Stefik & Hayes-Roth vs Clancey

1. Interpretation 1. Interpret (analysis)

Pioneer Sistem 2.
3.
Monitoring
Diagnosis
1. Identify (recognize)
1. Monitor (audit, check)
Diagnose (debug)
Pakar 4.
5.
Prediction
Design 2.
2.

Predict (simulate)
3. Control
6. Planning
7. Debugging 2. Construct (synthesis)
IF5031 8. Repair
1. Specify (constraints)
2. Design
9. Instruction 1. Plan (process)
10. Control 2. Configure (structure)
3. Assemble (manufacture)
1. Modify (repair, instruction)
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Kategori Masalah: Kategori Masalah:

Stefik et al. dan Hayes-Roth et.al Stefik et al. dan Hayes-Roth et.al (2)
1. Interpretation: 6. Planning:
• sensor data/observables Æ deskripsi situasi … Stated goal Æ designing actions
• Contoh: signal understanding, pengenalan struktur … Contoh: planning robot motions
2. Monitoring: 7. Debugging:
… Membandingkan observasi untuk merencanakan penanganan
… Contoh: air traffic control
… system malfunction Æ prescribe perawatan
3. Diagnosis: … Contoh: computer aided instruction
• Observables/symptom Æ system malfunction 8. Repair:
• Contoh: diagnosa penyakit … eksekusi plan untuk perawatan
4. Prediction: … Contoh: avionics systems, computer network
• given situations Æ consequences 9. Instruction: diagnosing, debugging, repairing
• Contoh: forecasting (cuaca, finansial)
10. Control: Interpreting, predicting, repairing, monitoring
5. Design: … Contoh: battle management, mission control
… constraints Æ configuring objects
… Contoh: circuit design, penjadwalan

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Kategori Masalah: Clancey Latihan 1: Pioneer Sistem Pakar
1. Interpret (analysis): interpretation of a system „ Tentukan klasifikasi masalah berdasarkan
1. Identify (recognize): output, input Æ system state
1. Monitor (audit, check): detect system defects
Stefik & Hayes-Roth dan Clancey dari:
2.
2. Diagnose (debug): tracing system error to defective system components
Predict (simulate): input, system description Æ output
… DENDRAL
3. Control: system description, output Æ input ?? … PUFF
2. Construct (synthesis): construction or modification of a system
1. Specify (constraints): system design Æ states constraints … CENTAUR
2. Design: constraints Æ arrangement
1. Plan (process: how structure will be assembled) … VM
Configure (arrange structure)
… MYCIN
2.

3. Assemble (manufacture): realizes design by putting parts together

1. Modify (repair, instruction)
… MOLGEN
… R1/XCON
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Task vs Problem Solving Task vs Problem Solving (2)

„ Tujuan klasifikasi masalah: „ Bedakan task dengan metode pemecahan
masalah:
… Kelas masalah Æ metode pemecahan
… Masalah diagnosis Æ klasifikasi / konstruksi
masalah … Masalah planning Æ konstruksi / klasifikasi
„ Tetapi kenyataannya: „ Contoh: merancang rumah
… Tidakmutlak hubungannya … Kelas masalah: konstruksi
… Problem solving:
… Masalah diagnosis Æ ps klasifikasi
„ Arsitek merancang rumah (konstruksi)

… Masalah planning Æ ps konstruksi „ Memilih desain rumah dari katalog (klasifikasi)

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 MYCIN
„ Task:
… diagnosisinfeksi bakteri [RIL93]
MYCIN … Perawatan infeksi darah [JAC99]

„ Stefik & Hayes-Roth: diagnosis /

debugging ?
„ Clancey: ?

MLK/IF-ITB/2007 10

MYCIN: Arsitektur MYCIN Dialogue

Physician User
• What is the patient's name?
Consultation Program John Doe
• Male or female?
Dynamic Static Male.
Explanation Program
Patient Knowledge • Age?
Data Base He is 55.
Knowledge Acquisition
• Have you obtained positive cultures indicating general
Program
type?
Yes.
• What type of infection is it?
Infectious Disease Expert Primary Bacteremia.
• When did symptoms first appear?
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MYCIN Dialogue (2) MYCIN Recommendation
• Let's call the first significant organism from this blood culture ORGANISM-1. • My recommendation will be based on the opinion that the identity of
Do you know the identity of ORGANISM-1 ? ORGANISM-1 may be:
No. 1 Pseudomonas-aeruginosa,
• Is ORGANISM-1 a rod or a coccus or something else? 2 Klebsiella-pneumoniae,
Rod.
3 E. Coli,
• What is the gram stain of ORGANISM-1 ?
Gramnegative. 4 Bacteroides-fragilis,
• Have there been positive cultures from sites which are not associated with 5 Enterobacter, or
infections about which you are seeking advice? 6 Proteus-non-mirabilis.
No.
• Did ORGANISM-1 grow aerobically? „ On a scale of 0 to 4, where higher numbers indicate greater severity,
Yes. how would you rate the patient's degree of sickness?
• Did ORGANISM-1 grow anaerobically? 3.
Yes.
• What is the suspected portal of entry of ORGANISM-1?
The gastrointestinal tract.
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MYCIN recommendation (2) MYCIN: Why

