General principles and assumptions:

1.Bernoulli or Navier hypothesis rule the strain distribution at the section: a flat section before
flexure remains flat after flexure; therefore, there will be a linear strain distribution along the
depth of the compression member.
2. The concrete strain at failure, ε cu, is 0.003.
3. The tensile strength of the concrete is disregarded.
4. The stress-strain curve used in this spreadsheet is the Witney's equivalent
5. The maximum axial load accepted is that specified by the ACI 318-2008
6.- There will be a correction for the concrete displaced by the steel rebars under compression.
We are to build the interaction diagram for the column whose data is the following.

nsl := 2 number of steel layers

y := 1 .. 9 ACI rebar number
SRBN := 3 Stirrup rebar number
and areas
b := 16in h := 24in Fc := 4ksi 2
RBA := 1in if y = 9
y

round ⎛⎜ ⋅ y , 2⎞⎟ ⋅ in
π 2 2
cover := 1.5in fy := 60ksi otherwise
⎝ 256 ⎠
Es := 29000ksi Ag := b ⋅ h wc := 144pcf

larg := 9 small := 8 Larger and smaller rebar numbers used in a layer

3 3
2 ⋅ larg + small in Distance from rebars' gravity center
RebarsGravityCenter := ⋅
2 2 8 to the inner face of the tie
2 ⋅ larg + small

j := 1 .. nsl
SRBN
d := cover + ⋅ in + RebarsGravityCenter if j = 1
j 8
⎛ 2.965 ⎞ ⋅ in
⎡ ( h − 2 d 1) ⎤ d= ⎜ ⎟
⎢ ⋅ ( j − 1 ) + d ⎥ otherwise ⎝ 21.035 ⎠
⎣ ( nsl − 1) 1⎦

As := 2 ⋅ RBA + 1 ⋅ RBA
j larg small

T 2
As = ( 2.79 2.79 ) ⋅ in

1.5
⎛ wc ⎞ Fc wc
Ec := 33psi⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ if 90 ≤ ≤ 155
⎝ pcf ⎠ psi pcf
Fc
57ksi⋅ otherwise
psi Ec = 3607⋅ ksi

ε cu := 0.003 ACI maximum concrete

compression strain
 ⎛ Fc − 4ksi ⎞ Fc 10.2.7.3 —For fc ′ between 2500 and 4000
β1 := ⎜ 0.85 − ⋅ 0.05⎟ if 4 < < 8 = 0.85
psi, β1 shall be taken as 0.85. For fc ′
⎝ 1ksi ⎠ ksi
above 4000 psi, β1 shall be reduced
Fc linearly at a rate of 0.05 for each 1000 psi
0.85 if ≤4
ksi of strength in excess of 4000 psi, but β 1
shall not be taken less than 0.65.
Fc
0.65 if ≥8
ksi β1 = 0.85

Same ACI restrictions on the axial strength of compression members

10.3.6.1 — For nonprestressed members with spiral reinforcement conforming to 7.10.4 or composite
members conforming to 10.13:
φPn,max = 0.85φ[0.85fc ′'(Ag –Ast) + fy Ast ] (10-1)

10.3.6.2 — For nonprestressed members with tie reinforcement conforming to 7.10.5:

φPn,max = 0.80φ [0.85fc ′(Ag –Ast) + fy Ast ] (10-2)

(10-2) Unreduced maximum

⎡ ⎛ nsl ⎞ nsl ⎤ axial load allowed in this
Pn_ACI := 0.8⋅ ⎢0.85⋅ Fc⋅ ⎜ Ag − As ⎟ + As ⋅ fy⎞⎥ = 1297.1424 ⋅ kip
⎢ ⎜ ∑ j⎟
⎛ ∑
⎝ j ⎠⎥ section with specified
⎣ ⎝ j=1 ⎠ j=1 ⎦ transverse reinforcement.

