Cooper Example line voltage 12470 7200

Z1 Z0
Length R X Mag Ang Length
Source 0.255 + j 2.291 n/a 0.255 + j 2.291 0 + j 1.089 n/a 0.000 + j 1.089

3-750MCM AL 0.055 + j 0.0581 /1000' 8448 0.465 + j 0.491 0.1188 + j 0.0305 /1000' 8448 1.004 + j 0.258

3-1/0Cu 0.115 + j 0.1386 /1000' 4224 0.486 + j 0.585 0.2328 0.4034 /1000' 4224 0.983 + j 1.704

3-1/0Cu 0.115 + j 0.1386 /1000' 21278 2.447 + j 2.949 0.2328 0.4034 /1000' 21278 4.954 + j 8.584

impedance to node 5 3.652 + j 6.316 7.296355 59.96198 Z0 6.940 + j 11.634

3 ph fault at node 5 986.73 Amperes 2x Z1 7.30474 12.63281

sum of 2 x Z1 + Zo 14.245 24.267 28.13917 59.586

l-g fault at node 5 767.5661 Amperes

impedance of single phase line R X Mag Ang

#2Cu Phase wire 0.181 + j 0.1434 /1000' 14098 2.552 + j 2.022 3.255526 38.38856
#4 Cu neutral wire 0.2847 + j 0.1506 14098 4.014 + j 2.123 4.54066 27.87785
earth 0.054 + j 0.547 14098 0.763 + j 7.712 7.749231 84.35164
neutral||earth 0.045 0.118 0.640913 1.664805 1.783913 68.94441

impedance of ph+neut||earth 0.226 0.261 3.193 3.686

multiply x 3 9.578 + j 11.05937

2 x positive plus zero sequence impedance at node 5 14.245 + j 24.267

23.823 + j 35.326 42.60863 56.0

l-g fault at node 8 507 amperes

l-g fault at node 5

impedance of single phase line R X Mag Ang

#2Cu Phase wire 0.105 + j 0.15 /1000' 14098 1.480 + j 2.115 2.58132 55.00798
#4 Cu neutral wire 0.2847 + j 0.1506 14098 4.014 + j 2.123 4.54066 27.87785
earth 0.054 + j 0.547 14098 0.763 + j 7.712 7.749231 84.35164
neutral||earth 0.045 0.118 0.640913 1.664805 1.783913 68.94441

impedance of ph+neut||earth 0.150 0.268 2.121 3.780

multiply x 3 6.364 + j 11.33851

2 x positive plus zero sequence impedance at node 5 14.245 + j 24.267

20.609 + j 35.605 41.13971 59.9

l-g fault at node 8 525 amperes

AEP Example line voltage 12470 7200

Z1 Z0
Length R X Mag Ang Length
j 1/2000 MVA Source 0.255 + j 2.291 n/a 0.255 + j 2.291 0 + j 1.089 n/a 0.000 + j 1.089

3-750MCM AL 0.055 + j 0.0581 /1000' 8448 0.465 + j 0.491 0.1188 + j 0.0305 /1000' 8448 1.004 + j 0.258

3-1/0Cu 0.115 + j 0.1386 /1000' 4224 0.486 + j 0.585 0.2328 0.4034 /1000' 4224 0.983 + j 1.704

3-1/0Cu 0.115 + j 0.1386 /1000' 21278 2.447 + j 2.949 0.2328 0.4034 /1000' 21278 4.954 + j 8.584

impedance to node 5 3.652 + j 6.316 7.296355 59.96198 Z0 6.940 + j 11.634

3 ph fault at node 5 986.73 Amperes 2x Z1 7.30474 12.63281

correct data entry needed sum of 2 x Z1 + Zo 14.245 24.267 28.13917 59.586

l-g fault at node 5 767.5661 Amperes

impedance of single phase line R X Mag Ang

#2Cu Phase wire 0.181 + j 0.1434 /1000' 14098 2.552 + j 2.022 3.255526 38.38856
#4 Cu neutral wire 0.2847 + j 0.1506 14098 4.014 + j 2.123 4.54066 27.87785
earth 0.054 + j 0.547 14098 0.763 + j 7.712 7.749231 84.35164
neutral||earth 0.045 0.118 0.640913 1.664805 1.783913 68.94441

