 + 3.30)
= 112.2 + 221.8 = 334.0 kNm
As before, wall A resists 51% of this moment. Resolving into couple
using 1 m either end of wall,
= GkH§ = 0.51 × 334.0/3.4 = ± 50.1 kN
i.e. GkH = ±50.1 kN/m
173
Loads Gk Qk
from roof: 408 (7.05 + 0.6) = 2876 245
3–1 floors: 3 × 408 (5.78 + 2.5) = 7075 3060
Allow cavity wall at 1st floor and above
(3 × 3.30 + 0.9) × 2 × (30.4 + 14.1) × 4.0 = 3845
13705 3305
Imposed load reduction 20% (see 6.2.3) 661
13705 2644
=FV,Ed ≈ 13705 × 1.35 + 1.5 × 2644
= 22468 kN
kl = 0.31 Cl. 5.8.2(6) & NA
ns = number of storeys
= 4 (including roof) Table 3.1,
Ecd = Ecm/gCE = 33/1.2 = 27.5 GPa 5.8.6(3) & NA
Ic = Inertia of bracing members
in N–S direction
Ic = 1.36 + 1.41 = 2.77 m4 (See Section 6.1.4)
in E–W direction
ILS, with reference to Figure 6.4
h×d Area, A × Ax Ax 2 I
2.4 × 2.4 = 5.76 1.2 6.912 8.294 2.765
–2.0 × 2.0 = –4.00 1.2 –4.800 –5.760 –1.333
–1.6 × 0.2 = –0.32 2.3 –0.732 –1.683 –0.001
1.44 1.38 0.851 1.431
as before (6.1.4), x = 1.38/1.44
= 0.956 m
ILS = INU = Ax 2 + I – Ax 2
= 0.851 + 1.431 – 1.44 × 0.956
= 0.965 m4
L = total height of building above level of moment restraint
= 14.7 (see Figure 6.6)
Check
ns SEcdIc
kl × on weak E–W axis:
ns + 1.6 L2
= 0.31 × [4/(4 + 1.6)] × 27500 × 103 × (0.965/14.72)
= 27200 kN
i.e. > FV,Ed = no need to design for 2nd order effects.
174
/'*3La^ZkpZee
150
CL
650
B B
1350
200 1st
4400
A A
Gnd
750
up
CL
Figure 6.8 Plan of wall A and location Figure 6.9 Section A–A
of sections A–A and B–B
kw
n
ks
kw
FEM‡: assuming imposed load is a leading variable action: EC0: Exp. (6.10)
= nl2/8 & NA
= 5.8 (1.35 × 5.78 + 1.5 × 2.5) × 6.02/8
= 5.8 × 11.6 × 62/8 = 302.8 kNm
‡ FEM: fixed end moment
175
kw = EI/l = E × 4400 × 2003/(12 × 3300)
= E × 8.88 × 105
ks = EI/2l = E × 5800 × 2003/(2 × 12 × 6000)
= E × 3.22 × 105
M = 302.8 × 8.88/(2 × 8.8 + 3.22)
= 302.8 × 0.42 = 121.2 kNm
i.e. 121.2/4.40 = 27.5 kNm/m @ ULS
1st
1650
Landing
Gnd
176
/'*3La^ZkpZee
177
6.1.10 Combinations of actions at ground–1st floor
a) At ULS, for maximum axial load, Wk is leading variable action
NEd = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk1 + 1.5c0Qki
= 1.35 (214.6 + 50.1) + 1.5 × 502.9 + 1.5 × 0.7 × 35.7
= 357.3 + 754.4 + 37.5
= 1149.2 kN/m
Cl. 5.8.8.2(1),
MEd = M + eiNEd ≥ e0NEd 6.1.4
where
M = moment from 1st order analysis
= 28.4 kNm/m
ei = l0 /400 = 2325/400 = 5.8 mm Cl. 5.2(7), 5.2(9)
e0 = h/30 ≥ 20 mm = 20 mm Cl. 6.1.4
MEd = 28.4 + 0.0058 × 1149.2.1 ≥ 0.020 × 1149.2
= 28.4 + 6.7 ≥ 23.0 = 35.1 kNm/m
b) At ULS, for minimum axial load, Wk is leading variable action
NEd = 1.0 × 214.6 – 1.35 × 50.1 – 1.5 × 502.9 + 0 × 35.7
= –607.4 kN/m (tension)
MEd = 28.4‡ + 0.0058 × 607.4 ≥ 0.020 × 602.4
= 28.4 + 3.5 ≥ 23.0
= 31.9 kNm/m
178
/'*3La^ZkpZee
e + e = e › s
As /2 sst2
+ = ›
sst1
As /2
0 0 0 0
179
For tensile load and moment:
Working from first principles, referring to Figure 6.12 and ignoring
contribution from concrete in tension,
NEd = (sst1 + sst2) × As/2
and MEd = (sst1 – sst2) × As/2 × (d – d2)
180
/'*3La^ZkpZee
181
6.1.18 Check stability
Assume base extends 0.3 m beyond either end of wall A, i.e. is 5.0 m long
and is 1.2 m wide by 0.9 m deep.
EC0: Table
Overturning moments A1.2(A) & NA
Wind (see Figure 6.6) Fig. 6.6
Mk = 17.2 × 14.1 × [14.1/2 + 1.5]
= 2073.5 kNm
Global imperfections (see Section 6.1.5) Fig. 6.7
Mk = 0.51 x [8.5 × 14.7 + 11.2 × (11.4 + 8.1 + 4.8 + 1.5)]
= 0.51 x [125.0 + 11.2 × 25.8]
= 0.51 x 414.0
= 211 kNm
Restoring moment
Mk = (1021.0 + 5.0 x 1.2 x 0.9 x 25 + 0 x 230.9 ) x (0.3 + 2.2)
= 2890 kNm
At ULS of EQU,
Overturning moment
= fn(gQ,1Qk1 + gG,supGk) EC0: Table
= 1.5 x 2073.5 + 1.1 x 211.0 = 3342.4 kNm A1.2(A) & NA
Restoring moment
= fn(gG,infGk) EC0:
= 0.9 x 2890 = 2601 kNm i.e. > 1818.4 kNm Table A1.2(A)
= no good & NA
Try 1.05 m outstand
Restoring moment
Mk = 2890 (1.05 + 2.2) / (0.3 + 2.2)
= 3757.0 kNm
At ULS, restoring moment = 0.9 x 357.0
= 3381.3 kNm
=OK. Use 1.05 m outstand to wall.
6.1.19 Design summary
1st
Lacers H10 @
300 m outside
25 mm cover to 200 mm
wall above ground floor
12 12 24H16 @ 200
H12 @ 400 b.s
Gnd (12NF, 12FF)
50 mm cover
to 250 wall
below ground floor
1050 1050
182
03K^_^k^g\^lZg]_nkma^kk^Z]bg`
183
19 ;
KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1///3+)).%L\a^]nebg`%]bf^glbhgbg`%[^g]bg`
Zg]\nmmbg`h_lm^^e_hkk^bg_hk\^f^gm3Li^\b_b\Zmbhg';LB%+)).'
20 M A>JN>>G LIKBGM>KH?:<MLH?I:KEB:F>GM%Ma^;nbe]bg`K^`neZmbhgl+)))'Ma^
LmZmbhg^krH__b\^Ebfbm^]%+)))'
21 M A>LM:MBHG>KRH??B<>EBFBM>=!MLH"%;nbe]bg`!:f^g]f^gm"!Gh+"K^`neZmbhgl+))+
Zg]ma^;nbe]bg`!:iikho^]Bgli^\mhkl^m\'"!:f^g]f^gm"K^`neZmbhgl+))+'MLH%+))+'
22 ;
KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG'==>GO*,/0)¾*3+)))3>q^\nmbhgh_\hg\k^m^
lmkn\mnk^l3<hffhg';LB%+)))'
23 <
HHD%G'=^lb`g^kl`nb]^mh>G*22*¾-:\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^l'Pbg]Z\mbhgl'MahfZl
M^e_hk]%Ehg]hg%+))0'
24 =
<E@'@nb]^mhma^nl^h_>G*22*¾*¾-¾Pbg]Z\mbhgl'=<E@In[eb\Zmbhgl%+))/'
ppp'\hffngbmb^l'`ho'nd(ieZggbg`Zg][nbe]bg`(ieZggbg`[nbe]bg`(
[nbe]bg`k^`neZmbhglk^l^Zk\a([nbe]bg`]boblbhgk^l^Zk\a(
25 ;
KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22*¾*¾-3>nkh\h]^*':\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^l'
@^g^kZeZ\mbhgl'Pbg]Z\mbhgl';LB%+)).'