Notice that this maximum axial load correponds to a neutral axis position in the very extreme fiber
of the column in the case of spiral restrains, and very close to it, in the case of ties. Therefore,
restrain this study to case A shown below.

fc_ave := β1 ⋅ 0.85Fc
Average compression stress in the compression zone must be multiplyed by b*Xci
fc_ave to compute the concrete compression force. Xci is meassured from the neutral
= 0.7225 axis of the plastic section, where both the concrete strain and stresses are zero.
Fc
β1 Ratio of concrete arm with respects to the neutral axis exerted by the concrete
Ratioc_Arm := 1 −
2 under compression in the compression zone. Multiply by Xci to find the concrete
compression arm. Xc is variable. The center of gravity of this curve is located at
Ratioc_Arm = 0.57500 0.565 times Xci from the origin which is the neutral axis. Xci is the distance from
the neutral axis to the extreme concrete compression fiber in the case of the
Fc=f'c selected.

Case A: Xc<h. Varying the neutral axis position, Xci, from h/n to h.
fc_ave
 ⎛ d ⎞ Steel strain in layer j. Notice
i := 1 .. n Xc := h ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ε s := ε cu⋅ ⎜ 1 −
i j ⎟
n := 30 that Xci is chosen so that it
i ⎝n⎠ i, j ⎜ Xc ⎟ never takes the zero value.
⎝ i⎠

ε t := ε s Maximum tensile strain in steel rebars

i i , nsl

Cc := fc_ave⋅ Xc ⋅ b Compression force in concrete

i i

fs := ⎛ Es⋅ ε si , j ⎞ if Es⋅ εsi , j < fy ε cu Curvature expressed

i, j ⎝ ⎠ Stresses in Φ :=
i Xc by this Greek upper
fy if Es⋅ ε s ≥ fy ∧ ε s > 0 steel rebars
i, j i, j i case letter

−fy otherwise

Steel stress correction factor for steel stress in rebars

. fsteelCorrectA := fc_ave if fs > 0
i, j i, j displacing concrete in the section. The error is reduced
by using fc_ave, instead of 0.85f'c. Another option is to
0 otherwise use either Todeschini equation or Hognestad curves

nsl
PA := Cc +
i i ∑ ⎛ Asj ⋅ fsi , j ⎞ Axial load
⎝ ⎠
d t := d
nsl
= 21.035⋅ in From the extreme tensile steel to the
extreme compression concrete fiber
j=1

nsl Taking moments

M A := Cc ⋅ ⎛⎜ − Xc + Xc ⋅ Ratioc_Arm⎞⎟ + ⎡A ⋅ f −f ⎛h ⎞⎤
∑
h
⎢⎡ sj ⎛ si , j steelCorrectAi , j ⎞⎤ ⋅ ⎜ − dj ⎟⎥ with respects to
i i⎝2 i i ⎠ ⎣⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ mid depth
j=1

⎡0.65 + ⎡ 0.25 ⋅ ε + 0.002 ⎤⎤ if −0.005 ≤ ε ≤ −0.002

ϕ := ⎢ ⎢ ⎛ t ⎞⎥⎥ ti Reduction factor
i ⎣ ⎣ −0.003 ⎝ i ⎠⎦⎦ expressed by this
0.9 if ε t < −0.005 Greek lower case letter
i
0.65 if −0.002 < ε t
i

As ⋅ fy ⎞ Approximate moment as a beam, made

⎛
⎜
0.9⋅ As ⋅ fy ⋅ d t −
1 ⎟ to arrange automatic settings in the
⎜ 1.7Fc⋅ b ⎟ diagram. It is higher than the one shown
M ub :=
1
⎝ ⎠ = 244.782 in the interaction diagram; because it
kip ⋅ ft disregards the area of concrete displaced
by rebars in Witney's compression block.

ϕ ⋅ MA ϕ ⋅ PA Pn_ACI 0.65⋅ Pn_ACI

i i
( )
i i
ϕMn := ϕPn := Paci := ϕPaci := maxϕMn := max ϕMn
i kip ⋅ ft i kip i kip i kip
 Xc MA PA
i 3 i i
data := data := Φ ⋅ 10 in data := ε t data := data :=
i, 1 in i, 2 i i, 3 i i, 4 kip⋅ ft i, 5 kip

fs fs
i, 1 i, 2
data := ϕ data := ϕMn data := ϕPn data := data :=
i, 6 i i, 7 i i, 8 i i, 9 ksi i , 10 ksi