impedance of ph+neut||earth 0.226 0.261 3.193 3.686

multiply x 3 9.578 + j 11.05937

2 x positive plus zero sequence impedance at node 5 14.245 + j 24.267

23.823 + j 35.326 42.60863 56.0

l-g fault at node 8 507 amperes

l-g fault at node 5

impedance of single phase line R X Mag Ang

#2Cu Phase wire 0.105 + j 0.15 /1000' 14098 1.480 + j 2.115 2.58132 55.00798
#4 Cu neutral wire 0.2847 + j 0.1506 14098 4.014 + j 2.123 4.54066 27.87785
earth 0.054 + j 0.547 14098 0.763 + j 7.712 7.749231 84.35164
neutral||earth 0.045 0.118 0.640913 1.664805 1.783913 68.94441

impedance of ph+neut||earth 0.150 0.268 2.121 3.780

multiply x 3 6.364 + j 11.33851

2 x positive plus zero sequence impedance at node 5 14.245 + j 24.267

20.609 + j 35.605 41.13971 59.9

l-g fault at node 8 525 amperes

Conductor Constants from indicated references
small I 75% cap
Conductor Clarke Gonen Kerstig Handbook Handbook Clarke Handbook Handbook Clarke Kerstig Handbook
Code Type Size Type Diameter R, ac 60hz R R R, 20 deg C R, 50 deg C X, int, 60hz Xa, 1ft Xa, 1ft GMR GMR GMR
Inches Ohms/mile Ohms/mile Ohms/mile Ohms/mile Ohms/mile Ohms/mile Ohms/mile Ohms/mile feet feet feet
ACSR 336.4 26/7 0.721 0.2780 0.3060 0.3060 0.2780 0.3060 0.0250 0.4510 0.4510 0.02450 0.0244 0.0244
ACSR 266.8 26/7 0.642 0.3500 0.3850 0.3850 0.3500 0.3850 0.0250 0.4650 0.4650 0.02180 0.0217 0.0217
ACSR 4/0 6/1 0.563 0.4640 na 0.5920 0.4450 0.5920 0.0890 0.5240 0.5810 0.01130 0.00814 0.00814
ACSR 3/0 6/1 0.502 0.5790 0.7270 0.7230 0.5600 0.7230 0.0850 0.5400 0.6210 0.01040 0.006 0.006
ACSR 2/0 6/1 0.447 0.7180 na 0.8950 0.7060 0.8950 0.0810 0.5620 0.6410 0.00957 0.0051 0.0051
ACSR 1/0 6/1 0.398 0.8930 1.1200 1.1200 0.8880 1.1200 0.0770 0.5680 0.6560 0.00875 0.00446 0.00446
ACSR 2 6/1 0.316 1.4100 1.6900 1.6900 1.4100 1.6900 0.0720 0.5920 0.6650 0.00731 0.00418 0.00418
ACSR 4 6/1 0.250 2.2400 2.5700 2.5700 2.2400 2.5700 0.0650 0.6110 0.6590 0.00612 0.00437 0.00437
ACSR 6 6/1 0.198 3.5600 na 3.9800 3.5600 3.9800 0.0630 0.6430 0.6730 0.00490 0.0039 0.00394

Copper 250 19Str 0.574 0.2350 na 0.2570 0.2350 0.2570 0.0340 0.4870 0.4870 0.01820 0.01813 0.01813
Copper 4/0 7Str 0.522 0.2760 0.3031 0.3030 0.2780 0.3030 0.0390 0.5030 0.5030 0.01580 0.01579 0.01579
Copper 3/0 7Str 0.464 0.3490 0.3817 0.3820 0.3500 0.3820 0.0390 0.5180 0.5180 0.01410 0.01404 0.01404
Copper 2/0 7Str 0.414 0.4400 0.4810 0.4810 0.4400 0.4810 0.0390 0.5320 0.5320 0.01250 0.01252 0.01252
Copper 1/0 7Str 0.368 0.5540 0.6070 0.6070 0.5550 0.6070 0.0390 0.5460 0.5460 0.01120 0.01113 0.01113
Copper 2 7Str 0.292 0.8810 0.9450 0.9640 0.8820 0.9640 0.0390 0.5740 0.5740 0.00880 0.00883 0.00883
Copper 4 7Str 0.232 1.4000 1.5030 na na na 0.0390 na na 0.00700 na na
Copper 6 7Str 0.184 2.2300 na na na na 0.0390 na na 0.00560 na na
Copper 6 Sol 0.162 2.1850 2.3900 2.3900 2.1800 2.3900 0.0300 0.6370 0.00530 0.00526 0.00526
all HD 97% conductivity all 600A/sq. inch

