Professional Documents
Culture Documents
∗
ADIT, bhaveshbhalja@gmail.com
†
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, rpmaheshwari@gmail.com
‡
Indian Corporate Research Centre, ABB Ltd, Vadodara, urmilparikh 13@yahoo.co.in
Copyright
2009
c The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved.
A New Digital Relaying Scheme for Parallel
Transmission Line∗
Bhavesh Bhalja, Rudra Prakash Maheshwari, and Urmil B. Parikh
Abstract
This paper presents a scheme for the protection of parallel transmission line having two dif-
ferent configurations (geographical locations). In the proposed scheme, the six line currents at a
common end of a parallel line or three line currents at a separate end of a parallel line are de-
composed using wavelet packet transform (WPT) in order to derive the operating quantities for
relay operation. The proposed scheme provides stability against close-in faults, more sensitivity
towards high resistance faults and reliability for discriminating in-zone and out-zones faults during
complete loss of generation at one of the buses. When the conventional relay, without an intuitive
directional element, fails to trip for a remote end fault located in the vicinity of remote bus, the
proposed method solves the said problem and also avoids the voltage signal used in conventional
relays. Furthermore, the suggested scheme completely avoids the requirement of a distance algo-
rithm as a backup protection in case of the disconnection of one line (due to maintenance or fault).
Moreover, the proposed scheme analyzes solves the problem of simultaneous same phase fault on
parallel lines. To validate the proposed scheme, numerous computer simulations have been carried
out on realistic data of part of the Indian 400 kV power transmission system network.
∗
Bhavesh Bhalja is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, ADIT – 388121, India; e-
mail: bhaveshbhalja@gmail.com. R. P. Maheshwari is with Department of Electrical Engi-
neering, IIT Roorkee – 247 667, India; e-mail: rpmaheshwari@gmail.com. Urmil B. Parikh
is with Indian Corporate Research Centre, ABB Ltd, Vadodara – 390015, India; e-mail: urmil-
parikh 13@yahoo.co.in.
Bhalja et al.: Digital Relaying Scheme for Parallel Transmission Line
1. Introduction
end & at separate end are not symmetrical for the transmission line connected at
two different geographical locations. The relay at common end overreaches
whereas, the relay at separate end underreaches. However, these errors depend
greatly on the infeed of the unfaulted line that is dependant on the relative
strength of the sources involved in the fault [15]. Fig. 1 shows two different
configurations of parallel transmission line considered in this paper.
2. Proposed Methodology
As wavelet transform is better suited for the analysis of certain types of transient
waveforms, it has received great attention in power community [16], [17].
Fernandez et al. [18] presented an overview of the wavelet transform applications
in a power system, which indicates that the use of wavelet transform in power
system protection is increasing day-by-day.
Proposed technique uses SigD1 component for fault detection. Moreover, db1 was
selected as mother wavelet because it clearly detects abrupt changes and
transients in fault signals [19]. A variety of different wavelet families have been
proposed in the literature such as Daubechies, Biorthogonal, Coiflets and Symlets.
Each family has its feasibility depending on the application requirements.
Daubechies family is one of the most suitable wavelet families in analyzing power
system transients [20]. Although there are no definite criteria for the selection of
wavelets, the best choice is a wavelet that most strikingly exhibits the phenomena
to be studied. In the present work, the db1 mother wavelet has been used for fault
detection as it closely matches the signal to be processed which is of utmost
importance in wavelet applications.
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Extensive computer simulation has been carried out to select the best
mother wavelet. Different Daubechies families of wavelet namely db1, db2, db4
and db8 have been analyzed. A case study with a single line-to-ground fault at
10% from bus-SSNNL on line-G is examined and Fig. 2 shows simulation result.
It can be observed that the db1 mother wavelet gives the best result. This fact is
applicable for other fault locations also.
detection using SigD1 for line to line fault occurring at 20% on line-G from bus-
SSNNL. It has been observed that both phase ‘a’ and phase ‘b’ value of line-G for
a-b fault exceed the threshold condition.
The proposed scheme is based on two functions which have been derived from
the wavelet coefficients of the decomposed signal and the same are proportional
to the fault current.
Fig. 3: SigD1 of all line currents for a-b fault on line-G at 20% from bus-SSNNL
n 7
I SUM (G / H ) ( j ) = ∑ ∑ W3m ( j ) (1)
j =1 m = 0
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Here, j is the most recent sample and n is the number of samples/cycle (4 kHz).
Thereafter, two operating quantities P1 & P2 are derived by taking the
difference and the summation of I SUM (G/H) signal corresponding to each phase at
each (common) end. For transmission line connected at two different
geographical locations (configuration 2), low bandwidth communication channel
is required in order to derive the said operating quantities.
3. Simulation Model
A part of the Indian 400 kV power transmission system, as shown in Fig. 5, has
been used to access the problems associated with parallel transmission lines and
also to validate the proposed scheme. The line-to-be-protected is SSNNL-
NAGDA parallel transmission line which starts and ends at common bus
(Configuration 1). For Configuration 2, the line-to-be-protected is ASOJ-
INDORE-AMRELI parallel transmission line which emanates from a common
end and stops at two different geographical locations. The transmission line
parameters and the generating station details are given in Appendix.