⎛ 0.8 3.75 −0.076 35.944 −297.808 0.9 32.35 −268.027 −60 −60 ⎞
⎜ 1.6 1.875 −0.036 69.792 −260.816 0.9 62.812 −234.734 −60 −60 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2.4 1.25 −0.023 184.592 −113.526 0.9 166.132 −102.174 −20.467 −60 ⎟
⎜ 3.2 0.938 −0.017 264.615 −1.576 0.9 238.154 −1.419 6.4 −60 ⎟
⎜ 4 0.75 −0.013 326.038 80.391 0.9 293.434 72.351 22.52 −60
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 4.8 0.625 −0.01 374.077 147.366 0.9 336.669 132.629 33.267 −60 ⎟
⎜ 5.6 0.536 −0.008 413.569 205.774 0.9 372.212 185.197 40.943 −60 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
0.469 −0.007 446.934 258.829 −60
⎜ 6.4 0.9 402.24 232.946 46.7
⎟
⎜ 7.2 0.417 −0.006 475.515 308.314 0.9 427.963 277.482 51.178 −60 ⎟
⎜ 8 0.375 −0.005 500.118 355.3 0.891 445.45 316.462 54.76 −60 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 8.8 0.341 −0.004 521.257 400.47 0.831 433.128 332.762 57.691 −60 ⎟
⎜ 9.6 0.313 −0.004 538.993 443.904 0.781 421.024 346.747 60 −60 ⎟
⎜ 10.4 0.288 −0.003 549.782 480.896 0.739 406.285 355.378 60 −60
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 11.2 0.268 −0.003 558.476 517.888 0.703 392.538 364.01 60 −60 ⎟
⎜ 12 0.25 −0.002 565.073 554.88 0.672 379.486 372.641 60 −60 ⎟
data = ⎜ ⎟
0.234 −0.002 561.118 603.102 −55.975
⎜ 12.8 0.65 364.727 392.016 60
⎟
⎜ 13.6 0.221 −0.002 545.854 663.559 0.65 354.805 431.313 60 −47.565 ⎟
⎜ 14.4 0.208 −0.001 530.458 721.408 0.65 344.798 468.915 60 −40.089 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 15.2 0.197 −0.001 514.619 777.062 0.65 334.502 505.09 60 −33.4 ⎟
⎜ 16 0.188 −0.001 498.088 830.85 0.65 323.757 540.052 60 −27.38 ⎟
⎜ 16.8 0.179 −0.001 480.666 883.038 0.65 312.433 573.975 60 −21.933
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 17.6 0.17 −0.001 462.187 933.845 0.65 300.422 606.999 60 −16.982 ⎟
⎜ 18.4 0.163 −0 442.517 983.45 0.65 287.636 639.243 60 −12.461 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
−0 −8.317
⎜ 19.2 0.156 421.542 1032.005 0.65 274.002 670.803 60
⎟
⎜ 20 0.15 −0 399.168 1079.634 0.65 259.459 701.762 60 −4.504 ⎟
⎜ 20.8 0.144 −0 375.313 1126.445 0.65 243.953 732.189 60 −0.985 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 21.6 0.139 0 355.981 1172.529 0.65 231.388 762.144 60 2.274 ⎟
⎜ 22.4 0.134 0 328.97 1217.963 0.65 213.831 791.676 60 5.3 ⎟
⎜ 23.2 0.129 0 300.302 1262.815 0.65 195.196 820.83 60 8.117
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 24 0.125 0 269.932 1307.143 0.65 175.456 849.643 60 10.747 ⎠
 ΦMn-ΦPn, 16"x24", 4#9+2#8, f'c=4ksi, fy=60ksi

800 b = 16⋅ in h = 24⋅ in 800

Fc = 4 ⋅ ksi
⎛ 2.79 ⎞ ⋅ in2
fy = 60⋅ ksi s ⎜⎝ 2.79 ⎟⎠
A =

600 600
Red. axial load, kip

ϕPn ϕPaci
400 400

200 200

0 0
0 100 200 300 400
ϕMn

Reduced moment, kip-ft

ΦMn-ΦPn, 16"x24", 4#9+2#8, f'c=4ksi, fy=60ksi

60 60
Red. axial load, kip

40
40
ϕPn ϕPaci

20
20

0
0

− 20
240 250 260
ϕMn

Reduced moment, kip-ft