25a GZmbhgZe:gg^qmh>nkh\h]^*¾IZkm*¾-';LB%+))1'
26 ;
KHHD>K%H'<hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`ll\a^f^]^lb`gfZgnZe%!><+^]bmbhg"'<<BI&).*'Ma^
<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))2'
27 M A><HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'M^\agb\ZeK^ihkm/-%@nb]^mhma^]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhgh_K<
_eZmleZ[l%<<BI&)++'Ma^<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+))0'
28 @
HH=<ABE=%<AP>;LM>K%KF'K<lik^Z]la^^mlo,%<<BI&))1<='Nl^k`nb]^mhK<
lik^Z]la^^mlO,%<<BI&))1'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
29 BKPBG%:P'=^lb`gh_la^ZkpZee[nbe]bg`l%K^ihkmK*)+'<BKB:%*21-'
30 M A><HG<K>M><>GMK>'Phkd^]^qZfie^lmh>nkh\h]^+%Ohenf^+'<<BI&)-+'Bg
ik^iZkZmbhg'
31 F
HL>E>R%;%;NG@>R%CANEL>%K'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^]^lb`gmh>nkh\h]^+%Lbqma
>]bmbhg'IZe`kZo^F\FbeeZg%+))0'
32 M A><HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'=^_e^\mbhglbg\hg\k^m^leZ[lZg][^Zfl'MK.1'Ma^<hg\k^m^
Lh\b^mr%+)).'
33 ;
>>;R%:'Fh]b_b^]ikhihlZel_hk\hgmkheebg`]^_e^\mbhgl[rf^Zglh_kZmbhlh_liZgmh^__^\mbo^
]^ima%M^\agb\ZeK^ihkm-./%<^f^gmZg]<hg\k^m^:llh\bZmbhg%P^qaZfLikbg`l%*20*'
34 :EE>G%:A'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^]^lb`gmh;L1**)lbfier^qieZbg^]'Lihg%Ehg]hg%*211'
35 BGLMBMNMBHGH?LMKN<MNK:E>G@BG>>KL'FZgnZe_hkma^]^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`
lmkn\mnk^lmh>nkh\h]^+'BLmkn\m>%+))/'
Further reading
N >>;R:PG:K:R:G:GKL'=^lb`g^kl`nb]^mhma^>nkh\h]^l¾>G*22+¾*¾*
;
Zg]>G*22+¾*¾+>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk
[nbe]bg`lZg]lmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`g'MahfZlM^e_hk]%+)).'
N KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG'II*22)3+))0'Lmkn\mnkZe>nkh\h]^l%>qmkZ\ml_khf
;
ma^lmkn\mnkZe>nkh\h]^l_hklmn]^gmlh_lmkn\mnkZe]^lb`g%l^\hg]^]bmbhg';LB%Ehg]hg%
+))0'
N >G=R<KLFBMA=:'%=^lb`g^kl`nb]^mhma^>nkh\h]^l¾>G*22+¾+>nkh\h]^+3
A
=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'IZkm+3<hg\k^m^[kb]`^l%MahfZlM^e_hk]%+))0'
N M A><HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'M^\agb\ZeK^ihkm/-%@nb]^mhma^]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhgh_K<
_eZmleZ[l%<<BI&)++'Ma^<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+))0'
184
:ii^g]bq:3=^kbo^]_hkfneZ^
d2 ec nfcd
esc Fc
As2 lx Fsc
x
neutral axis
h d z
As Fst Fig. 3.5
es
a) Section b) Strain c) Forces
Figure A1
Strains and forces in a section
?hk`kZ]^lh_\hg\k^m^nimh<.)(/)%e\n6)')),.%n6*Zg]l6)'1
3.1.6(1), 2.4.2.4(1)
_\]6a\\ _\d (g<6)'1._\d (*'. & NA
?hklbg`erk^bg_hk\^]l^\mbhgl%ma^]^lb`g^jnZmbhgl\Zg[^]^kbo^]Zl_heehpl3
Lever arm, z
Fc
0.8x
z = d – 0.4x
Fst
Figure A2
Beam lever arm
?\6!)'1._\d (*'."[!)'1q"6)'-.,_\d[q
?lm6)'10:l _rd
<hglb]^kfhf^gm‡%F%Z[hnmma^\^gmk^h_ma^m^glbhg_hk\^3
F6)'-.,_\d[qs
Ghp s6 ]¾)'-q
= q6 +'.!]¾s"
F 6 )'-.,_\d[+'.!]¾s"s
6 *'*,,,!_\d[s]¾_\d[s+"
E^mD 6 F([] +_\d
6 *'*,,,!_\d[s]¾_\d[s+"([]+_\d
6 *'*,,,!s]¾s+"(] +
=) 6 *'*,,,T!s(]"+¾!s(]"V$D
6 !s(]"+¾!s(]"$)'11+,.D
‡BgikZ\mb\^ma^]^lb`gfhf^gm%F
>]phne][^nl^]' 185
Lheobg`ma^jnZ]kZmb\^jnZmbhg3
s(]6T*$!*¾,'.+2D")'.V(+
s6]T*$T*¾,'.+2D")'.V(+
Bmbl\hglb]^k^]`hh]ikZ\mb\^bgma^NDmhebfbms(]mhZfZqbfnfh_)'2.]'!Mabl`nZk]lZ`Zbglm
Table C5 k^erbg` hg o^kr mabg l^\mbhgl h_ \hg\k^m^ pab\a Zm ma^ ^qmk^f^ mhi h_ Z l^\mbhg fZr [^ h_
jn^lmbhgZ[e^lmk^g`ma'"MZ[e^l`bobg`oZen^lh_s(]Zg]q(]_hkoZen^lh_DfZr[^nl^]'
Area of reinforcement, As
MZdbg`fhf^gmlZ[hnmma^\^gmk^h_ma^\hfik^llbhg_hk\^3
F6)'10:l _rds
:l6F(!)'10_rd s"
Bm bl h_m^g \hglb]^k^] `hh] ikZ\mb\^ mh ebfbm ma^ ]^ima h_ ma^ g^nmkZe Zqbl mh Zohb] Âho^k&
k^bg_hk\^f^gmÃ!b'^'mh^glnk^maZmma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmblrb^e]bg`Zm_Zbenk^%manlZohb]bg`[kbmme^
_Zbenk^h_ma^\hg\k^m^"'H_m^gq(]blebfbm^]mh)'-.'Mablblk^_^kk^]mhZlma^[ZeZg\^]l^\mbhg
[^\Znl^Zmma^nembfZm^ebfbmlmZm^ma^\hg\k^m^Zg]lm^^ek^Z\ama^bknembfZm^lmkZbglZmma^
lZf^mbf^T,*V'MablblghmZ>nkh\h]^+k^jnbk^f^gmZg]blghmZ\\^im^][rZee^g`bg^^kl'
Ghg^ma^e^ll_hkq6)'-.]
?khf^jnZmbhglZ[ho^3
F 6 )'-.,_\d[qs
F 6 )'-.,_\d[)'-.]!]¾)'-)'-.]"
6 )'*/0_\d[]+
=D 6 )'*/0
q(]blZelhk^lmkb\m^][rma^Zfhngmh_k^]blmkb[nmbhg\Zkkb^]hnm'?hk_\d©.)FIZ
Cl. 5.5(4)
dª)'-$!)'/$)'))*-e\n"qn(]
pa^k^
] 6 k^]blmkb[nm^]fhf^gm(^eZlmb\[^g]bg`fhf^gm[^_hk^k^]blmkb[nmbhg
qn 6 ]^imah_ma^g^nmkZeZqblZmNELZ_m^kk^]blmkb[nmbhg
e\n 6 \hfik^llbo^lmkZbgbgma^\hg\k^m^ZmNEL
Mabl`bo^lma^oZen^lbgMZ[e^:*'
186
:ii^g]bq:3=^kbo^]_hkfneZ^
Table A1
Limits on D with respect to redistribution ratio, d
B_D7D ma^l^\mbhglahne][^k^lbs^]hk\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]'Bgebg^pbma
\hglb]^kZmbhg h_ `hh] ikZ\mb\^ hnmebg^] Z[ho^% this publication adopts a maximum value
of K'= 0.167'
As2
As
Figure A3
Beam with compression reinforcement
Pbmak^_^k^g\^mh?b`nk^:*%ma^k^blghpZg^qmkZ_hk\^
?l\6)'10:l+ _rd
Ma^Zk^Zh_m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm\Zgghp[^\hglb]^k^]bgmphiZkml%ma^_bklmiZkmmh[ZeZg\^
ma^\hfik^llbo^_hk\^bgma^\hg\k^m^%ma^l^\hg]iZkmmh[ZeZg\^ma^_hk\^bgma^\hfik^llbhg
lm^^e'Ma^Zk^Zh_m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]blma^k^_hk^3
:l6D _\n[] +(!)'10_rds"$:l+
pa^k^
sbl\Ze\neZm^]nlbg`D'bglm^Z]h_D
:l+\Zg[^\Ze\neZm^][rmZdbg`fhf^gmlZ[hnmma^\^gmk^h_ma^m^glbhg_hk\^3
F6F $)'10_rd:l+!]¾]+"
F6D _\n[] +$)'10_rd:l+!]¾]+"
K^ZkkZg`bg`3
:l+6!D¾D "_\d[] +(T)'10_rd!]¾]+"V
A2 Shear
A2.1 Shear resistance (without shear reinforcement), VRd,c
OK]%\6T<K]%\d!*))r*_\d "*(,$d*s\iV[p]ª!ofbg$d*s\i "[p] Exp. (6.2)
pa^k^
NA
<K]%\ 6 )'*1(g<6)'*1(*'.6)'*+
d 6 *$!+))(]")'.©+') 187
r* 6 :l (![p]"©)')+
d* 6 )'*.
s\i 6 )_hkghg&ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\k^m^
ofbg 6 )'),.d*'._\d)'.
