Jackson Solutions

Solutions to Problems in Jackson,
Classical Electrodynamics, Third Edition

Homer Reid
December 8, 1999
Chapter 2
Problem 2.1
A point charge q is brought to a position a distance d away from an
infinite plane conductor held at zero potential. Using the method
of images, find:
(a) the surface-charge density induced on the plane, and plot it;
(b) the force between the plane and the charge by using Coulomb’s
law for the force between the charge and its image;
(c) the total force acting on the plane by integrating σ 2 /20 over
the whole plane;
(d) the work necessary to remove the charge q from its position to
infinity;
(e) the potential energy between the charge q and its image (com-
pare the answer to part d and discuss).
(f ) Find the answer to part d in electron volts for an electron
originally one angstrom from the surface.
(a) We’ll take d to be in the z direction, so the charge q is at (x, y, z) = (0, 0, d).
The image charge is −q at (0, 0, −d). The potential at a point r is

q 1 1
Φ(r) = −
4π0 |r − dk| |r + dk|
The surface charge induced on the plane is found by differentiating this:
1
Homer Reid’s Solutions to Jackson Problems: Chapter 2 2
dΦ
σ = −0 z=0
dz

q −(z − d) (z + d)
= − +
4π |r + dk|3 |r + dk|3 z=0
qd
= − (1)
2π(x2 + y 2 + d2 )3/2
We can check this by integrating this over the entire xy plane and verifying
that the total charge is just the value −q of the image charge:
∞ ∞
qd ∞ 2π rdψdr
Z Z Z Z
σ(x, y)dxdy = − 2 + d2 )3/2
−∞ −∞ 2π 0 0 (r
Z ∞
rdr
= −qd 2 + d2 )3/2
(r
Z0
qd ∞ −3/2
= − u du
2 d2
qd ∞
= − −2u−1/2 2

2 √ d
= −q
(b) The point of this problem is that, for points above the z axis, it doesn’t
matter whether there is a charge −q at (0, 0, d) or an infinite grounded sheet
at z = 0. Physics above the z axis is exactly the same whether we have the
charge or the sheet. In particular, the force on the original charge is the same
whether we have the charge or the sheet. That means that, if we assume the
sheet is present instead of the charge, it will feel a reaction force equal to what
the image charge would feel if it were present instead of the sheet. The force
on the image charge would be just F = q 2 /16π0d2 , so this must be what the
sheet feels.
(c) Total force on sheet
Z ∞ Z 2π
1
= σ 2 dA
20 0 0
q 2 d2 ∞ rdr
Z
=
4π0 0 (r + d2 )3
2
q 2 d2 ∞ −3
Z
= u du
8π0 d2
∞
q 2 d2 1 −2

= − u
8π0 2 2
d
q 2 d2 1 −4

= d
8π0 2
q2
=
16π0 d2
in accordance with the discussion and result of part b.
(d) Work required to remove charge to infinity
q2
Z ∞
dz
=
4π0 d (z + d)2
q2
Z ∞
= u−2 du
4π0 2d
q2 1
=
4π0 2d
q2
=
8π0 d
(e) Potential energy between charge and its image
q2
=
8π0 d
equal to the result in part d.
(f )
q2 (1.6 · 10−19 coulombs )2

=
8π0 d 8π(8.85 · 10−12 coulombs V−1 m−1 )(10−10 m )
= 7.2 · (1.6 · 10−19 coulombs · 1 V )
= 7.2 eV .
Problem 2.2
Using the method of images, discuss the problem of a point charge
q inside a hollow, grounded, conducting sphere of inner radius a.
Find
(a) the potential inside the sphere;
(b) the induced surface-charge density;
(c) the magnitude and direction of the force acting on q.
(d) Is there any change in the solution if the sphere is kept at a
fixed potential V ? If the sphere has a total charge Q on its
inner and outer surfaces?
Problem 2.3
A straight-line charge with constant linear charge density λ is located perpendicular

to the x − y plane in the first quadrant at (x0 , y0 ). The intersecting planes x =
0, y ≥ 0 and y = 0, x ≥ 0 are conducting boundary surfaces held at zero potential.
Consider the potential, fields, and surface charges in the first quadrant.
(a) The well-known potential for an isolated line charge at (x0 , y0 ) is Φ(x, y) =
(λ/4π0 ) ln(R2 /r2 ), where r2 = (x − x0 )2 + (y − y0 )2 and R is a constant.
Determine the expression for the potential of the line charge in the presence of
the intersecting planes. Verify explicitly that the potential and the tangential
electric field vanish on the boundary surface.
(b) Determine the surface charge density σ on the plane y = 0, x ≥ 0. Plot σ/λ
versus x for (x0 = 2, y0 = 1), (x0 = 1, y0 = 1), and (x0 = 1, y0 = 2).
(c) Show that the total charge (per unit length in z) on the plane y = 0, x ≥ 0 is

2 x0
Qx = − λ tan−1
π y0
What is the total charge on the plane x = 0?

p
(d) Show
p that far from the origin [ρ ρ0 , where ρ = x2 + y 2 and ρ0 =
x20 + y02 ] the leading term in the potential is
4λ (x0 )(y0 )(xy)

Φ → Φasym = .
π0 ρ4
Interpret.
(a) The potential can be made to vanish on the specified boundary surfaces
by pretending that we have three image line charges. Two image charges have
charge density −λ and exist at the locations obtained by reflecting the original
image charge across the x and y axes, respectively. The third image charge has
charge density +λ and exists at the location obtained by reflecting the original
charge through the origin. The resulting potential in the first quadrant is
R2 R2 R2 R2

λ
Φ(x, y) = ln 2 − ln 2 − ln 2 + ln 2
4π0 r1 r2 r3 r4
λ r2 r3
= ln (2)
2π0 r1 r4
where
r12 = [(x − x0 )2 + (y − y0 )2 ] r22 = [(x + x0 )2 + (y − y0 )2 ]
r32 = [(x − x0 )2 + (y + y0 )2 ] r42 = [(x + x0 )2 + (y + y0 )2 ].