AAC 4/0
1/0
2 0.292 1.541 0.00883
4
Line Constants MKF
rev 4

Calculation of Z1 and Z0 for 3 phase line with neutral

Notes:

1) Before using this spreadsheet review the R & GMR data to confirm that it corresponds to data you normally use.
Conductor tables represent a sample of conductors available. The user is encouraged to modify this spreadsheet to suit.

2) This spreadsheet is primarily based on the method given in the Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, Fink & Beaty, 11th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1978,
using equations rather than tablulated results and the GMR equivalents instead of reactance at 1 ft. as given in tables.

3) This spreadsheet calculates a mean value for the impedances. Unbalance is removed by calculating GMD.

4) Phase conductor temperature is assumed to be operating at approximately 50 degrees C and neutral conductor at approximately 25 degrees C

5) Use "ACSR", "Cu", or "Alum" for conductor types. "Alum" is type AAC.

6) Data needed are wire size and type for phase and neutral, wire spacings, earth resistivity, and system frequency.
Default value for earth resistivity is 100 ohm-meters. Enter value for your area if known to be different.

7) Enter kcmil and small AWG conductor sizes as numbers, and 1/0 trrough 4/0 as text, ie, with an apostrophe as the first character.

8) Check the results obtained using this spreadsheet against another method or program, results are not guaranteed.
Remember when comparing, R & GMR for ACSR are highly dependent on assumed current/temperature.
Some references may state different values from those utilized herein.
R & GMR for copper and aluminum conductors also depend on stranding and other factors.

Input Data Enter spacing

Size Type Phase B
PHASE 4/0 alum Ph A-B 3.96 feet

Neutral 1/0 alum Ph B-C 3.96 feet

Phase A Phase C
Ph A-C 7.92 feet

ρ 100 ohms per meter cube Neut Ph A-N 5.4 feet

earth resistivity
Ph B-N 5.5 feet
f 60 Hertz
system frequency Ph C-N 5.4 feet

Results: Z1= 0.483 + j 0.699 ohms/mile or 0.091 + j 0.132 ohms/kft

Z0= 1.074 + j 2.074 ohms/mile or 0.203 + j 0.393 ohms/kft

note: Z2 = Z1

Calculations

De = 2788.5 feet (equivalent earth return path depth)

Phase conductors

phase GMD 4.99 feet Ph GMR 0.01577 feet

Z1 Phase conductor self impedance Z11 Z12

Rph cond Xph cond R X R X
0.483 0.699 0.578 1.466 0.0954 0.76766183

Z1 does not consider any mutuals Z11 = self impedance of one phase conductor with earth return
Z12 = mutual impedance between two phase conductors

Neutral conductor

Neut GMD 5.43 feet Neut GMR 0.0111 feet

Neutral conductor self-impedance Z17 Z77

Rn cond Xn cond R X R X
0.868 0.752 0.0954 0.757 0.963 1.509

Z17 = mutual impedance between one conductor and neutral

Z77 = self impedance of neutral with earth return

Mag Ang R X
Z17^2 = 0.5826 165.6 -0.56443533 0.1445

Z77 = 1.790 57.4

R X
Z17^2/Z77 = 0.325 108.2 = -0.1016 + j 0.309

Z1 = Rph cond + j Xph cond

Z0 = Z11 + 2*Z12 - 3*Z172/Z77

Resistance & GMR Tables

note: enter conductor sizes 4/0, 3/0, 2/0 & 1/0 as text, ie, with an apostrophe

Geometric Mean Radius at 60 Hz, for other frequencies use ratio

ACSR values are for 26/7 or 6/1 configurations as appropriate

Copper & Aluminum values are for 7 strand or solid as appropriate

Table entries can be modified for different stranding, temperature, current, etc. to suit user.