=OK]%\6)'*+d!*))r*_\d"*(,[p]ª)'),.d*'._\d)'.[p]
K^ZkkZg`bg`mabl^jnZmbhg`bo^l3
y6)'.lbg¾*To>]s (!)'+)_\dT*¾_\d (+.)V"Vª\hm¾*+'.
pa^k^
o>]s6O>] ([s6O>] (![)'2]"
Bgfhlm\Zl^l%pa^k^\hmy6+'.%y6+*'1
oK]%fZq%\hmy6+'.6)'*,1[ps_\dT*¾_\d (+.)V
hk
oK]%fZq%\hmy6+'.6)'*,1_\dT*¾_\d (+.)V
pa^k^
oK]%fZq%\hmy6+'. 6OK]%fZq%\hmy6+'.(![s"
6OK]%fZq%\hmy6+'.(!)'2[]"
Pa^k^\hmy7+'.%ma^Zg`e^h_ma^lmknmZg]oK]%fZqlahne][^\Ze\neZm^]%hkoK]%fZqfZr[^
ehhd^]nibgmZ[e^lhk\aZkml!^'`'MZ[e^<0hk?b`nk^<*"'
FbgbfnfZk^Zh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
Exp. (9.5N) & NA :lp%fbg (!l[plbga"ª)')1_\d)'.(_rd
pa^k^
l 6 ehg`bmn]bgZeliZ\bg`h_ma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
[p 6 [k^Z]mah_ma^p^[
188
:ii^g]bq:3=^kbo^]_hkfneZ^
a 6 Zg`e^h_ma^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmmhma^ehg`bmn]bgZeZqblh_ma^f^f[^k'?hko^kmb\Ze
ebgdllbga6*')'
K^ZkkZg`bg`_hko^kmb\Zeebgdl3
Alp%fbg (lª)')1[plbga_\d)'.(_rd
A3 Columns
_\]6a\\n_\d(g<
e\n+ sl\ ]
el\ :l+
+
]\
q
a
g'Zqbl Fig. 6.1
er :l*
slm ]+
e\ Figure A4
Section in axial
a) Strain diagram b) Stress diagram compression and
bending
?hkZqbZeehZ]
G>]6_\] []\$:l+sl\¾:l*slm
;nmZl:l+6:l*6:lG(+
G>]6_\] []\$:lG!sl\¾slm"(+
G>]¾_\] []\6:lG!sl\¾slm"(+
!G>]¾_\] []\"(!sl\¾slm"6:lG(+
:lG(+6!G>]¾_\] []\"(!sl\¾slm"
=:lG(+6!G>]¾a\\n_\d[]\ (g<"(!sl\¾slm"
?hkfhf^gmZ[hnm\^gmk^h_\henfg
F>]6_\] []\!a(+¾]\ (+"$:l+sl\!a(+¾]+"$:l*slm!a(+¾]+"
;nmZl:l+6:l*6:lF(+
F>]6_\] []\!a(+¾]\ (+"$:lF!sl\$slm"!a(+¾]+"(+
F>]¾_\] []\!a(+¾]\ (+"6:lF!sl\$slm"!a(+¾]+"(+
TF>]¾_\] []\!a(+¾]\ (+"V(!sl\$slm"!a(+¾]+"6:lF(+
Note
Cl. 6.1(6), Fig. 6.1,
?hkl^\mbhglpaheerbg\hfik^llbhg%ma^lmkZbgblebfbm^]ln\amaZmZo^kZ`^lmkZbg
Table 3.1
≤e\l6)'))*0.!Zllnfbg`[bebg^Zklmk^ll¾lmkZbgk^eZmbhglabi"'
189
Appendix B: Serviceability limit state
B1 Deflection
BgfZgr\Zl^l%iZkmb\neZkerpbmaleZ[l%]^_e^\mbhgbl\kbmb\Zemh]^lb`g'
>nkh\h]^+%<e'0'-Zeehpl_hk]^_e^\mbhgmh[^\hgmkhee^][rnlbg`liZg3]^imakZmbh!E(]"\a^\dl
bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma<e'0'-'+hk[r\Ze\neZmbhgbgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma<e'0'-','BmblbfihkmZgmmh
]b__^k^gmbZm^[^mp^^gma^oZkbhnlf^mah]lnl^]bg\a^\dbg`]^_hkfZmbhgZlma^rpbee^Z\a`bo^
]b__^k^gmZglp^kl'Mak^^ihineZkf^mah]lZk^]bl\nll^][^ehp'HgermaZm]^l\kb[^]bgL^\mbhg
;*'*[^ehpbllnbmZ[e^_hkaZg]\Ze\neZmbhg'
L^iZkZm^ZgZerl^lnlbg`jnZlb&i^kfZg^gmehZ]lg^^]mh[^\Zkkb^]hnm'?hk^Z\aliZg%ZgLEL
g^nmkZe Zqbl ]^ima bl ]^m^kfbg^]% ma^g s\ Zg] sl Zk^ ]^kbo^] _hk ma^ jnZlb&i^kfZg^gm ehZ]
\hg]bmbhgl'Ma^ _Z\mhk sl bl nl^] bg Z\\hk]Zg\^ pbma >nkh\h]^ +T+V Zg] ma^ \nkk^gm GZmbhgZe
:gg^qT+ZV%mhfh]b_rma^[Zlb\liZg 3 ^__^\mbo^]^imakZmbh'
Pabelm mabl f^mah] `bo^l Z fhk^ Z\\nkZm^ Zg] e^ll \hgl^koZmbo^ Zll^llf^gm h_ sl% bm bl hger
lnbmZ[e^_hk\hfinm^klik^Z]la^^mZiieb\Zmbhgl'L^^Zelh:ii^g]bq;.'
Bgma^ZgZerlblh_leZ[lZg][^Zfl%lniihkmlZk^nlnZeerZllnf^]mh[^ibgg^]'Bgk^Zebmrlniihkml
aZo^ lhf^ \hgmbgnbmr% ^li^\bZeer Zm ^g] lniihkml' NlnZeer% ghfbgZe mhi lm^^e bl Zllnf^] Zg]
ikhob]^]bgma^mhih_liZglZg]blnl^]bgma^]^m^kfbgZmbhgh_l^\mbhgikhi^kmb^l'
190
:ii^g]bq;3L^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^
Bg ma^ lik^Z]la^^ml% l^\mbhgl Zm *(+)ma ihbgml Zehg` ma^ e^g`ma h_ Z liZg Zk^ \a^\d^] mh
]^m^kfbg^pa^ma^kma^_e^qnkZem^glbe^lmk^llbgma^l^\mbhgblebd^ermh^q\^^]ma^m^glbe^lmk^g`ma
h_ma^\hg\k^m^]nkbg`^bma^k\hglmkn\mbhghkl^kob\^eb_^3l^iZkZm^ZgZerl^lZk^ng]^kmZd^gnlbg`
_k^jn^gmehZ]l%jnZlb&i^kfZg^gmZg]m^fihkZkrehZ]l'B_ma^_e^qnkZem^glbe^lmk^g`mabl^q\^^]^]
ng]^k_k^jn^gmehZ]l%ma^gma^l^\mbhgblZllnf^]mh[^\kZ\d^]Zg]k^fZbg\kZ\d^]3\kZ\d^]
l^\mbhg ikhi^kmb^l Zk^ nl^] mh ]^m^kfbg^ ma^ kZ]bnl h_ \nkoZmnk^ _hk maZm *(+)ma h_ liZg' B_
_e^qnkZem^glbe^lmk^g`mablghm^q\^^]^]%ng&\kZ\d^]l^\mbhgikhi^kmb^lZk^nl^]'
KZ]bbh_\nkoZmnk^Zk^\Ze\neZm^]_hk^Z\a*(+)maliZgbg\k^f^gmh_ma^^e^f^gmnlbg`ma^k^e^oZgm
ikhi^kmb^lZg]fhf^gml]^kbo^]_khfZgZerlblh_jnZlb&i^kfZg^gmZ\mbhgl'=^_hkfZmbhgbl\Ze\neZm^]
_khfma^bg\k^f^gmlÃ\nkoZmnk^lobZgnf^kb\Zebgm^`kZmbhgho^kma^e^g`mah_^Z\aliZg'
Ma^f^mah]blbgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbmaMa^<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mrÃlin[eb\ZmbhgMK.1T,+V':`Zbgma^f^mah]
bllnbmZ[e^hger_hk\hfinm^kZiieb\ZmbhglZg]ghm_hkaZg]\Ze\neZmbhg'
>g]liZglZk^nlnZeer\kbmb\Ze'Pbmak^li^\mmhma^kb`hkhnlZgZerlblf^mah]%bmaZl[^^gln``^lm^]maZm
_hk^g]&liZgl%ma^M<<Zg]K<&lik^Z]la^^mf^mah]lk^lnembg]^_e^\mbhgl\ehl^mhma^ebfbmllmZm^]
bg>nkh\h]^+%ikhob]^]maZmZghfbgZe^g]&lniihkmk^lmkZbgbg`fhf^gmblik^l^gmpa^k^ghg^bl
Zllnf^]bgZgZerlbl'<Znmbhgblma^k^_hk^g^\^llZkrbgmkn^ibgg^]^g]&lniihkmlbmnZmbhgl[nmpa^k^
lhf^ \hgmbgnbmr ^qblml% mabl ]bliZkbmr fZr [^ Z]]k^ll^] [r ^glnkbg` maZm ZiikhikbZm^ Zfhngml h_
k^bg_hk\^f^gm%bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbmama^<h]^Zg]GZmbhgZe:gg^q%Zk^ikhob]^]Zm^g]lniihkml'
Ma^G=I_hk<e'2'+'*'+!*"bgma^NDG:T+ZVmh;L>G*22+¾*¾+lmbineZm^lmaZm+.h_^g]liZg
fhf^gmlahne][^nl^]mh]^m^kfbg^^g]lniihkmk^bg_hk\^f^gm'MablblnlnZeerZ\\hffh]Zm^]
[rikhob]bg`+.h_^g]liZg[hmmhflm^^eZlmhilm^^eZm^g]lniihkml'Bmblhgmabl[ZlblmaZm
ma^\Ze\neZmbhglbgmablin[eb\ZmbhgZk^\hglb]^k^]Zl[^bg`_nkma^kln[lmZgmbZm^]'
191
Relative modulus
E/Ec
ae – 1 d2
As2
x
1
d
As
ae
?khf_bklmikbg\bie^l%_hkZ_neer\kZ\d^]mkZgl_hkf^]l^\mbhg%
MhmZeZk^Zh_l^\mbhg%:6[q$:la^$:l+!a^*"
*lmfhf^gmh_Zk^Z%:r6[q+(+$:l]a^$:l+]+!a^*"
?hkZleZ[%[6*)))%ma^k^_hk^
: 6*)))q$:la^$:l+!a^*"
:r6.))q+$:l]a^$:l+]+!a^*"
G^nmkZeZqbl]^ima%q
q 6 :r (:
6 T.))q+$:l]a^$:l+]+!a^*"V(T*)))q$:la^$:l+!a^*"V
Ma^k^_hk^
qT*)))q$:la^$:l+!a^*"V6T.))q+$:l]a^$:l+]+!a^*"V
) 6T.))q+$:l]a^$:l+]+!a^*"VqT*)))q$:la^$:l+!a^*"V
6.))q+qT*)))qV$:l]a^$:l+]+!a^*"VqT:la^$:l+!a^*"V
6.))q+qT:la^$:l+!a^*"V$T:l]a^$:l+]+!a^*"V
Lheobg`ma^jnZ]kZmb\
q6[¨[+-a\")'.V(+Z
T:la^$:l+!a^*"¨tT:la^$:l+!a^*"V+$-.))T:l]a^$:l+]+!a^*"Vv)'.V
q 6
!+q.))"