From this you can see that
• when x = 0, r1 = r2 and r3 = r4
• when y = 0, r1 = r3 and r2 = r4
and in both cases the argument of the logarithm in (2) is unity.
(b)
d
σ = −0 Φ
dy

λ 1 dr2 1 dr3 1 dr1 1 dr4
= − + − − y=0
2π r2 dy r3 dy r1 dy r4 dy
We have dr1 /dy = (y − y0 )/r1 and similarly for the other derivatives, so

λ y − y0 y + y0 y − y0 y + y0
σ = − + − −
2π r2 r32 r12 r42 y=0
2
y0 λ 1 1
= − −
π (x − x0 )2 + y02 (x + x0 )2 + y02 )
(c) Total charge per unit length in z

Z ∞
Qx = σdx
0
Z ∞ Z ∞
y0 λ dx dx
= − −
π 0 (x − x0 )2 + y02 0 (x + x0 )2 + y02
For the first integral the appropriate substitution is (x − x0 ) = y0 tan u, dx =
y0 sec2 udu. A similar substitution works in the second integral.
"Z #
π/2 Z π/2
λ
= − du − du
π tan−1 − xy0 x
tan−1 y 0
0 0

λ π −1 −x0 π −1 x0
= − − tan − + tan
π 2 y0 2 y0
2λ x 0
= − tan−1 . (3)
π y0
The calculations are obviously symmetric with respect to x0 and y0 . The
total charge on the plane x = 0 is (3) with x0 and y0 interchanged:
2λ y0
Qy = − tan−1
π x0
Since tan−1 x − tan−1 (1/x) = π/2 the total charge induced is
Q = −λ
which is, of course, also the sum of the charge per unit length of the three image
charges.
(d) We have
λ r2 r2
Φ= ln 22 32
4π0 r1 r4
Far from the origin,
r12 = [(x − x0 )2 + (y − y0 )2 ]

2 x0 2 2 y0 2
= x (1 − ) + y (1 − )
x y

2 x 0 2 y0
≈ x (1 − 2 ) + y (1 − 2
x y
= x − 2x0 x + y 2 − 2y0 y)
2

2 2 xx0 + yy0
= (x + y ) 1 − 2 2
x + y2
Similarly,

−xx0 + yy0
r22 2 2
= (x + y ) 1 − 2
x2 + y 2

xx0 − yy0
r32 2 2
= (x + y ) 1 − 2 2
x + y2

−xx0 − yy0
r42 2 2
= (x + y ) 1 − 2
x2 + y 2
Next,
(xx0 + yy0 )2

r12 r42 2 2 2
= (x + y ) 1 − 4
(x2 + y 2 )2
(xx0 − yy0 )2

r22 r32 2 2 2
= (x + y ) 1 − 4
(x2 + y 2 )2
so  2

λ 1 − 4 (xx2
0 −yy0 )
(x +y )2 2
Φ= ln  .
1 − 4 (xx 0 +yy0 )
2
4π0
(x2 +y 2 )2
The (x2 + y 2 ) term in the denominator grows much more quickly than the
(xx0 + yy0 ) term, so in the asymptotic limit we can use ln(1 + ) ≈ to find
(xx0 − yy0 )2 (xx0 + yy0 )2

λ
Φ = −4 + 4
4π0 (x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2
−4(x2 x20 + y 2 y02 − 2xyx0 y0 ) + 4(x2 x20 + y 2 y02 + 2xyx0 y0 )

λ
=
4π0 (x2 + y 2 )2

λ 16xyx0 y0
=
4π0 (x2 + y 2 )2
4λ (xy)(x0 y0 ) √
= .
π0 (x2 + y 2 )2
Problem 2.4
A point charge is placed a distance d > R from the center of an
equally charged, isolated, conducting sphere of radius R.
(a) Inside of what distance from the surface of the sphere is the
point charge attracted rather than repelled by the charged
sphere?
(b) What is the limiting value of the force of attraction when the
point charge is located a distance a(= d−R) from the surface
of the sphere, if a R?
(c) What are the results for parts a and b if the charge on the
sphere is twice (half) as large as the point charge, but still
the same sign?
Let’s call the point charge q. The charged, isolated sphere may be replaced
by two image charges. One image charge, of charge q1 = −(R/d)q at radius
r1 = R2 /d, is needed to make the potential equal at all points on the sphere.
The second image charge, of charge q2 = q − q1 at the center of the sphere,
is necessary to recreate the effect of the additional charge on the sphere (the
“additional” charge is the extra charge on the sphere left over after you subtract
the surface charge density induced by the point charge q).
The force on the point charge is the sum of the forces from the two image
charges:
" #
1 qq1 qq2
F = + d2 (4)
4π0 R2 2

d− d
q2 d2 + dR

−dR
= + (5)
4π0 [d2 − R2 ]2 d4
As d → R the denominator of the first term vanishes, so that term wins,

and the overall force is attractive. As d → ∞, the denominator of both terms
looks like d4 , so the dR terms in the numerator cancel and the overall force is
repulsive.
(a) The crossover distance is found by equating the two bracketed terms in (5):
dR d2 + dR
=
[d2 − R 2 ]2 d4
d4 R = (d + R)[d2 − R2 ]2
0 = d5 − 2d3 R2 − 2d2 R3 + dR4 + R5
I used GnuPlot to solve this one graphically. The root is d/R=1.6178.
(b) The idea here is to set d = R + a = R(1 + a/R) and find the limit of (4) as
a → 0.
" #
a a 2 a
−R2 (1 + R2 (1 + R

q2 R)
) + (1 + R)
F = 2 + 4 a 4
4π0 a R (1 + R )

