ENERGY and ENERGY BALANCE

ENERGY BALANCE

Amount of Intake = Energy Expended

ENERGY SYSTEMS

1. External Energy Cycle

2. Internal Energy Cycle

 Chemical Energy
 Electric energy
 Mechanical energy
 Thermal energy
 ENERGY INTAKE

1. SOURCES OF FOOD ENERGY

 CHO (Primary Energy Source)→ Glucose

 CHON (Stored Energy) → Amino Acids

 FATS (Back up Fuel) → Lipids

2. SOURCES OF STORED ENERGY

 Glycogen
 Adipose Tissue
 Muscle Mass
 ENERGY OUTPUT
1. Body Function Work
2. Regulation of Body Temperature
3. Processes of Tissue Growth and Repair

*METABOLISM the total chemical changes that occur

during energy output.
3 FACTORS AFFECTING TOTAL ENERGY
REQUIREMENT

1. Basal Metabolism / Resting Energy

2. Physical Activity
3. Thermal Effect of Food (TEF) / Specific Dynamic
Action of Food (SDA)
BASAL METABOLISM is the sum of all internal working
activities of the body at rest.

METHODS OF DETERMINING BMR

1. CLINICAL METHODS
a. INDIRECT CALORIMETRY
b. THYROID FUNCTION TEST
c. SERUM PROTEIN-BOUND INTAKE

2.CALCULATION METHODS
a. GENERAL FORMULA
b. HARRIS – BENEDICT FORMULA
c. BIOLOGIC BODY WEIGHT
 d. WHO/FAO/UNO METHOD 1984 METHOD

PHYSICAL & MUSCULAR ACTIVITY is dependent on

the following factors;

1. Amount of Muscle Used

2. Weight of Body Involved
3. Length of Time of Activity
 ENERGY EXPENDITURE / HOUR

Light Light – Moderate Heavy

Activity Moderate 300 – 420 Activities
120-150 150 – 300 Kcal 420 – 600
Kcal Kcal Kcal

Personal Housework Yardwork Yard work

Care Making Digging Chopping
Dressing Beds Mech’l Wood
Washing Ironing Lawn Digging
Shaving Washing Mower Holes
Sitting Clothes Pulling Shoveling
Rocking Light Work weeds Snow
 Typing Painting Walking Walking 5
Writing Store Clerk 3.5-4 mph mph uphill
Playing Washing Badminton Jogging
Cards Car Calisthenics Swimming
Standing Walking 2- Ballet Tennis
or 3 mph Exercise Singles
Slowly On level Ballroom Water
Moving surface Dancing Skiing
Around Or Golf
Billiards downstairs Pingpong
Bicycling Tennis
5½ mph Doubles
Bowling Volleyball
SPECIFIC DYNAMIC ACTION / THERMAL EFFECTS
OF FOOD
= 5 to 10% of the total body energy
 ENERGY

Energy causes things to happen around us. It is the

capacity to do work. The food we eat contains energy.
We use that energy to work and play. Energy can be
transformed into another sort of energy. But it cannot be
created AND it cannot be destroyed. Energy has always
existed in one form or another.

Food energy is the amount of energy in food that is

available through digestion.

Energy Balance means Energy Input = Energy Output

 Factors Affecting Energy Output
Physical activities
a.

b. Digestive process - thermic effect of food

causes 10-15% increase in the basal metabolic rate
c. Basal Metabolic rate (BMR) - sum of all
working activities of the body at rest.

 Ways of computing for BMR

1. Rule of Thumb - most commonly

used

BMR = 1kcal x Actual Body weight in kg x 24 hours

i.e.: BMR = 1kcal x 65 kg x 24 hours

 BMR = 1,560 kcal/day

2. Harris-Benedict Formula (with

constant figures)

Women:

BMR = 66.5 + (9.56 x W in kg) + (1.85 x H in cm)

– (4.68 x age in years)

Men

BMR = 66.5 + (13.75 x W in kg) + (5 x H in cm) –

(6.75 x age in years)
 i.e.: BMR = 66.5 + (13.75 x 65) + (5 x 167.64) –
(6.75 x 46)
= (66.5 + 893.75 + 838) – 310.50
= 1798.45 – 310.50
BMR = 1,487.95