hkmkZglihlbg`%
T¾!a^*":l+a^:l$tT!a^*":l+$a^:lV+$+)))T!a^*":l+]+$a^:l]Vv)'.V
q6
*)))
hk
T!a^*":l+a^:l$tT!a^*":l+$a^:lV+$+[T!a^*":l+]+$a^:l]Vv)'.V
q6
[
Mabl^qik^llbhgblnl^]bgma^K<lik^Z]la^^mlT+1V'
192
:ii^g]bq;3L^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^
b
Fc x/3
x
Mqp
z
As Fs
Figure B2
a) Section b) Dimensions and forces SLS stresses: singly
reinforced section
<hglb]^kfhf^gmlZ[hnm?\3
Fji 6?l s6?l!]q(,"
?l 6Fji (!]q(,"
sl 6Fji (T:l!]q(,"V
sl :l6Fji (!]q(,"6q[s\ (+
s\ 6+sl :l (q[
E/Ec = ae – 1 E/Ec = ae
s = sc(ae – 1)(x – d2)/x s = sc
b d2
As2
x
d
Mqp
As
E/Ec = ae
s = ss
a) Section b) Dimensions, modular
ratios and stresses Figure B3
SLS stresses
<hglb]^kfhf^gm%Fji%Z[hnm[hmmhfk^bg_hk\^f^gm%:lT,-V'
Fji6 :l+!]]+"!a^*"t!q¾]+"(qvs\$s\[!q(+"!]q(,"
Ma^k^_hk^
s\ 6 Fji(T:l+!]]+"!a^*""t!q]+"(qv$[!q(+"!]q(,"V
:g]_khflmk^ll]bZ`kZf
sl 6 s\a^!]q"(q
193
Appendix C: Design aids
Ma^ _heehpbg` mZ[e^l% m^qm Zg] _b`nk^l aZo^ [^^g ]^kbo^] _khf >nkh\h]^ + Zg] Zk^ ikhob]^]
Zl]^lb`gZb]l_hk]^lb`g^klbgma^ND'Ma^l^]^lb`gZb]laZo^[^^gk^_^k^g\^]bgma^m^qmZg]
`^g^kZeeraZo^[^^gmZd^g_khfL^\mbhg*.h_<hg\bl^>nkh\h]^+T.V'
N *',.@d$*'.Jd >qi'!/'*)"_khf;L>G*22)T*)V
hkma^phkl^\Zl^h_
N *',.@d$c)*'.Jd >qi'!/'*)Z"
Zg]
N *'+.@d$*'.Jd >qi'!/'*)["
pa^k^c)6*')_hklmhkZ`^%)'._hklghp[nmhma^kpbl^)'0%l^^MZ[e^+'+'
Bg fhlm \Zl^l >qi' !/'*)[" pbee [^ ZiikhikbZm^% ^q\^im _hk lmhkZ`^ pa^k^ ma^ nl^ h_ >qi' !/'*)Z"
blebd^ermh[^fhk^hg^khnl'
?hkma^LELh_]^_hkfZmbhg%jnZlb&i^kfZg^gmehZ]llahne][^Ziieb^]'Ma^l^Zk^*')@d$c+Jd
pa^k^c+bl]^i^g]^gmhgnl^%^'`')',_hkh__b\^lZg]k^lb]^gmbZeZg])'0_hklmhkZ`^'
C2 Values of actions
Ma^oZen^lh_Z\mbhgl!b'^'ehZ]l"Zk^]^_bg^]bg>nkh\h]^*T**V'Ma^iZkmlh_>nkh\h]^*Zk^`bo^g
bgMZ[e^<*'Ma^l^oZen^lZk^mZd^gZl\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^l':mma^mbf^h_in[eb\Zmbhg%ma^ND
GZmbhgZe:gg^q^lmhma^l^iZkmlZk^bgoZkbhnllmZm^lh_k^Z]bg^ll'
:lI=//10T/VfZd^l\e^Zk%ngmbema^ZiikhikbZm^>nkhi^ZglmZg]Zk]l[^\hf^ZoZbeZ[e^%]^lb`g^kl
fZr\hglb]^knlbg`\nkk^gmikZ\mb\^hk\nkk^gm;kbmblaLmZg]Zk]lbg\hgcng\mbhgpbma>nkh\h]^+%
ikhob]^]ma^rZk^\hfiZmb[e^pbma>nkh\h]^+Zg]maZmma^k^lnembg`k^ebZ[bebmrblZ\\^imZ[e^'
;L>G*22*¾*¾*lmZm^lmaZmma^]^glbmrh_\hg\k^m^bl+-dG(f,%k^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^%+.dG(f,
Zg]p^mk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^%+/dG(f,'
Table C1
The parts of Eurocode 1[11]
Reference Title
BS EN 1991-1-1 =^glbmb^l%l^e_&p^b`amZg]bfihl^]ehZ]l
BS EN 1991-1-2 :\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^l^qihl^]mh_bk^
BS EN 1991-1-3 LghpehZ]l
BS EN 1991-1-4 Pbg]Z\mbhgl
BS EN 1991-1-5 Ma^kfZeZ\mbhgl
BS EN 1991-1-6 :\mbhgl]nkbg`^q^\nmbhg
BS EN 1991-1-7 :\\b]^gmZeZ\mbhgl]n^mhbfiZ\mZg]^qiehlbhgl
BS EN 1991-2 MkZ__b\ehZ]lhg[kb]`^l
BS EN 1991-3 :\mbhglbg]n\^][r\kZg^lZg]fZ\abg^kr
BS EN 1991-4 :\mbhglbglbehlZg]mZgdl
194
:ii^g]bq<3=^lb`gZb]l
C3 Analysis
:gZerlbl bl ]^Zem pbma bg L^\mbhg . h_ <hg\bl^>nkh\h]^+'Pa^k^ ZiikhikbZm^ ma^ \h^__b\b^gml
`bo^gbgMZ[e^l<+Zg]<,\Zg[^nl^]mh]^m^kfbg^]^lb`gfhf^gmlZg]la^Zk_hkleZ[lZg]
[^ZflZmNEL'
Table C2
Coefficients for use with one-way spanning slabs to Eurocode 2
Coefficient Location
End support/slab connection Internal supports and spans
Pinned end support Continuous
Outer Near Outer Near At 1st At At
support middle of support middle of interior middle of interior
end span end span support interior supports
spans
Moment )') )')1/ ¾)')- )')0. ¾)')1/ )')/, ¾)')/,
Shear )'-) ¿ )'-/ ¿ )'/)3)'/) ¿ )'.)3)'.)