R2 (1 + R )2 − R2
2 2

q −R − aR (2R + 3a)(R − 4a)
≈ +
4π0 4a2 R2 R4
The second term in brackets approaches the constant 2/R 2 as a → 0. The first
term becomes −1/4a2. So we have
q2
F →− .
16π0 a2
Note that only the first image charge (the one required to make the sphere an
equipotential) contributes to the force as d → a. The second image charge,
the one which represents the difference between the actual charge on the sphere
and the charge induced by the first image, makes no contribution in this limit.
That means that the limiting value of the force will be as above regardless of
the charge on the sphere.
(c) If the charge on the sphere is twice the point charge, then q2 = 2q − q1 =
q(2 + R/d). Then (5) becomes
q2 2d2 + dR

dR
F = − 2 +
4π0 [d − R2 ]2 d4
and the relevant equation becomes
0 = 2d5 − 4d3 R2 − 2d2 R3 + 2dR4 + R5 .
Again I solved graphically to find d/R = 1.43. If the charge on the sphere is
half the point charge, then
q2 d2 + 2dR

dR
F = − 2 +
4π0 [d − R2 ]2 2d4
and the equation is
0 = d5 − 2d3 R2 − 4d2 R3 + dR4 + 2R5 .
The root of this one is d/R=1.88.
Problem 2.5
(a) Show that the work done to remove the charge q from a dis-
tance r > a to infinity against the force, Eq. (2.6), of a
grounded conducting sphere is
q2 a
W = .
8π0 (r2 − a2 )
Relate this result to the electrostatic potential, Eq. (2.3),

and the energy discussion of Section 1.11.
(b) Repeat the calculation of the work done to remove the charge q
against the force, Eq. (2.9), of an isolated charged conducting
sphere. Show that the work done is
q2 a q 2 a qQ

1
W = − − .
4π0 2(r2 − a2 ) 2r2 r
Relate the work to the electrostatic potential, Eq. (2.8), and

the energy discussion of Section 1.11.
(a) The force is

q2 a 1
|F | =
4π0 y (1 − a2 /y 2 )2
3
directed radially inward. The work is

Z ∞
W = − F dy (6)
r
q2 a
Z ∞
dy
=
4π0 r y 3 (1 − a2 /y 2 )2
q2 a
Z ∞
ydy
=
4π0 r (y 2 − a2 )2
q2 a
Z ∞
du
=
4π0 r2 −a2 2u2
∞
q 2 a 1

= −
4π0 2u r2 −a2
q2 a
= (7)
8π0 (r2 − a2 )
To relate this to earlier results, note that the image charge q 0 = −(a/r)q is
located at radius r 0 = a2 /r. The potential energy between the point charge and
its image is

1 qq 0
PE =
4π0 |r − r0 |
−q 2 a

1
=
4π0 r(r − a2 /r)
−q 2 a

1
= (8)
4π0 r2 − a2
Result (7) is only half of (8). This would seem to violate energy conservation. It
would seem that we could start with the point charge at infinity and allow it to
fall in to a distance r from the sphere, liberating a quantity of energy (8), which
we could store in a battery or something. Then we could expend an energy
equal to (7) to remove the charge back to infinity, at which point we would
be back where we started, but we would still have half of the energy saved in
the battery. It would seem that we could keep doing this over and over again,
storing up as much energy in the battery as we pleased.
I think the problem is with equation (8). The traditional expression q1 q2 /4π0 r
for the potential energy of two charges comes from calculating the work needed
to bring one charge from infinity to a distance r from the other charge, and it
is assumed that the other charge does not move and keeps a constant charge
during the process. But in this case one of the charges is a fictitious image
charge, and as the point charge q is brought in from infinity the image charge
moves out from the center of the sphere, and its charge increases. So the simple
expression doesn’t work to calculate the potential energy of the configuration,
and we should take (7) to be the correct result.
(b) In this case there are two image charges: one of the same charge and location
as in part a, and another of charge Q − q 0 at the origin. The work needed to
remove the point charge q to infinity is the work needed to remove the point
charge from its image charge, plus the work needed to remove the point charge
from the extra charge at the origin. We calculated the first contribution above.
The second contribution is
qQ q 2 a
Z ∞ Z ∞
q(Q − q 0 )dy 1
− = − + dy
r 4π0 y 2 4π0 r y2 y3
∞
1 qQ q 2 a

= − − − 2
4π0 y 2y r
2

1 qQ q a
= − + 2
4π0 r 2r
so the total work done is

q2 a q 2 a qQ

1
W = − − .
4π0 2(r2 − a2 ) 2r2 r
Review of Green’s Functions

Some problems in this and other chapters use the Green’s function technique.
It’s useful to review this technique, and also to establish my conventions since
I define the Green’s function a little differently than Jackson.
The whole technique is based on the divergence theorem. Suppose A(x) is
a vector valued function defined at each point x within a volume V . Then
Z I
0 0
(∇ · A(x )) dV = A(x0 ) · dA0 (9)
V S
where S is the (closed) surface bounding the volume V . If we take A(x) =

φ(x)∇ψ(x) where φ and ψ are scalar functions, (9) becomes

∂ψ
Z I
(∇φ(x0 )) · (∇ψ(x0 )) + φ(x0 )∇2 ψ(x0 ) dV 0 =
0
φ(x ) dA0
V S ∂n x0
where ∂ψ/∂n is the dot product of ∇ψ ~ with the outward normal to the surface
area element. If we write down this equation with φ and ψ switched and subtract
the two, we come up with
I
∂ψ ∂φ
Z
2
φ∇ ψ − ψ∇2 φ dV 0 =