• Does the patient have a clinically significant allergic reaction to any MYCIN: Is the patient's illness with ORGANISM-1 a hospital-acquired
antimicrobial agent? infection?
No. USER: WHY ?
• How much does the patient weigh?
70 kilograms. TEIRESIAS: (i.e. WHY is it important to determine whether or not the
• My first recommendation is as follows: infection with ORGANISM-1 was acquired while the patient was
In order to cover for items 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6, give Gentamycin using a dose of 119 hospitalized?) [1.0] This will aid in determining the category of
mg 1.7 mg/kg) q8h IV [or IM] for 10 days. Modify dose in renal failure. ORGANISM-1. It has already been established that [1.1] the gram
stain of ORGANISM-1 is gramneg, and [1.2] the morphology of
And in order to cover for item 4, give Clindamycin using a dose of ORGANISM-1 is rod, and [1.3] the aerobicity of ORGANISM-1 is
595 mg (8.5 mg/kg) q6h IV [or IM] for 14 days. facultative Therefore, if [1.4] the infection with ORGANISM-1 was
not acquired while the patient was hospitalized then there is strongly
If diarrhea or other gastrointestinal symptoms develop, check for pseudo suggestive evidence (.8) that the category of ORGANISM-1 is
membranous colitis enterobacteriaceae Also: there is weakly suggestive evidence (.1)
that the identity of ORGANISM-I is pseudomonas-aeruginosa [RULE
37].

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MYCIN: How MYCIN: Data Pasien
USER: HOW 1.3 ? „ Data pasien disimpan dalam struktur
TEIRESIAS: (i.e. HOW was it established that the
aerobicity of ORGANISM-1 is facultative?) The following context tree Pasien-1
were used :
[3.1] RULE 27 indicated there is strongly suggestive
evidence (.8) that the aerobicity of ORGANISM- 1 is Culture-1
facultative [3.2] RULE 27 indicated there is weakly Culture-2 …
suggestive evidence (.2) that the aerobicity of
ORGANISM-1 is anaerobic Since this gave a cumulative
CF of (.8) for facultative, and (.2) for anaerobic, it has
been established that the aerobicity of ORGANISM-1 is Organisme-1
facultative.

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What action to take to get to a theatre

MYCIN (2) R IF
1 Distance > 5 miles
THEN
Means is “drive”
2 Distance > 1 mile, time < 15 minutes Means is “drive”
3 Distance > 1 mile, time > 15 minutes Means is “walk”
„ Data pasien Æ top-level goal rule 4 Means is “drive”, location is “downtown” Action is “take a cab”
IF:(1) there is an organism which requires therapy, and
5 Means is “drive”, location is not “downtown” Action is “drive your car”
(2) consideration has been given to any other
organisms requiring therapy 6 Means is “walk”, weather is “bad” Action is “take a coat and walk”

THEN 7 Means is “walk”, weather is “good” Action is “walk”

compile a list of possible therapies, and determine
FindOut(action) {R4,R5,R6,R7}
the best one in this list
Monitor(R4) Means is “drive” ?
FindOut(means) {R1,R2,R3}
„ Backward chaining Monitor(R1) Distance > 5 miles ?
FindOut(distance) request distance: 6 miles
Monitor(R1) means is “drive”
Monitor(R4) Means is “drive” {true}, location is “downtown” ?
FindOut(location) request location: downtown
Monitor(R4) action is “take a cab”
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MYCIN: Basis Pengetahuan Rule with Uncertainty
„ Rule with uncertainty „ Certainty prekondisi
IF:(1) the stain of the organism is gramneg, and
(2) the morphology of the organism is rod, and „ Certainty rule
(3) the aerobicity of the organism is aerobic
„ Certainty konklusi ?
THEN
there is suggestive evidence(0.8) that the … CF(premis) * CF(rule)
identity of the organism is enterobacteriaceae
„ CF < 0: evidence is actually against
hypothesis

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Rule with Uncertainty (2) Rule with Uncertainty (3)

„ Dua rule menghasilkan konklusi yang „ ORGANISM-1
sama dengan CF berbeda: … (gramneg 1.0)
… (rod0.8)
… CF(X,Y) = X+Y-XY, x,y>0
… (aerobic 0.6)
… CF(X,Y) = X+Y+XY, x,y<0
IF:(1) the stain of the organism is gramneg, and
… CF(X,Y) = X+Y/(1-min(|X|,|Y|)), otherwise (2) the morphology of the organism is rod, and
(3) the aerobicity of the organism is aerobic
THEN
there is suggestive evidence(0.8) that the identity of the
organism is enterobacteriaceae

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MYCIN (3)
„ Pemecahan masalah:
… Tahap diagnosis organisme / bakteri
… Tahap memilih obat / terapi
DENDRAL
… Tahap menentukan kombinasi antibiotik
(dosisnya)

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DENDRAL DENDRAL: Arsitektur

„ Task: Input (1): rumus molekul
Input (2): Spektrum massa
… interpretasi
struktur molekul [RIL93] Input (3): molecular
constraints
… Menentukan struktur molekul dari suatu Input (4): kandidat struktur
molekul
organisme tak dikenal [JAC99] Output : struktur yang
diajukan
„ Stefik & Hayes-Roth: interpretasi ?
„ Clancey: ?

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Pioneer Sistem Pakar Lain
„ R1/XCON: konfigurasi sistem komputer
„ MOLGEN: desain eksperimen gene-
cloning
„ PUFF: diagnosis penyakit paru-paru
„ CENTAUR: diagnosis penyakit paru-paru
„ VM: monitoring pasien intensive care

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