Notes
1:iieb\Z[e^mhhg^&pZrliZggbg`leZ[lpa^k^ma^Zk^Zh_^Z\a[Zr^q\^^]l,)f+%Jd©*'+.@dZg]jd©.
dG(f+%ln[lmZgmbZeerngb_hkfehZ]bg`!Zme^Zlm,liZgl%fbgbfnfliZgª)'1.fZqbfnf!]^lb`g"liZg'
2=^lb`gfhf^gm6\h^__qgqliZg+Zg]]^lb`gla^Zk6\h^__qgqliZgpa^k^gblZN=EpbmaZlbg`e^oZkbZ[e^
Z\mbhg6g@ `d$cgJjdpa^k^`dZg]jdZk^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\i^kfZg^gmZg]oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhglbgdG(f'
3;Zlbl3Rb^e]ebg^]^lb`g!Zllnf^]+)k^]blmkb[nmbhgT0V"
Table C3
Coefficients for use with beams (and one-way spanning slabs) to Eurocode 2
Coefficient Location
Outer support Near middle At 1st interior At middle of At interior
of end span support interior spans supports
Moment `k +.liZga ¿ )')2- ¿ )')0.
and jk
Moment `k ¿ )')2) ¿ )')// ¿
Moment jk ¿ )'*)) ¿ )')1/ ¿
Shear )'-. ¿ )'/,3)'.. ¿ )'.)3)'.)b
Notes
1?hk[^ZflZg]leZ[l%,hkfhk^liZgl'!Ma^rfZrZelh[^nl^]_hk+&liZg[^Zfl[nmlniihkm
fhf^gm\h^__b\b^gm6)'*)/Zg]bgm^kgZela^Zk\h^__b\b^gm6)'/,[hmalb]^l"'
2@^g^kZeerJd©@d%Zg]ma^ehZ]bg`lahne][^ln[lmZgmbZeerngb_hkfer]blmkb[nm^]'Hma^kpbl^li^\bZe
\nkmZbef^gmh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]'
3FbgbfnfliZgª)'1.qfZqbfnf!Zg]]^lb`g"liZg'
4=^lb`gfhf^gmZmlniihkml 6 \h^__qgqliZg+
hkbgliZgl 6 !\h^__`dqg@`d$\h^__jdqcgJjd"qliZg+'
5=^lb`gla^ZkZm\^gmk^ebg^h_lniihkml6\h^__qgqliZgpa^k^gblZN=EpbmaZlbg`e^oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg
6g@`d$cgJjdpa^k^`dZg]jdZk^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\i^kfZg^gmZg]oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhglbgdG(f'
g@Zg]cgJZk^]^i^g]^gmhgnl^h_;L>G*22)%>qik^llbhgl!/'*)"%!/'*)Z"hk!/'*)["'L^^L^\mbhg<*'
6;Zlbl3:ee&Zg]Zem^kgZm^&liZgl&ehZ]^]\Zl^lZlNDGZmbhgZe:gg^qZg]*.k^]blmkb[nmbhgZm
lniihkml'
Key
a:mhnm^klniihkmÂ+.liZgÃk^eZm^lmhma^NDGZmbhgZeer=^m^kfbg^]IZkZf^m^k_hk>nkh\h]^+% Cl. 9.2.1.2
<e'2'+'*'+!*"_hkfbgbfnfi^k\^gmZ`^h_liZg[^g]bg`fhf^gmmh[^Zllnf^]Zmlniihkmlbg[^Zfl
bgfhghebmab\\hglmkn\mbhg'*.fZr[^ZiikhikbZm^_hkleZ[l!l^^>nkh\h]^+%<e'2','*'+"'
Cl. 9.3.1.2
b?hk[^Zflh__bo^liZgl%)'..Ziieb^lmh\^gmk^liZg'
195
C4 Design for bending
N =^m^kfbg^pa^ma^kD©D hkghm!b'^'pa^ma^kng]^k&k^bg_hk\^]hkghm"'
pa^k^
D 6 F>] (![]+_\d"
pa^k^
] 6 ^__^\mbo^]^ima6a¾\ho^k¾f(+
[ 6 pb]mah_l^\mbhgbg\hfik^llbhg
D fZr[^]^m^kfbg^]_khfMZ[e^<-Zg]bl]^i^g]^gmhgma^k^]blmkb[nmbhgkZmbhnl^]'
Table C4
Values for D
N B_D©D %l^\mbhgblunder-reinforced'
?hkk^\mZg`neZkl^\mbhgl3
:l* 6 F>] (_r]s
pa^k^
:l* 6 Zk^Zh_m^glbe^k^bg_hk\^f^gm
F>]6 ]^lb`gfhf^gm
_r] 6 _rd (gL6.))(*'*.6-,-'1FIZ
s 6 ]T)'.$)'.!*¾,'.,D")'.V©)'2.]
OZen^lh_s(]!Zg]q(]"fZr[^mZd^g_khfMZ[e^<.
?hk_eZg`^][^Zflpa^k^q5*'+.a_%
:l* 6 F>] (_r] s
pa^k^ q 6 ]^imamhg^nmkZeZqbl'OZen^lh_q(]fZr[^mZd^g_khfMZ[e^<.
a_ 6 mab\dg^llh__eZg`^
?hk_eZg`^][^Zflpa^k^qª*'+.a_%k^_^kmhAhpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+T1V'
How to: Beams[8]
N B_D7D %l^\mbhgblover-reinforcedZg]k^jnbk^l\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm'
:l+6!F>]¾F "(_l\!]¾]+"
pa^k^
:l+6 \hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
B_]+(q7)',0.ma^gma^m^kf:l+lahne][^k^ieZ\^][rma^m^kf
*'/!*¾]+(q":l+
F 6 D []+_\d
_l\ 6 0))!qn¾]+"(qn©_r]
pa^k^
]+ 6 ^__^\mbo^]^imamh\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
196
:ii^g]bq<3=^lb`gZb]l
qn 6 !d¾)'-"]
pa^k^
d 6k^]blmkb[nmbhgkZmbh
MhmZeZk^Zh_lm^^e:l*6F (!_r]s"$:l+_l\ (_r]
Table C5
Values of s/] and q/] for singly reinforced rectangular sections
Key
aFZqbfnfZeehpZ[e^k^]blmkb[nmbhg
bIkZ\mb\Zeebfbm
cBmblk^\hff^g]^]maZmq(]blebfbm^]mh)'-.)T,.V':lZ\hgl^jn^g\^s(]blebfbm^]mhZfbgbfnfh_
)'1+)Zg]D mh)'*/1'
197
Table C6
Shear resistance without shear reinforcement, oRd,c (MPa)
Table C7
Capacity of concrete struts expressed as a stress, oRd,max
198
:ii^g]bq<3=^lb`gZb]l
:em^kgZmbo^er% :lp(l i^k f^mk^ pb]ma h_ [p fZr [^ ]^m^kfbg^] _khf ?b`nk^ <*Z" hk <*[" Zl
bg]b\Zm^] [r ma^ [en^ Zkkhpl bg ?b`nk^<*Z"'Ma^l^ _b`nk^l fZr Zelh [^ nl^] mh ^lmbfZm^ ma^
oZen^h_\hmy'
;^ZflZk^ln[c^\mmhZfbgbfnfla^Zkebgdikhoblbhg':llnfbg`o^kmb\Zeebgdl%
:lp%fbg (l[pª)')1_\d)'.(_rd!l^^MZ[e^<1"'
Table C8
Values of :sw,min/l[w for beams for vertical links and _yk = 500 MPa and compatible resistance, oRd
4.0
C20/25
See Fig. C1b)
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Asw/s required per metre width of bw
Figure C1a)
Diagram to determine :sw/l required (for beams with high shear stress)
199
4.0
C30/37
0
fywk = 500 MPa C25/3
3.0 C20/25
vEd,z (MPa)
2.0
Range of vRd,c for range
d = 200 mm, r = 2.0%
to d = 750 mm, r = 0.5% C20/25
C25/30
1.0 C30/37
C35/45
Asw,min/s
C40/50
for beams
C45/55
C50/60
0.0
0 1 2 3 4
Asw/s required per metre width of bw
Figure C1b)
Diagram to determine :sw/l required (for slabs and beams with low shear stress)
?hko^kmb\Zela^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
!:lp(lk"6 n*!o>]¾)'0.oK]%\"(!*'._rp]%^_"
pa^k^
:lp 6 Zk^Zh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmbghg^i^kbf^m^kZkhng]ma^\henfg'
?hk:lp%fbgl^^<hg\bl^>nkh\h]^+%L^\mbhg*)'-'+Zg]_hkeZrhnml^^L^\mbhg*+'-',
lk 6 kZ]bZeliZ\bg`h_i^kbf^m^klh_la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm
n* 6 [Zlb\\hgmkhei^kbf^m^k+]_khf\henfg_Z\^
Concise: 10.4.2,
12.4.3 _rp]%^_ 6 ^__^\mbo^]^lb`glmk^g`mah_k^bg_hk\^f^gm6!+.)$)'+.]"©_rp]'?hk@kZ]^
.))la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gml^^MZ[e^<2
Table C9
Values of _ywd,ef for grade 500 reinforcement
:mma^\henfgi^kbf^m^k%\a^\do>]≤OK]fZq_hk\hmy6*')`bo^gbgMZ[e^<0'
200
:ii^g]bq<3=^lb`gZb]l
C7 Check deflection
Bg `^g^kZe% ma^ LEL lmZm^ h_ ]^_e^\mbhg fZr [^ \a^\d^] [r nlbg` ma^ liZg&mh&^__^\mbo^&]^ima
ZiikhZ\a'Fhk^\kbmb\ZeZiikZblZeh_]^_hkfZmbhgblhnmlb]^ma^l\hi^h_mablin[eb\Zmbhg'Mhnl^
ma^liZg&mh&^__^\mbo^&]^imaZiikhZ\a%o^kb_rmaZm3
:eehpZ[e^e(]6GqDq?*q?+q?,ªZ\mnZee(]
pa^k^
G 6 [Zlb\liZg&mh&^__^\mbo^&]^imakZmbh]^kbo^]_hkD6*')Zg]r 6)_khfL^\mbhg*)'.'+
Concise: 10.5.2
h_<hg\bl^>nkh\h]^+hkMZ[e^<*)hk?b`nk^<+
D 6 _Z\mhkmhZ\\hngm_hklmkn\mnkZelrlm^f'L^^MZ[e^<**
?*6 _Z\mhkmhZ\\hngm_hk_eZg`^]l^\mbhgl'Pa^g[^__ ([p6*')%_Z\mhk?*6*')'
Pa^g[^__([pbl`k^Zm^kmaZg,')%_Z\mhk?*6)'1)'
?hkoZen^lh_[^__ ([p[^mp^^g*')Zg],')%bgm^kiheZmbhgfZr[^nl^]!l^^MZ[e^<*+"
pa^k^
[^__bl]^_bg^]bgL^\mbhg.'+'+h_<hg\bl^>nkh\h]^+
[p 6 pb]mah_p^[
Concise: 5.2.2
BgB[^Zfl[p6fbgbfnfpb]mah_p^[bgm^glbe^Zk^Z'
BgmZi^k^]p^[l[p6pb]mah_p^[Zm\^gmkhb]h_k^bg_hk\^f^gmbgp^['
?+6 _Z\mhkmhZ\\hngm_hk[kbmme^iZkmbmbhglbgZllh\bZmbhgpbmaehg`liZgl'@^g^kZeer?+
6*')[nmb_[kbmme^iZkmbmbhglZk^ebZ[e^mh[^]ZfZ`^][r^q\^llbo^]^_e^\mbhg%?+
lahne][^]^m^kfbg^]Zl_heehpl3
Z"bg_eZmleZ[lbgpab\ama^ehg`^kliZgbl`k^Zm^kmaZg1'.f%?+61'.(e^__
["bg[^ZflZg]hma^kleZ[lpbmaliZglbg^q\^llh_0')f%?+60')(e^__
OZen^lh_?+fZr[^mZd^g_khfMZ[e^<*,
?,6 _Z\mhkmhZ\\hngm_hkl^kob\^lmk^llbgm^glbe^k^bg_hk\^f^gm6,*)(sl©*'.
<hgl^koZmbo^er%b_Zl^kob\^lmk^ll%sl%h_,*)FIZblZllnf^]_hkma^]^lb`g^]Zk^Z
h_k^bg_hk\^f^gm%:l%k^jma^g?,6:l%ikho (:l%k^j©*'.'
Fhk^Z\\nkZm^er%‡ma^l^kob\^Z[bebmrlmk^ll%sl%fZr[^^lmbfZm^]Zl_heehpl3
sl6_rd (gLT!@d$c+ Jd"(!*'+.@d$*'.Jd"VT:l%k^j (:l%ikhoV!*(d"
hk
sl6slnT:l%k^j (:l%ikhoV!*(d"
pa^k^
sln 6 ma^ ngfh]b_b^] LEL lm^^e lmk^ll% mZdbg` Z\\hngm h_ gF _hk
k^bg_hk\^f^gmZg]h_`hbg`_khfnembfZm^Z\mbhglmhl^kob\^Z[bebmr
Z\mbhgl
6 .))(gL!@d$c+ Jd"(!*'+.@d$*'.Jd"
slnfZr[^^lmbfZm^]_khf?b`nk^<,Zlbg]b\Zm^][rma^[en^
Zkkhp
:l%k^j (:l%ikho 6 Zk^Zh_lm^^ek^jnbk^]]bob]^][rZk^Zh_lm^^eikhob]^]'
!*(d" 6 _Z\mhkmhÂng&k^]blmkb[nm^ÃNELfhf^gmllhma^rfZr[^nl^]bg
mablLELo^kb_b\Zmbhg!l^^MZ[e^<*-"
:\mnZee(]6Z\mnZeliZg]bob]^][r^__^\mbo^]^ima%]'
‡L^^:ii^g]bq;*'.
201
Table C10
Table 7.4N Basic ratios of span-to-effective-depth, G, for members without axial compression
Required _ck
reinforcement, r
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
0.30% +.'2 ,+'+ ,2'+ -/'/ .-'/ /,') 0*'1
0.40% *2'* ++'- +/'+ ,)'- ,.') ,2'1 -.')
0.50% *0') *1'. +)'. +,') +.'1 +1'1 ,+')
0.60% */') *0', *1'. *2'1 +*', +,'* +.'+
0.70% *.', */'- *0'- *1'. *2'/ +)'/ +*'0
0.80% *-'1 *.'0 */'/ *0'/ *1'. *2'- +)'-
0.90% *-', *.'+ */') */'1 *0'0 *1'. *2',
1.00% *-') *-'1 *.'. */', *0') *0'1 *1'.
1.20% *,'. *-'* *-'1 *.'- */') */'/ *0',
1.40% *,'* *,'0 *-'+ *-'1 *.', *.'1 */'-
1.60% *+'2 *,', *,'1 *-', *-'1 *.'+ *.'0
1.80% *+'0 *,'* *,'. *,'2 *-', *-'1 *.'+
2.00% *+'. *+'2 *,', *,'/ *-') *-'- *-'1
2.50% *+'+ *+'. *+'1 *,'* *,'- *,'0 *-')
3.00% *+') *+', *+'. *+'1 *,') *,', *,'.
3.50% **'2 *+'* *+', *+'. *+'0 *+'2 *,'*
4.00% **'1 **'2 *+'* *+', *+'. *+'0 *+'2
4.50% **'0 **'1 *+') *+'+ *+', *+'. *+'0
5.00% **'/ **'1 **'2 *+'* *+'+ *+'- *+'.
Reference )'-. )'.) )'.. )'.2 )'/, )'/0 )'0*
reinforcement ratio,r0
Notes
1Pa^k^r6:l ([]'
2?hkM&l^\mbhglrblma^Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm]bob]^][rma^Zk^Zh_\hg\k^m^Z[ho^ma^\^gmkhb]h_
ma^m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm'
3Ma^oZen^l_hkliZg&mh&^__^\mbo^&]^imaaZo^[^^g[Zl^]hgMZ[e^0'-Gbg>nkh\h]^+%nlbg`D6*
!lbfierlniihkm^]"Zg]r 6)!gh\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]"'
4Ma^liZg&mh&^__^\mbo^&]^imakZmbhlahne][^[Zl^]hgma^lahkm^kliZgbgmph&pZrliZggbg`leZ[lZg]
ma^ehg`^kliZgbg_eZmleZ[l'
32
Basic span-to-effective-depth ratio N (l/d)
30 fck = 50
fck = 45
28
fck = 40
26 fck = 35
24
fck = 30
22
20
18
16
fck = 25
14
fck = 20
12
0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60% 1.80% 2.00%
Design tension reinforcement (100As,req /bd)
Figure C2
Basic span-to-effective depth ratios, G, for D = 1, r' = 0
202
:ii^g]bq<3=^lb`gZb]l
Table C11
D factors to be applied to basic ratios of span-to-effective-depth
Structural system D
Beams Slabs
Lbfierlniihkm^][^Zfl Hg^&hkmph&pZrliZggbg`lbfierlniihkm^]leZ[l *')
>g]liZgh_\hgmbgnhnl[^Zfl >g]liZgh_hg^&pZrliZggbg`\hgmbgnhnlleZ[l%hk *',
mph&pZrliZggbg`leZ[l\hgmbgnhnlho^khg^ehg`^]`^
Bgm^kbhkliZglh_\hgmbgnhnl[^Zfl Bgm^kbhkliZglh_\hgmbgnhnlleZ[l *'.
¿ ?eZmleZ[l![Zl^]hgehg`^kliZg" *'+
<Zgmbe^o^kl <Zgmbe^o^k )'-
Table C12
Factor F1, modifier for flanged beams
Table C13
Factor F2, modifier for long spans supporting brittle partitions
Span, m eeff © 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0
Flat slabs 8.5/eeff *')) *')) *')) *')) )'2- )'1. )'00 )'0* )'/. )'/* )'.0 )'.,
Beams and other slabs 7.0/eeff *')) )'2, )'11 )'1+ )'01 )'0) )'/- )'.1 )'.- )'.) )'-0 )'--
320
35
300 y2 = 0.8, gG = 1.