φ −ψ dA0 . (10)
V S ∂n ∂n
This statement doesn’t appear to be very useful, since it seems to require that
we know φ over the whole volume to compute the left side, and both φ and
∂φ/∂n on the boundary to compute the right side. However, suppose we could
choose ψ(x) in a clever way such that ∇2 ψ = δ(x − x0 ) for some point x0
within the volume. (Since this ψ is a function of x which also depends on x0
as a parameter, we might write it as ψx0 (x).) Then we could use the sifting
property of the delta function to find
I
0 ∂ψx0 0 ∂φ
Z
2
0 0
0
φ(x0 ) = ψx0 (x )∇ φ(x ) dV + φ(x ) − ψx0 (x ) dA0 .
V S ∂n x0
∂n x0
If φ is the scalar potential of electrostatics, we know that ∇2 ψ(x0 ) = −ρ(x0 )/0 ,

so we have
I
1 0 ∂ψx0 0 ∂φ
Z
0 0 0
0
φ(x0 ) = − ψx0 (x )ρ(x )dV + φ(x ) 0 − ψx0 (x ) ∂n 0 dA .
0 V S ∂n x x
(11)
Equation (11) allows us to find the potential at an arbitrary point x0 as
long as we know ρ within the volume and both φ and ∂φ/∂n on the boundary.
boundary. Usually we do know ρ within the volume, but we only know either φ
or ∂φ/∂n on the boundary. This lack of knowledge can be accommodated by
choosing ψ such that either its value or its normal derivative vanishes on the
boundary surface, so that the term which we can’t evaluate drops out of the
surface integral. More specifically,
• if we know φ but not ∂φ/∂n on the boundary (“Dirichlet” boundary con-

ditions), we choose ψ such that ψ = 0 on the boundary. Then

1 0 ∂ψx0
Z I
0 0 0
0
φ(x0 ) = − ψx0 (x )ρ(x )dV + φ(x ) 0 dA . (12)
0 V S ∂n x
• if we know ∂φ/∂n but not φ on the boundary (“Neumann” boundary

conditions), we choose ψ such that ∂ψ/∂n = 0 on the boundary. Then

1 0 ∂φ
Z I
0 0 0
0
φ(x0 ) = − ψx0 (x )ρ(x )dV + φx0 (x ) 0 dA . (13)
0 V S ∂n x
Again, in both cases the function ψx0 (x) has the property that
∇2 ψx0 (x) = δ(x − x0 ).

Homer Reid
December 8, 1999
Chapter 2: Problems 11-20
Problem 2.11
A line charge with linear charge density τ is placed parallel to, and a
distance R away from, the axis of a conducting cylinder of radius b held
at fixed voltage such that the potential vanishes at infinity. Find
(a) the magnitude and position of the image charge(s);
(b) the potential at any point (expressed in polar coordinates with the
origin at the axis of the cylinder and the direction from the origin
to the line charge as the x axis), including the asymptotic form far
from the cylinder;
(c) the induced surface-charge density, and plot it as a function of angle
for R/b=2,4 in units of τ /2πb;
(d) the force on the charge.
(a) Drawing an analogy to the similar problem of the point charge outside
the conducting sphere, we might expect that the potential on the cylinder can
be made constant by placing an image charge within the cylinder on the line
conducting the line charge with the center of the cylinder, i.e. on the x axis.
Suppose we put the image charge a distance R0 < b from the center of the
cylinder and give it a charge density −τ . Using the expression quoted in Problem
2.3 for the potential of a line charge, the potential at a point x due to the line
charge and its image is
τ R2 τ R2
Φ(x) = ln − ln
4π0 |x − Rî|2 4π0 |x − R0 î|2
1
τ |x − R0 î|2
= ln .
4π0 |x − Rî|2
We want to choose R0 such that the potential is constant when x is on the

cylinder surface. This requires that the argument of the logarithm be equal to
some constant γ at those points:
|x − R0 î|2
=γ
|x − Rî|2
or
b2 + R02 − 2R0 b cos φ = γb2 + γR2 − 2γRb cos φ.
For this to be true everywhere on the cylinder, the φ term must drop out, which
requires R0 = γR. We can then rearrange the remaining terms to find
b2
R0 = .
R
This is also analogous to the point-charge-and-sphere problem, but there are
differences: in this case the image charge has the same magnitude as the original
line charge, and the potential on the cylinder is constant but not zero.
(b) At a point (ρ, φ), we have
τ ρ2 + R02 − 2ρR0 cos φ

Φ= ln 2 .
4π0 ρ + R2 − 2ρR cos φ
For large ρ, this becomes
0
τ 1 − 2 Rρ cos φ
Φ→ ln .
4π0 1 − 2R ρ cos φ
Using ln(1 − x) = −(x + x2 /2 + · · ·), we have
τ 2(R − R0 ) cos φ
Φ →
4π0 ρ
τ R(1 − b2 /R2 ) cos φ
=
2π0 ρ
(c)

∂Φ
σ = −0
∂ρ r=b

τ 2b − 2R0 cos φ 2b − 2R cos φ
= − −
4π b2 + R02 − 2bR0 cos φ b2 + R2 − 2bR cos φ
2
" #
τ b − bR cos φ b − R cos φ
= − −
2π b2 + Rb42 − 2 bR3 cos φ b2 + R2 − 2bR cos φ
Multiplying the first term by R2 /b2 on top and bottom yields

R2
" #
τ b −b
σ = −
2π R2 + b2 − 2bR cos φ
R 2 − b2

τ
= −
2πb R2 + b2 − 2bR cos φ
(d) To find the force on the charge, we note that the potential of the image
charge is
τ C2
Φ(x) = − ln .
4π0 |x − R0 î|2
with C some constant. We can differentiate this to find the electric field due to
the image charge:
τ
E(x) = −∇Φ(x) = − ∇ ln |x − R0 î|2
4π0
τ 2(x − R0 î)
= − .
4π0 |x − R0 î|2
The original line charge is at x = R, y = 0, and the field there is