Test data for verifying the proposed scheme have been generated by
modeling the complete system of Fig. 5 using the PSCAD/EMTDC software
package [22]. The transmission line is represented using the Bergeron line model.
The other components of the power system, such as generators, generator
transformers, inter-connecting transformers (ICTs) etc. are designed according to
the collected data and specifications. All the generators at SSNNL and Wanakbori
power station are designed and grouped into sub-pages. The relays, shown in Fig.
1, are located at each end of the transmission line for two different configurations.
The simulated system was subjected to the various types of possible faults. The
performance of the proposed scheme has been evaluated for different types of in-
zone and out-zones faults. Relay responses for some special cases such as remote
end fault located in the vicinity of the remote bus, high resistance fault, cross-
country fault, one line disconnected and loss of generation at one end (bus) were
also investigated.
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Fig. 5: The Indian 400 kV power systems containing the line-to-be-protected for
two different configurations
4. Simulation Results
4.1 Configuration-1 (Parallel line connected on the same bus at both ends)
For the power system model shown in Fig. 5, line to line (a-b) fault at 20% from
SSNNL-bus on line-H has been analyzed. Fig. 6 shows the relay trajectory in the
form of P1 against P2 for the respective phases of the parallel lines. The
performance of the technique has been indicated as a trajectory of P1 against P2. It
has been observed from Fig. 6 that the proposed technique correctly identifies the
faulted phase as the trajectory of phase-a and phase-b exceeds the threshold value.
Moreover the relay trajectory of phase-c remains well below the threshold value.
Fig. 6: Performance of relay-1 at SSNNL-bus for a-b fault on line-H at 20% from
SSNNL-bus
Studies have been conducted to examine the performance of the proposed scheme
at both ends during wide variation of external faults. A single line-to-ground fault
has been simulated out side the protected zone on NAGDA-INDORE single-
circuit line (Fig. 5) at 15 km from the NAGDA-bus. The simulation results are
shown in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8. It has been observed from Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 that the
relay trajectories for all the phases are well below threshold conditions at both
ends and hence, ensure the stability of the proposed scheme in case of external
faults.
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Many algorithms related to parallel transmission lines fail to detect fault with a
considerable value of fault resistance [13]. To analyze this effect, a case study has
been set up and a single line-to-ground fault with a fault resistance equal to 75 Ω
at 50% from SSNNL-bus on line-G has been simulated. Fig. 9 shows the
simulation result. It has been observed from Fig. 9 that the high resistance fault
has no significant effect on the relay performance. It has also been observed that
even though it slows down the rise of the fault responses by decreasing the
trajectory of P1 against P2, still the proposed technique works properly.
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Fig. 9: Performance of relay-1 at SSNNL-bus for a-g fault on line-G at 50% from
SSNNL-bus with RF = 75 Ω
When a fault occurs in the vicinity of the remote bus and is associated with a
small short-circuit capacity derived at the remote bus then the protective relay,
without an intuitive directional element, fails to detect this type of fault. This is
due to equal magnitude of current flowing in both the lines at remote bus [23]. To
analyze this effect and to review the relay performance, a single line-to-ground
fault with a fault resistance equal to 25 Ω at 99% from SSNNL-bus on line-G has
been simulated. Fig. 10 shows simulation results.
As indicated in Fig. 10, the fault trajectory of relay-2 at remote bus
(NAGDA) crosses the threshold boundary after few samples from the fault
inception. Hence, relay-2 would detect the fault, and trips the remote circuit
breaker. At the same time it has also been observed by the author that the relay at
SSNNL-bus (relay-1) also operates and trips the circuit breaker.
Fig. 10: Performance of relay-2 at NAGDA-bus for a-g fault on line-G at 99%
from SSNNL-bus with RF = 25 Ω
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Fig. 11: Performance of relay-1 at SSNNL-bus for a-b-g fault on line-H at 15%
from SSNNL-bus through RF = 50 Ω with generator at WPS is out of
operation
Fig. 12: Performance of relay-2 at NAGDA-bus for a-b-g fault on line-H at 15%
from SSNNL-bus through RF = 50 Ω with generator at WPS is out of
operation
4.1.6 One Line Disconnected
Normally, the two parallel lines are working together with equal loads. However,
in case of permanent faults or line maintenance only one line is in service. In this
condition, the algorithm based on current magnitude comparison cannot be used
as the value of the current samples is absolutely zero [7]. Likewise, the current
difference algorithm or distance based algorithm cannot remain connected to
energize parallel lines in cases where one of the parallel lines is switched off [23],
[14]. Such cases can be easily solved using the proposed technique.