1.35
y 2 = 0.6, g G =
Unmodified steel stress ssu
280 1.25
gG=
0.6, = 1.35
y2= y2 = 0
.3, g G
260 .25
=1 .35
, g .25 , gG = 1
y 2 = 0.2
G
.3 =1
=0 g
y2 .2 , G
240 =0
y2
220
200
180
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00
Ratio Gk/Qk
Figure C3
Determination of unmodified SLS, stress in reinforcement, ssu
203
Table C14
(1/d) factor to be applied to unmodified ssu to allow for redistribution used
Average redistribution used 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% –5% –10% –15% –20% –25% –30%
Redistribution ratio used, d 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70
(1/d) 1, 10 2* 2. *)) *). *** **1 *+. *,, *-,
Notes
1 Pa^k^\h^__b\b^gml_khfMZ[e^<+aZo^[^^gnl^]bg]^lb`gZg]pa^k^Jd&*'+.@d%ma^\h^__b\b^gmlbgMZ[e^<+fZr[^\hglb]^k^]mh
k^ik^l^gmfhf^gm]blmkb[nmbhgh_3
¾1g^Zkfb]]e^h_^g]liZgpbmaibgg^]^g]lniihkm
¾++Zm_bklmbgm^kbhklniihkm%ZlZphklm\Zl^
$,g^Zkfb]]e^h_bgm^kgZeliZgl%ZlZphklm\Zl^
¾+1Zmbgm^kbhklniihkml%ZlZphklm\Zl^'
2 Pa^k^\h^__b\b^gml_khfMZ[e^<,aZo^[^^gnl^]bg]^lb`gZg]pa^k^Jd&@d%ma^\h^__b\b^gmlbgMZ[e^<,fZr[^\hglb]^k^]mhk^ik^l^gm
fhf^gmk^]blmkb[nmbhgh_3
$,g^Zkfb]]e^h_^g]liZgpbmaibgg^]^g]lniihkm%ZlZphklm\Zl^
$2g^Zkfb]]e^h_bgm^kgZeliZgl%ZlZphklm\Zl^
¾*.ZmZeebgm^kbhklniihkml'
C8 Control of cracking
<kZ\dbg` fZr [^ \hgmkhee^] [r k^lmkb\mbg` ^bma^k fZqbfnf [Zk ]bZf^m^k hk fZqbfnf [Zk
liZ\bg`mhma^k^e^oZgm]bZf^m^klZg]liZ\bg`l`bo^gbgMZ[e^<*.'Ma^ZiikhikbZm^LELlmk^llbg
k^bg_hk\^f^gm%sl%fZr[^]^m^kfbg^]Zlhnmebg^]_hk?,bgL^\mbhg<0'
FbgbfnfZk^ZlZg]Zli^\mlh_]^mZbebg`lahne][^\a^\d^]'
Table C15
Maximum bar diameters f or maximum bar spacing for crack control
Steel stress (MPa) ss Maximum bar size (mm) Maximum bar spacing (mm)
pk = 0.3 mm pk = 0.4 mm pk = 0.3 mm pk = 0.4 mm
160 ,+ -) ,)) ,))
200 +. ,+ +.) ,))
OR
240 */ +) +)) +.)
280 *+ */ *.) +))
320 *) *+ *)) *.)
360 1 *) .) *))
Notes
1Ma^ÂghkfZeÃebfbmh_)',fffZr[^k^eZq^]mh)'-ff_hkQHZg]Q<*^qihlnk^\eZll^lb_ma^k^bl
ghli^\b_b\k^jnbk^f^gm_hkZii^ZkZg\^'
2MZ[e^Zllnfimbhglbg\en]^\ghf6+.ffZg]_\m%^__!6_\mf"6+'2FIZ'
204
:ii^g]bq<3=^lb`gZb]l
Table C16
Effective length e0: conservative factors for braced columns
N ?hkZqbZeehZ]
:lG(+6!G>]¾a\\n_\d[]\ (g<"(!sl\¾slm"
pa^k^
:lG6mhmZeZk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]mhk^lblmZqbZeehZ]nlbg`mablf^mah]'
:lG6:l*$:l+Zg]:l*6:l+
pa^k^
:l*!:l+"6 Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmbgeZr^k*!eZr^k+"
G>] 6 ]^lb`gZiieb^]ZqbZe_hk\^ Concise:
a\\ 6 )'1. Fig. 6.3
n 6 *_hk©<.)(/)
[ 6 [k^Z]mah_l^\mbhg
]\ 6 ^__^\mbo^]^imah_\hg\k^m^bg\hfik^llbhg6lq©a Concise:
Fig. 6.4
205
pa^k^
l 6 )'1_hk©<.)(/)
q 6 ]^imamhg^nmkZeZqbl
a 6 a^b`amh_l^\mbhg
sl\%!slm" 6 lmk^llbg\hfik^llbhg!Zg]m^glbhg"k^bg_hk\^f^gm
N ?hkfhf^gm
:lF(+6TF>]¾a\\n_\d[]\!a(+¾]\ (+"(g<V(T!a(+¾]+"!sl\$slm"V
pa^k^
:lF 6 m hmZeZk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]mhk^lblmfhf^gmnlbg`mablf^mah]
:lF6:l*$:l+Zg]:l*6:l+
Pa^k^k^bg_hk\^f^gmblghm\hg\^gmkZm^]bgma^\hkg^kl%Z\hgl^koZmbo^ZiikhZ\ablmh\Ze\neZm^
Zg^__^\mbo^oZen^h_]+ZlbeenlmkZm^]bg?b`nk^l<-Z"mh^"'
N Lhenmbhg3bm^kZm^qln\amaZm:lG6:lF
?b`nk^l<-Z"mh<-^"`bo^ghg&]bf^glbhgZe]^lb`g\aZkml_hklrff^mkb\Zeerk^bg_hk\^]k^\mZg`neZk
\henfglpa^k^k^bg_hk\^f^gmblZllnf^]mh[^\hg\^gmkZm^]bgma^\hkg^kl'
Bgma^l^\aZkml3
a\\ 6 )'1.
_\d © .)FIZ
_rd © .))FIZ
Lbfieb_b^]lmk^ll[eh\dZllnf^]'
:l 6 mhmZeZk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]
6 !:l _rd ([a_\d"[a_\d (_rd
pa^k^
!:l _rd ([a_\d"bl]^kbo^]_khfma^ZiikhikbZm^]^lb`g\aZkmbgm^kiheZmbg`Zlg^\^llZkr
[^mp^^g\aZkml_hkma^oZen^h_]+(a_hkma^l^\mbhg'
[6[k^Z]mah_l^\mbhg
a6a^b`amh_l^\mbhg
Pa^k^k^bg_hk\^f^gmblghm\hg\^gmkZm^]bgma^\hkg^kl%Z\hgl^koZmbo^ZiikhZ\ablmh\Ze\neZm^
Zg^__^\mbo^oZen^h_]+ZlbeenlmkZm^]bg?b`nk^l<-Z"mh^"'
]+ 6 ^__^\mbo^]^imamhlm^^ebgeZr^k+
206
:ii^g]bq<3=^lb`gZb]l
1.3
Kr = 0.2
d 2 /h = 0.05
1.2
c k
hf
0.3
k /b
1.1 h/2
fy
h
s
A
1.0 0.4
1.0
0.9 d2
0.9 0.8
0.5 Centroid of bars in
0.7 half section
0.8 0.6
0.5 0.6
NEd/bhfck
0.7 0.4
0.3 0.7
0.6 0.2
0.5 0.1
0 0.8
0.4
0.9
0.3
1.0
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
MEd/bh2fck
Figure C4a)
Rectangular columns ]2/a = 0.05
1.3
Kr = 0.2
d 2 /h = 0.10
1.2
ck
0.3
hf
k /b
h/2
1.1
fy
s
A
h
1.0 0.4
1.0
0.9 d2
0.9 0.8
0.7 0.5 Centroid of bars in
half section
0.8 0.6
0.5
NEd/bhfck
0.6
0.7 0.4
0.3 0.7
0.6 0.2
0.1
0.5
0 0.8
0.4
0.9
0.3
Kr = 1
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
MEd/bh2fck
Figure C4b)
Rectangular columns ]2/a = 0.10
207
1.3
Kt = 0.2
d 2 /h = 0.15
1.2
k
0.3
c
hf
h/2
k /b
1.1
fy
h
s
A
1.0 1.0
0.4 d2
0.9
0.9 0.8 Centroid of bars in
0.5
0.7 half section
0.8 0.6
0.5 0.6
NEd/bhfck
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.6 0.7
0.2
0.1
0.5
0 0.8
0.4
0.9
0.3
Kr = 1
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
MEd/bh2fck
Figure C4c)
Rectangular columns ]2/a = 0.15
1.3
Kr = 0.2
d 2 /h = 0.20
1.2
ck
hf
0.3 h/2
k /b
1.1
fy
h
s
A
1.0 1.0
0.4 d2
0.9
0.9 Centroid of bars in
0.8
0.7 0.5 half section
0.8
0.6
NEd/bhfck
0.5 0.6
0.7
0.4
0.6 0.3
0.2 0.7
0.5 0.1
0 0.8
0.4
0.3 0.9
0.2
Kr = 1
0.1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
MEd/bh2fck
Figure C4d)
Rectangular columns ]2/a = 0.20
208
:ii^g]bq<3=^lb`gZb]l
1.3
Kr = 0.2 d 2 /h = 0.25
1.2
c k
hf
0.3 h/2
k /b
1.1
fy
h
s
A