τ 1 τ R
E=− î = − î.
2π0 R − R0 2π0 R2 − b2
The force per unit width on the line charge is
τ2 R
F = τE = −
2π0 R2 − b2
tending to pull the original charge in toward the cylinder.
Problem 2.12
Starting with the series solution (2.71) for the two-dimensional potential
problem with the potential specified on the surface of a cylinder of radius
b, evaluate the coefficients formally, substitute them into the series, and
sum it to obtain the potential inside the cylinder in the form of Poisson’s
integral:
Z 2π
1 b2 − ρ 2
Φ(ρ, φ) = Φ(b, φ0 ) 2 dφ0
2π 0 b + ρ2 − 2bρ cos(φ0 − φ)
What modification is necessary if the potential is desired in the region of

space bounded by the cylinder and infinity?
Referring to equation (2.71), we know the bn are all zero, because the ln
term and the negative powers of ρ are singular at the origin. We are left with
∞
X
Φ(ρ, φ) = a0 + ρn {an sin(nφ) + bn cos(nφ)} . (1)
n=1
Multiplying both sides successively by 1, sin n0 φ, and cos n0 φ and integrating

at ρ = b gives
Z 2π
1
a0 = Φ(b, φ)dφ (2)
2π 0
Z 2π
1
an = Φ(b, φ) sin(nφ)dφ (3)
πbn 0
Z 2π
1
bn = Φ(b, φ) cos(nφ)dφ. (4)
πbn 0
Plugging back into (1), we find

( )
1 2π
∞
1 X ρ n
Z
0
Φ(ρ, φ) = Φ(b, φ ) + [sin(nφ) sin(nφ ) + cos(nφ) cos(nφ )] dφ0
0 0
π 0 2 n=1 b
( ∞
)
1 2π 1 X ρ n
Z
0 0
= Φ(b, φ ) + cos n(φ − φ ) . (5)
π 0 2 n=1 b
The bracketed term can be expressed in closed form. For simplicity define
x = (ρ/b) and α = (φ − φ0 ). Then
∞ ∞
1 X n 1 1 X n inα
+ xn e−inα

+ x cos(nα) = + x e
2 n=1 2 2 n=1

1 1 1 1
= + + − 2
2 2 1 − xeiα 1 − xe−iα
1 1 1 − xe−iα − xeiα + 1

= + − 2
2 2 1 − xeiα − xe−iα + x2

1 1 − x cos α
= + − 1
2 1 + x2 − 2x cos α
1 x cos α − x2
= +
2 1 + x2 − 2x cos α
1 − x2

1
= .
2 1 + x2 − 2x cos α
Plugging this back into (5) gives the advertised result.

Problem 2.13
(a) Two halves of a long hollow conducting cylinder of inner radius b are
separated by small lengthwise gaps on each side, and are kept at different
potentials V1 and V2 . Show that the potential inside is given by

V1 + V 2 V1 − V 2 −1 2bρ
Φ(ρ, φ) = + tan cos φ
2 π b2 − ρ 2
where φ is measured from a plane perpendicular to the plane through the

gap.
(b) Calculate the surface-charge density on each half of the cylinder.
This problem is just like the previous one. Since we are looking for an
expression for the potential within the cylinder, the correct expansion is (1)
with expansion coefficients given by (2), (3) and (4):
2π
1
Z
a0 = Φ(b, φ)dφ
2π 0
π Z 2π
1
Z
= V1 dφ + V2 dφ
2π 0 π
V1 + V 2
=
2
Z π Z 2π
1
an = V 1 sin(nφ)dφ + V 2 sin(nφ)dφ
πbn 0 π
1 h
π 2π
i
= − V 1 |cos nφ| 0 + V 2 |cos nφ| π
nπbn
1
= − n
[V1 (cos nπ − 1) + V2 (1 − cos nπ)]
nπb
0 , n even
=
2(V1 − V2 )/(nπbn ) , n odd
Z π Z 2π
1
bn = V 1 cos(nφ)dφ + V 2 cos(nφ)dφ
πbn 0 π
1 h
π 2π
i
= V 1 |sin nφ| 0 + V 2 |sin nφ| π
nπbn
= 0.
With these coefficients, the potential expansion becomes
V1 + V 2 2(V1 − V2 ) X 1 ρ n
Φ(ρ, φ) = + sin nφ. (6)
2 π n b
n odd
Here we need an auxiliary result:

X 1 1 X 1
xn sin nφ = (iy)n [einπ − e−inφ ] (x = iy)
n 2i n
n odd n odd
∞
1 X (−1)n iφ 2n+1
− (ye−iφ )2n+1

= (ye )
2 n=0 2n + 1
1 −1 iφ
= tan (ye ) − tan−1 (ye−iφ ) (7)
2
where in the last line we just identified the Taylor series for the inverse tangent
function. Next we need an identity:

−1 −1 −1 γ1 − γ 2
tan γ1 − tan γ2 = tan .
1 + γ 1 γ2
(I derived this one by drawing some triangles and doing some algebra.) With
this, (7) becomes
X 1
1 2iy sin φ
xn sin nφ = tan−1
n 2 1 + y2
n odd

1 −1 2x sin φ
= tan .
2 1 − x2
Using this in (6) with x = ρ/b gives

V1 + V 2 V1 − V 2 2ρb sin φ
Φ(ρ, b) = + tan−1 .
π π b2 − ρ 2
(Evidently, Jackson and I defined the angle φ differently).