Tables can be expanded by inserting rows, adding data, and copying lookup equations as needed.

Separate tables are used for phase and neutral, since conductors are assumed to be at different temperatures.
Alternately, temperature correction factors could be used with one table.
Note, for ACSR, GMR also depends on current.

Phase Conductor Lookup Table

alum 4/0 0.483 ohms per mile 50 degrees C GMR = 0.01577 feet

0.483 0.483 0.483 0.01577 0.01577 0.01577

ACSR Cu Alum (AAC) ACSR Cu Alum (AAC)

Size Select R Select R data Select R data Select GMR Select GMR Select GMR
0.563 0.3031 N/A 0.483 0.0105 0.0158 N/A 0.01577
795 0.563 0.128 0.3031 N/A 0.483 0.100 0.0105 0.0375 0.0158 N/A 0.01577 0.0360
636 0.563 0.159 0.3031 N/A 0.483 0.149 0.0105 0.0335 0.0158 N/A 0.01577 0.0294
477 0.563 0.211 0.3031 N/A 0.483 0.198 0.0105 0.0290 0.0158 N/A 0.01577 0.0250
336.4 0.563 0.300 0.3031 N/A 0.483 0.279 0.0105 0.0244 0.0158 N/A 0.01577 0.0210
4/0 0.563 0.563 0.3031 0.303 0.483 0.483 0.0105 0.0105 0.0158 0.0158 0.01577 0.0158
2/0 no match 0.853 no match 0.481 no match 0.702 no match 0.0078 no match 0.0125 no match 0.0125
1/0 no match 1.040 no match 0.607 no match 0.870 no match 0.0070 no match 0.0111 no match 0.0110
2 no match 1.626 no match 0.955 no match 1.410 no match 0.0046 no match 0.0088 no match 0.0088
4 no match 2.530 no match 1.503 no match 2.240 no match 0.0033 no match 0.0066 no match 0.0070
6 no match 3.960 no match 2.390 no match 3.560 no match 0.0024 no match 0.0053 no match 0.0056

Neutral Conductor Lookup Table

alum 1/0 0.868 ohms per mile 25 degrees C GMR = 0.0111 feet

0.868 0.868 0.868 0.0111 0.0111 0.0111

ACSR Cu Alum (AAC) ACSR Cu Alum (AAC)

Size Selected R data Selected R data Selected R data Selected GMR Data Selected GMR Data Selected GMR Data
4/0 0.8622 0.434 0.44 N/A 0.868 0.440 0.0108 0.0151 0.0113 0.0158 0.0111 0.0158
2/0 0.8622 0.687 0.44 0.35 0.868 0.558 0.0108 0.0120 0.0113 0.0125 0.0111 0.0125
1/0 0.8622 0.862 0.44 0.44 0.868 0.868 0.0108 0.0108 0.0113 0.0113 0.0111 0.0111
2 no match 1.368 no match 0.555 no match 1.400 no match 0.0083 no match 0.0883 no match 0.0883
4 no match 2.170 no match 1.374 no match 2.230 no match 0.0066 no match 0.0066 no match 0.0070
6 no match 3.460 no match 2.18 no match 3.540 no match 0.0054 no match 0.0053 no match 0.0056

ACSR GMR, and therefore reactance, is variable depending on current.

ACSR data is from Alcan Inc.and is available at:

www.cable.alcan.com/NR/rdonlyres/916275F4-9976-4AAE-9923-970410F3C73E/0/ConductorDatabase.xls

or can be found in various texts and handbooks.

Copper & aluminum resistance & reactance (with correction factors applied) from:

Transmission Line Formulas for Electrical Engineers and Engineering Students, H. B. Dwight, D, Van Nostrand Co., 1913

GMR can be found by applying these factors to account for stranding (from H.B. Dwight):

Copper & Aluminum Solid GMR=.779r or GMR = .779 * conductor overall diameter in inches /(2*12)

19 strand GMR =.758r

7 strand GMR=.728r