1.0 1.0 d2
0.9 0.4
0.9 Centroid of bars in
0.8
half section
0.7
0.8
0.6 0.5
NEd/bhfck
0.7 0.5
0.4
0.6
0.6 0.3
0.2
0.5 0.1
0.7
0
0.4
0.8
0.3
0.9
0.2
0.1
Kr = 1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
MEd/bh2fck
Figure C4e)
Rectangular columns ]2/a = 0.25
C9.6 Links
Ebgdl bg \henfgl lahne] [^ Zm e^Zlm 1 ff hk fZqbfnf ]bZf^m^k h_ ehg`bmn]bgZe [Zkl(- bg
]bZf^m^kZg]Z]cZ\^gmmh[^ZflZg]leZ[lliZ\^]Zmma^e^Zlmh_3
N *+mbf^lma^fbgbfnf]bZf^m^kh_ma^ehg`bmn]bgZe[Zk%
N /)h_ma^e^ll^k]bf^glbhgh_ma^\henfg%hk
N +-)ff'
209
1.2
k
fc
k /h 2
Ratio d/h = 0.6
0.2
1.1
fy
s
A
1.0 d
0.3 h
1.0 0.9
0.8 0.4
0.9
0.7
0.8 0.5
0.6
0.7 0.5
0.6
NEd /h2fck
0.4
0.6 0.3 0.7
0.2
0.5
0.1 0.8
0.4 0
0.3 0.9
0.2 Kr =1
0.1
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
MEd /h3fck
Figure C5a)
Circular columns ]/a = 0.6
1.2
k
fc
0.2
1.1
fy s
A
d
1.0 h
1.0
0.3
0.9
0.9 0.8
0.4
0.7
0.8
0.6
0.7 0.5
NEd /h2fck
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.3
0.6
0.5 0.2
0.1
0.7
0.4 0
0.3
0.8
0.2
Kr =1
0.1
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
MEd /h3fck
Figure C5b)
Circular columns ]/a = 0.7
210
:ii^g]bq<3=^lb`gZb]l
1.2
k
c
k h f
Ratio d/h = 0.8
s y / 2
0.2
1.1
Af
d
1.0 0.3 h
1.0
0.9
0.9 0.8
0.4
0.7
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.7 0.5
0.4
NEd /h2fck
0.5 0.2
0.1 0.7
0.4 0
0.8
0.3
0.2 0.9
0.1
Kr =1
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
MEd /h3fck
Figure C5c)
Circular columns ]/a = 0.8
1.2
ck
f
s y /h 2
1.0 0.3 d h
1.0
0.9
0.9 0.8 0.4
0.7
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.7 0.5
0.4
NEd /h2fck
0.6 0.6
0.3
0.5 0.2
0.1 0.7
0.4 0
0.8
0.3
0.2 0.9
0.1 Kr =1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
MEd /h3fck
Figure C5d)
Circular columns ]/a = 0.9
211
Eurocode 2 resources
Publications
Concise Eurocode 2
<<BI&)).%Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/
:aZg][hhd_hkma^]^lb`gh_bg&lbmn\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`lmh>nkh\h]^+Zg]bmlNDGZmbhgZe:gg^q
Software
RC spreadsheets: V3. User guide and CD
<<BI&))1'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/
>q\^elik^Z]la^^ml_hk]^lb`gmh;L1**)Zg]>nkh\h]^+Zg]bmlNDGZmbhgZe:gg^q
Websites
Eurocode 2 – www.eurocode2.info
Eurocodes Expert – www.eurocodes.co.uk
The Concrete Centre – www.concretecentre.com
Institution of Structural Engineers – www.istructe.org
212
F^f[^klh_ma^Lm^^kbg`@khni
ChagFZlhg :eZg;Zqm^k:llh\bZm^l!<aZbkfZg"
LmnZkm:e^qZg]^k PLI@khniie\
IZe<aZgZ Fbg^kZeIkh]n\ml:llh\bZmbhg¾<^f^gm
<aZke^l@hh]\abe] Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^
MhgrChg^l :kni
:g]rEre^ GKF<hglnemZgml
Kb\aZk]Fhll Ihp^eeMheg^k:llh\bZm^l
GZkrGZkZrZgZg <eZkdLfbmaIZkmg^klabi
Kb\aZk]LabifZg =<E@
Kh[^kmOheenf Bfi^kbZe<hee^`^%Ngbo^klbmrh_Ehg]hg
KnllPhelm^gahef^ PL:mdbgl=MBIkhc^\mH_Ë\^k
Kh]P^[lm^k <hg\k^m^BgghoZmbhgZg]=^lb`g
F^f[^klh_ma^<hg\k^m^Bg]nlmkr>nkh\h]^+@khni!<B>@"
ChagFhhk^ <hglnemZgm!<aZbkfZg"
<ebo^;n]`^ ;kbmblaIk^\Zlm<hg\k^m^?^]^kZmbhg
IZe<aZgZ Fbg^kZeIkh]n\ml:llh\bZmbhg¾<^f^gm
Chag<eZkd^ Ma^<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr
<hebg<e^o^ker <hglmkn\m
<aZke^l@hh]\abe] Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^
AZb`@neoZg^llbZg ;K>
@^h__AZk]bg` =<E@
MhfAZkkblhg Fbg^kZeIkh]n\ml:llh\bZmbhg¾<hg\k^m^
MhgrChg^l :kni
ChagFZlhg :eZg;Zqm^k:llh\bZm^l
Kb\aZk]Fhll Ihp^eeMheg^k:llh\bZm^l
GZkrGZkZrZgZg <eZkdLfbmaIZkmg^klabi
Kb\aZk]LabifZg =<E@
FZkmbgLhnma\hmm <hglnemZgm
KnllPhelm^gahef^ PL:mdbgl
Kh]P^[lm^k <hg\k^m^BgghoZmbhgZg]=^lb`g
BgbmbZel^\mbhg]kZ_ml
* Bgmkh]n\mbhg GZkrGZkZrZgZg
+ :gZerlbl%Z\mbhglZg]ehZ]ZkkZg`^f^gml GZkrGZkZrZgZg
, LeZ[l <aZke^l@hh]\abe]
- ;^Zfl <aZke^l@hh]\abe]%Kh]P^[lm^k
. <henfgl MhgrChg^l%C^glMZg]e^k
/ PZeel MhgrChg^l%C^glMZg]e^k
:ii^g]bq:3=^kboZmbhgh__hkfneZ^ <aZke^l@hh]\abe]%Kh]P^[lm^k%Hp^g;khhd^k
:ii^g]bq;3L^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^ <aZke^l@hh]\abe]%GZkrGZkZrZgZg
:ii^g]bq<3=^lb`gZb]l <aZke^l@hh]\abe]%Kh]P^[lm^k
3
Phkd^]>qZfie^lmh>nkh\h]^+3Ohenf^*
Mablin[eb\Zmbhg`bo^l^qZfie^lh_ma^]^lb`gmh <aZke^l@hh]\abe]blikbg\biZelmkn\mnkZe^g`bg^^k
>nkh\h]^+h_\hffhgk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^^e^f^gml _hkMa^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^pa^k^a^ikhfhm^l^_Ë\b^gm
bgk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^_kZf^][nbe]bg`l' \hg\k^m^]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhg';^lb]^likhc^\m
fZgZ`bg`Zg]Znmahkbg`mablin[eb\Zmbhga^aZl
Pbma^qm^glbo^\eZnl^k^_^k^g\bg`%k^Z]^klZk^`nb]^] ng]^kmZd^gfZgrikhc^\mlmha^eipbmama^bgmkh]n\mbhg
makhn`a]^lb`g^qZfie^lmh>nkh\h]^+Zg]hma^kk^e^oZgm h_>nkh\h]^+mhma^ND'
>nkh\h]^lZg]k^_^k^g\^l'Ma^in[eb\Zmbhg%pab\abg\en]^l
]^lb`gZb]l%Zbflmha^ei]^lb`g^klpbmama^mkZglbmbhgmh
]^lb`gmh>nkh\h]^l'
Ohenf^*Phkd^]>qZfie^lmh>nkh\h]^+bliZkmh_ZkZg`^
h_k^lhnk\^lZoZbeZ[e^_khfMa^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^mhZllblm
^g`bg^^klpbma]^lb`gmh>nkh\h]^l'?hkfhk^bg_hkfZmbhg
oblbmppp'^nkh\h]^+'bg_h'
<<BI&)-*
In[ebla^]=^\^f[^k+))2
BL;G*&2)-1*1&1-&0
Ikb\^@khniI
¡FI:¾Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^
Kbo^klb]^Ahnl^%-F^Z]hpl;nlbg^llIZkd%
LmZmbhg:iikhZ\a%;eZ\dpZm^k%<Zf[^ke^r%Lnkk^r@N*02:;
M^e3$--!!)"*+//)/1))?Zq3$--!)"*+0//)/1)*
ppp'\hg\k^m^\^gmk^'\hf