Problem 2.15
(a) Show that the Green function G(x, y; x0 , y 0 ) appropriate for Dirichlet
boundary conditions for a square two-dimensional region, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤
y ≤ 1, has an expansion
∞
X
G(x, y; x0 , y 0 ) = 2 gn (y, y 0 ) sin(nπx) sin(nπx0 )
n=1
where gn (y, y 0 ) satisfies

2
∂ 2 2
− n π gn (y, y 0 ) = δ(y 0 − y) and gn (y, 0) = gn (y, 1) = 0.
∂y 2
(b) Taking for gn (y, y 0 ) appropriate linear combinations of sinh(nπy 0 )

and cosh(nπy 0 ) in the two regions y 0 < y and y 0 > y, in accord with the
boundary conditions and the discontinuity in slope required by the source
delta function, show that the explicit form of G is
G(x, y; x0 , y 0 ) =
∞
X 1
−2 sin(nπx) sin(nπx0 ) sinh(nπy< ) sinh[nπ(1 − y> )]
n=1
nπ sinh(nπ)
where y< (y> ) is the smaller (larger) of y and y 0 .
(I have taken out a factor −4π from the expressions for gn and G, in accordance
with my convention for Green’s functions; see the Green’s functions review
above.)
(a) To use as a Green’s function in a Dirichlet boundary value problem G must
satisfy two conditions. The first is that G vanish on the boundary of the region
of interest. The suggested expansion of G clearly satisfies this. First, sin(nπx0 )
is 0 when x0 is 0 or 1. Second, g(y, y 0 ) vanishes when y 0 is 0 or 1. So G(x, y; x0 , y 0 )
vanishes for points (x0 , y 0 ) on the boundary.
The second condition on G is
2
∂2

∂
∇2 G = + G = δ(x − x0 ) δ(y − y 0 ). (8)
∂x02 ∂y 02
With the suggested expansion, we have

∞
∂2 X
gn (y, y 0 ) sin(nπx) −n2 π 2 sin(nπx0 )

G = 2
∂x 02
n=1
∞
∂2 X ∂ 02
G = 2 g (y, y 0 ) sin(nπx) sin(nπx0 )
2 n
∂y 02
n=1
∂y
We can add these together and use the differential equation satisfied by gn to
find
∞
X
∇2 G = δ(y − y 0 ) · 2 sin(nπx) sin(nπx0 )
n=1
= δ(y − y ) · δ(x − x0 )
0
since the infinite sum is just a well-known representation of the δ function.

(b) The suggestion is to take

An1 sinh(nπy 0 ) + Bn1 cosh(nπy 0 ), y 0 < y;
gn (y, y 0 ) = (9)
An2 sinh(nπy 0 ) + Bn2 cosh(nπy 0 ), y 0 > y.
The idea to use hyperbolic sines and cosines comes from the fact that sinh(nπy)
and cosh(nπy) satisfy a homogeneous version of the differential equation for g n
(i.e. satisfy that differential equation with the δ function replaced by zero).
Thus gn as defined in (9) satisfies its differential equation (at all points except
y = y 0 ) for any choice of the As and Bs. This leaves us free to choose these
coefficients as required to satisfy the boundary conditions and the differential
equation at y = y 0 .
First let’s consider the boundary conditions. Since y is somewhere between
0 and 1, the condition that gn vanish for y 0 = 0 is only relevant to the top line
of (9), where it requires taking Bn1 = 0 but leaves An1 undetermined for now.
The condition that gn vanish for y 0 = 1 only affects the lower line of (9), where
it requires that
0 = An2 sinh(nπ) + Bn2 cosh(nπ)

= (An2 + Bn2 )enπ + (−An2 + Bn2 )e−nπ (10)
One way to make this work is to take
An2 + Bn2 = −e−nπ and − An2 + Bn2 = enπ .
Then
Bn2 = enπ + An2 → 2An2 = −enπ − e−nπ

so An2 = − cosh(nπ) and Bn2 = sinh(nπ).
With this choice of coefficients, the lower line in (9) becomes
gn (y, y 0 ) = − cosh(nπ) sinh(nπy 0 )+sinh(nπ) cosh(nπy 0 ) = sinh[nπ(1−y 0 )] (11)
for (y 0 > y). Actually, we haven’t completely determined An2 and Bn2 ; we could
multiply (11) by an arbitrary constant γn and (10) would still be satisfied.
Next we need to make sure that the two halves of (9) match up at y 0 = y:
An1 sinh(nπy) = γn sinh[nπ(1 − y)]. (12)

70000
60000
50000
40000
g(yprime)
30000
20000
10000
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
yprime
Figure 1: gn (y, y 0 ) from Problem 2.15 with n=5, y=.41
This obviously happens when
An1 = βn sinh[nπ(1 − y)] and γn = βn sinh(nπy)
where βn is any constant. In other words, we have

βn sinh[nπ(1 − y)] sinh(nπy 0 ), y 0 < y;
gn (y, y 0 ) =
βn sinh[nπ(1 − y 0 )] sinh(nπy), y 0 > y.
= βn sinh[nπ(1 − y> )] sinh(nπy< ) (13)
with y< and y> defined as in the problem. Figure 1 shows a graph of this
function n = 5, y = .41.
The final step is to choose the normalization constant βn such that gn sat-
isfies its differential equation:
2
∂ 2 2
− n π gn (y, y 0 ) = δ(y − y 0 ). (14)
∂ 2 y 02
To say that the left-hand side “equals” the delta function requires two things:
• that the left-hand side vanish at all points y 0 6= y, and
• that its integral over any interval (y1 , y2 ) equal 1 if the interval contains
the point y 0 = y, and vanish otherwise.
The first condition is clearly satisfied regardless of the choice of βn . The second
condition may be satisfied by making gn continuous, which we have already
done, but giving its first derivative a finite jump of unit magnitude at y 0 = y:
y0 =y+
∂ 0

g n (y, y ) 0 − = 1.
∂y 0 y =y
Differentiating (13), we find this condition to require
nπβn [− cosh[nπ(1 − y)] sinh(nπy) − sinh[nπ(1 − y)] cosh(nπy)] = −nπβn sinh(nπ) = 1
so (14) is satisfied if
1
βn = − .
nπ sinh(nπ)
Then (13) is
sinh[nπ(1 − y> )] sinh(nπy< )

gn (y, y 0 ) = −
nπ sinh(nπ)
and the composite Green’s function is
∞
X
G(x, y; x0 , y 0 ) = 2 gn (y, y 0 ) sin(nπx) sin(nπx0 )
n=1
∞
X sinh[nπ(1 − y> )] sinh(nπy< ) sin(nπx) sin(nπx0 )
= −2 (15)
.
n=1
nπ sinh(nπ)
Problem 2.16
A two-dimensional potential exists on a unit square area (0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤

y ≤ 1) bounded by “surfaces” held at zero potential. Over the entire square
there is a uniform charge density of unit strength (per unit length in z).
Using the Green function of Problem 2.15, show that the solution can be
written as
∞
4 X sin[(2m + 1)πx] cosh[(2m + 1)π(y − (1/2))]
Φ(x, y) = 3 1− .
π 0 m=0 (2m + 1)3 cosh[(2m + 1)π/2]
Referring to my Green’s functions review above, the potential at a point x0

within the square is given by
I
1 ∂G 0 ∂Φ
Z

Φ(x0 ) = − G(x0 ; x0 )ρ(x0 )dV 0 + Φ(x0 ) − G(x 0 ; x ) 0
0 dA .
0 V S ∂n
x 0 ∂n x
(16)
In this case the surface integral vanishes, because we’re given that Φ vanishes
on the boundary, and G vanishes there by construction. We’re also given that
ρ(x0 )dV 0 = dx0 dy 0 throughout the entire volume. Then we can plug in (15) to
find
∞ Z 1Z 1
2 X 1
Φ(x0 ) = sinh[nπ(1−y> )] sinh(nπy< ) sin(nπx0 ) sin(nπx0 )dx0 dy 0 .
π0 n=1 n sinh(nπ) 0 0
(17)
The integrals can be done separately. The x integral is
1
sin(nπx0 )
Z
sin(nπx0 ) sin(nπx0 )dx0 = − [cos(nπ) − 1]
0 nπ

(2 sin(nπx0 ))/nπ , n odd
= (18)
0 , n even
The y integral is
Z y0 Z 1
0 0
sinh[nπ(1 − y0 )] sinh(nπy )dy + sinh(nπy0 ) sinh[nπ(1 − y 0 )]dy 0
0 y0
1 n y0 1 o
= sinh[nπ(1 − y0 )] · cosh(nπy 0 )0 − sinh[nπy0 ] · cosh[nπ(1 − y 0 )]y0
nπ
1
= {sinh[nπ(1 − y0 )] cosh(nπy0 ) + sinh(nπy0 ) cosh[nπ(1 − y0 )] − sinh(nπy0 ) − sinh[nπ(1 − y0 )]}
nπ
1
= {sinh[nπ] − sinh[nπ(1 − y0 )] − sinh(nπy0 )}. (19)
nπ
Inserting (18) and (19) in (17), we have
4 X sin(nπx0 ) sinh[nπ(1 − y0 )] + sinh(nπy0 )

Φ(x0 ) = 3 1− .
π 0 n3 sinh(nπ)
n odd
The thing in brackets is equal to what Jackson has, but this is tedious to show
so I’ll skip the proof.
Problem 2.17
(a) Construct the free-space Green function G(x, y; x0 , y 0 ) for two-

dimensional electrostatics by integrating 1/R with respect to z 0 − z
between the limits ±Z, where Z is taken to be very large. Show that
apart from an inessential constant, the Green function can be written
alternately as
G(x, y; x0 , y 0 ) = − ln[(x − x0 )2 + (y − y 0 )2 ]
= − ln[ρ2 + ρ02 − 2ρρ0 cos(φ − φ0 )].
(b) Show explicitly by separation of variables in polar coordinates that the

Green function can be expressed as a Fourier series in the azimuthal
coordinate,
∞
1 X im(φ−φ0 )
G= e gm (ρ, ρ0 )
2π −∞
where the radial Green functions satisfy
m2

1 ∂ 0 ∂gm δ(ρ − ρ0 )
ρ − 02 gm = .
ρ ∂ρ
0 0 ∂ρ 0 ρ ρ
Note that gm (ρ, ρ0 ) for fixed ρ is a different linear combination of the

solutions of the homogeneous radial equation (2.68) for ρ0 < ρ and
for ρ0 > ρ, with a discontinuity of slope at ρ0 = ρ determined by the
source delta function.
(c) Complete the solution and show that the free-space Green function has
the expansion
∞ m
1 1 X 1 ρ<
G(ρ, φ; ρ0 , φ0 ) = ln(ρ2> ) − · cos[m(φ − φ0 )]
4π 2π m=1 m ρ>
where ρ< (ρ> ) is the smaller (larger) of ρ and ρ0 .
(As in Problem 2.15, I modified the text of the problem to match with my
convention for Green’s functions.)
(a)
R = [(x − x0 )2 + (y − y 0 )2 + (z − z 0 )2 ]1/2
≡ [a2 + u2 ]1/2 , a = [(x − x0 )2 + (y − y 0 )2 ]1/2 , u = (z − z 0 ).
Integrating,
Z i +Z
du
Z h
= ln (a2 + u2 )1/2 + u

−Z [a + u2 ]1/2
2 −Z
(Z 2 + a2 )1/2 + Z
= ln
(Z 2 + a2 )1/2 − Z
(1 + (a2 /Z 2 ))1/2 + 1
= ln
(1 + (a2 /Z 2 ))1/2 − 1
a2
2+ 2Z 2
≈ ln a2
2Z 2
4Z + a22
= ln
a2
= ln[4Z + a2 ] − ln a2 .
2
Since Z is much bigger than a, the first term is essentially independent of a and
is the ’nonessential constant’ Jackson is talking about. The remaining term is
the 2D Green’s function:
G = − ln a2 = − ln[(x − x0 )2 + (y − y 0 )2 ] in rectangular coordinates

= − ln[ρ2 + ρ02 − 2ρρ0 cos(φ − φ0 )] in cylindrical coordinates.
(b) The 2d Green’s function is defined by

Z
∇2 G(ρ, φ; ρ0 , φ0 )ρ0 dρ0 dφ0 = 1
but ∇2 G = 0 at points other than (ρ, φ). These conditions are met if
1
∇2 G(ρ, φ; ρ0 , φ0 ) = δ(ρ − ρ0 )δ(φ − φ0 ). (20)
ρ0
You need the ρ0 on the bottom there to cancel out the ρ0 in the area element in
the integral. The Laplacian in two-dimensional cylindrical coordinates is