To investigate this fact, a case study has been set up wherein, line-G is not
in service and a-g fault occurs on line-H at 40% from SSNNL-bus. It has been
observed from Fig. 13 that the proposed technique correctly identifies the faulted
phase as the trajectory of the phase-a, exceeds a newly derived threshold value. In
a situation when one line is out of service, an old value of threshold is required to
be shifted adaptively to a new value so that the stability of the healthy phases is
maintained. Here, a new value of threshold (γ) is obtained from extensive
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simulations, and taken as ± 2.5. Shifting a threshold value can be easily done by
using the parallel line’s operating status.
Fig. 13: Performance of relay-1 at SSNNL-bus for a-g fault on line-H at 40%
from SSNNL-bus with line-G disconnected
Consider the case of a simultaneous fault between phase ‘a’ and ground on line-G
and between phase ‘b’ and ground on line-H. This type of fault is known as inter-
circuit fault. To analyze this condition, a-g fault on line-G and b-g fault on line-H
at 50% from SSNNL-bus has been simulated. Fig. 14 shows the simulation
results. It has also been observed from Fig. 14 that the fault is correctly identified
by the proposed scheme and a single-pole tripping signal for phase fault in each
line will be sent to its circuit breaker.
Moreover, detection of a very special fault case such as simultaneous line-
to-ground fault on the same phase of both the lines (a-g fault on line-G and a-g
fault on line-H) is very difficult [25]. Normally used techniques would not notice
this type of fault. To analyze the above condition, a case study with a
simultaneous a-g fault on line-G and line-H for different fault locations has been
examined. Fig. 15 shows the simulation results.
It has been observed from Fig. 15 that the two operating quantities, P1Aa
and P2Aa at local end (SSNNL), are always above a pre-defined threshold (γ). On
the other hand, operating quantities, P1Ba and P2Ba at remote end (NAGDA), are
also greater than a threshold value except in case of close-in faults. Hence, for a
close-in simultaneous same phase faults (up to 30%), remote end relay fails to
operate, whereas, local end relay operates successfully. In such a situation, the trip
decision is sent to the remote end through a low bandwidth communication link
so as to initiate tripping.
Fig. 14: Performance of relay-1 at SSNNL-bus for a-g fault on line-G and b-g
fault on line-H at 50% from SSNNL-bus
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Fig. 15: Behavior of operating quantities at SSNNL and NAGDA end for
simultaneous same phase fault at different fault locations
4.2 Configuration-2 (Parallel line emanated from the same bus at local end
but connected at two different geographical locations at the other ends)
For the power system model shown in Fig. 5, a single line to ground fault
involving phase ‘a’ at 40% from bus-ASOJ on line-G is simulated. Fig. 16 shows
the relay trajectory of the respective phases at common end (Asoj) and at two
separate ends (Amreli and Indore). It is observed from Fig. 16 that the proposed
technique correctly identified the faulted phase of line-G as phase-a trajectory
exceeds the threshold value. Moreover the relay trajectory for all the phases of
line-H is well below the threshold value.
Fig. 16: Performance of relay-1, 2 & 3 at common end & separate end for a-g
fault on line-G at 40% from bus-Asoj
To analyze this effect, a case study is set up (Fig. 5) and a single line-to-ground
fault with a fault resistance equal to 50 Ω at 75% from bus-Asoj on line-H is
simulated. Fig. 17 shows simulation result. It is observed that the fault current
levels and therefore the magnitudes of the current samples go on progressively
smaller as the fault resistance increases. Though, a significantly slower relay
performance is achieved the proposed scheme operates successfully.
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Fig. 17: Performance of relay-1, 2 & 3 at common end & separate end for a-g
fault on line-H at 75% from bus-Asoj with RF=50 Ω
To analyze this effect, a case study with a single line-to-ground fault on line-G
and b-g fault on line-H at 50% from ASOJ-bus has been set up. Fig. 18 shows the
simulation results. It has been observed from the said figure that the relay
trajectory at common end exceed both the positive and the negative threshold
values. On the other hand, relay-2 and relay-3 trajectory at separate ends (B & C)
exceed at a time only the positive or the negative threshold value.
Fig. 18: Performance of relay-1, 2 & 3 at common end & separate ends for a-g
fault on line-G & b-g fault on line-H at 50% from ASOJ-bus
5. Conclusion
A new WPT based scheme for the protection of parallel transmission line for two
different configurations is analyzed and discussed in this paper. Based on
operating quantities, relay decides the fault is in forward zone or reverse zone.
According to the analysis and results of simulation studies, the following
conclusions can be drawn.
The proposed scheme overcomes many protection problems that parallel
transmission line faces such as high resistance fault, close in fault, cross-country
fault and provides discrimination between out-zone and in-zone faults in case of
loss of generation at one end. The test results show that the suggested technique
avoids the requirement of distance algorithm as a backup protection in case of
disconnection of one line due to maintenance or fault. Moreover, the proposed
scheme analyzes & solves the problem of simultaneous same phase fault on
parallel transmission lines. The proposed system was tested extensively by using
realistic data that was generated by modeling an existing power system using
PSCAD/EMTDC package. All the probable types of fault and network variations
are investigated.
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APPENDIX
The parameters of parallel transmission line used for simulation (refer Fig. 5) are
given in Table-I.
References
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