 Factors Influencing BMR

FACTOR HIGHER BMR LOWER BMR

1 Body Size Tall Short

2 Sex Male Female → by 6-10%
 Body
3 Temperatur High BT Low BT
e (BT)
With growth
4 Growth spurts, i.e.
Infants, Children,
pre-pubescents,
adolescents
a. Between 40-50 → 5%
5 Age Below 40 years decrease every 10 yrs.
old b. 60 → 10% decrease
every 10 years

6 Hormonal a. Norepinephrine
influence Pregnant → 20-
 25% higher
b.
Lactating →
30% higher
c.
Hormone-
Secreting
Glands:
 T3 -

Triiodothyroxin
e which is 5x
potent than
thyroxine
T4 - Thyroxine

 Adr
 enal Gland
 Pitui
tary Gland
 Epin
ephrine
Body
7 More body mass Less body mass
Composition

8 State of Long period of a.

a. Obese
Nutrition or starvation Short-term fasting (sleep)
Body Active lifestyle Undernourished
Condition With cardio or
c. Hypothyroidism
renal e. 15-20%
Disease - due
d. Overweight vs.
to labored DBW
 body organ f. 10%
Higher altitude Underweight vs. DBW
g. During sound
sleep – 10% lower

 Overweight vs. Underweight

OVERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT
(OBESITY)
BMR is lower if BMR is lower if
actual weight is actual weight is
15-20% more 10% lower than
than the DBW the DBW
Positive Energy: Negative Energy:
Input > Output Input < Output

Causes hazards Flabby muscles

in the body and lacks adipose
tissue
Causes hazards in
the body like: bone
malformation,
growth retardation,
insufficient organ
 function
Increased risk of
surgery
Social
implication:
Lower Self-
Esteem

Increased risk of Increased risk of

developing developing
diseases: diseases:
a. Diabet a. PEM
es Mellitus b. Wasting
b. CVD disease (easily
c. Osteo damaged and
 porosis irreparable)
d. Liver c. Slow
disease resistance to
e. Kidne disease (much
y failure significant vs.
obesity)
d. Amenorr
hea
e. Anorexia
nervosa
f. Bulimia
g. Chronic
Dieting
Syndrome
  Conditions in Assessing Basal
Metabolic Rate

1. Client must be in a post-absorptive state or

fasting at least 12 hours after last meal.
2. Client must be awake but lying quietly, free
from nervousness, stress, tension and physical
fatigue.
3. Environment temperature should be
maintains at 20-25°C

Types of Clinical Assessment

• Indirect Calorimetry
• Thyroid Function Test
 • Serum Protein-Bound Iodine -
Iodine synthesizes thyroxine, the chief hormone
secreted by the thyroid gland which facilitates release
of energy.

Commonality of the Fuel Nutrients

1. They all provide energy (fuel nutrients).
2. They all embody the essence of what
they provide (energy).

Other Sources of Fuel Nutrients

a. Glycogen - particularly abundant in the
liver and to a lesser extent in the muscles. They are
easily depleted thus the need to replenish.
 b. Fat storage or Adipose Tissue -
facilitates synthesis and storage of fat. Such cells are
bloated with globules of triglycerides, the nucleus
being displaced to one side and the cytoplasm seen
as a thin line around the fat droplet.
c. Muscle Mass - energy stored as
proteins.
d. Krebs cycle

Also known as Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle or Citric Acid

Cycle which is is a series of chemical reactions of
central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygen
as part of cellular respiration. In aerobic organisms
such as humans, the citric acid cycle is part of a
metabolic pathway involved in the chemical
 conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into
carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable
energy. It is the second of three metabolic pathways
that are involved in fuel molecule catabolism and ATP
production, the other two being glycolysis and
oxidative phosphorylation.

The citric acid cycle also provides precursors for many

compounds such as certain amino acids, and some of
its reactions are therefore important even in cells
performing fermentation.

By-products of Krebs cycle

1. Carbon dioxide
 2. Water
3. Energy