2 1 ∂ 0 ∂ 1 ∂
∇ = 0 0 ρ − 02 02 .
ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ0 ρ ∂φ
Applying this to the suggested expansion for G gives

∞
m2

2 1 X 1 ∂ 0 ∂gm 0
0
∇ G(ρ, φ; ρ , φ ) =0
ρ − 02 gm eim(φ−φ ) .
2π −∞ ρ ∂ρ
0 0 ∂ρ 0 ρ
If gm satisfies its differential equation as specified in the problem, the term in

brackets equals δ(ρ − ρ0 )/ρ0 for all m and may be removed from the sum, leaving
∞
δ(ρ − ρ0 ) 1 X im(φ−φ0 )
∇2 G(ρ, φ; ρ0 , φ0 ) = · e
ρ0 2π −∞

δ(ρ − ρ0 )
= δ(φ − φ0 ).
ρ0
(c) As in Problem 2.15, we’ll construct the functions gm by finding solutions of

the homogenous radial differential equation in the two regions and piecing them
together at ρ = ρ0 such that the function is continuous but its derivative has a
finite jump of magnitude 1/ρ.
For m ≥ 1, the solution to the homogenous equation
m2

1 ∂ 0 ∂
ρ − 02 f (ρ0 ) = 0
ρ0 ∂ρ0 ∂ρ0 ρ
is
f (ρ0 ) = Am ρ0m + Bm ρ0−m .
Thus we take
A1m ρ0m + B1m ρ0−m , ρ0 < ρ
gm =
A2m ρ0m + B2m ρ0−m , ρ0 > ρ.
In order that the first solution be finite at the origin, and the second solution
be finite at infinity, we have to take B1m = A2m = 0. Then the condition that
the two solutions match at ρ = ρ0 is
A1m ρm = B2m ρ−m
which requires
A1m = γm ρ−m B2m = ρm γm
for some constant γm . Now we have
 m
 γ m ρ0 , ρ0 < ρ
gm = ρ m
 γm ρ0 , ρ0 > ρ
ρ
The finite-derivative step condition is

dgm dgm 1
− =
dρ0 ρ0 =ρ+ dρ0 ρ0 =ρ− ρ
or
1 1 1
−mγm + =
ρ ρ ρ
so
1
γm = − .
2m
Then
 0 m
 − 1 ρ , ρ0 < ρ
2m
gm = ρ m
 − 1 ρ0 , ρ0 > ρ
2m ρ
m
1 ρ<
= − .
2m ρ>
Plugging this back into the expansion gives

∞ m
1 X 1 ρ< 0
G = − eim(φ−φ )
4π −∞ m ρ>
∞ m
1 X 1 ρ<
= − cos[m(φ − φ0 )].
2π 1 m ρ>
Jackson seems to be adding a ln term to this, which comes from the m = 0

solution of the radial equation, but I have left it out because it doesn’t vanish
as ρ0 → ∞.
Problem 2.18
(a) By finding appropriate solutions of the radial equation in part b of

Problem 2.17, find the Green function for the interior Dirichlet prob-
lem of a cylinder of radius b [gm (ρ, ρ0 = b) = 0. See (1.40)]. First
find the series expansion akin to the free-space Green function of
Problem 2.17. Then show that it can be written in closed form as
2 02
ρ ρ + b4 − 2ρρ0 b2 cos(φ − φ0 )

G = ln 2 2
b (ρ + ρ02 − 2ρρ0 cos(φ − φ0 ))
or
(b2 − ρ2 )(b2 − ρ02 ) + b2 |ρ − ρ0 |2

G = ln .
b2 |ρ − ρ0 |2
(b) Show that the solution of the Laplace equation with the potential
given as Φ(b, φ) on the cylinder can be expressed as Poisson’s inte-
gral of Problem 2.12.
(c) What changes are necessary for the Green function for the exterior
problem (b < ρ < ∞), for both the Fourier expansion and the
closed form? [Note that the exterior Green function is not rigorously
correct because it does not vanish for ρ or ρ0 → ∞. For situations
in which the potential falls of fast enough as ρ → ∞, no mistake is
made in its use.]
(a) As before, we write the general solution of the radial equation for gm in the
two distinct regions:

0 A1m ρ0m + B1m ρ0−m , ρ0 < ρ
gm (ρ, ρ ) = (21)
A2m ρ0m + B2m ρ0−m , ρ0 > ρ.
The first boundary conditions are that gm remain finite at the origin and
vanish on the cylinder boundary. This requires that
B1m = 0
and
A2m bm + B2m b−m = 0
so
A2m = γm b−m B2m = −γm bm
for some constant γm .
Next, gm must be continuous at ρ = ρ0 :
m
m ρ m b
A1m ρ = γm −
b ρ
m
γ m ρ m b
A1m = − .
ρm b ρ
With this we have

m 0 m

0 bρ m ρ
gm (ρ, ρ ) = γm − , ρ0 < ρ
b ρ ρ
0 m m
ρ b
= γm − , ρ0 > ρ.
b ρ0
Finally, dgm /dρ0 must have a finite jump of magnitude 1/ρ at ρ0 = ρ.

1 dgm dgm
= −
ρ dρ0 ρ0 =ρ+ dρ0 ρ0 =ρ−
m−1 m
bm

ρ ρ m b 1
= mγm + m+1 − mγm −
bm ρ b ρ ρ
m
b 1
= 2mγm
ρ ρ
so
1 ρ m
γm =
2m b
and
0 m 0 m
0 1 ρρ ρ
gm (ρ, ρ ) = 2
− , ρ0 < ρ
2m b ρ
0 m m
1 ρρ ρ
= 2
− , ρ0 > ρ.
2m b ρ0
or m m
1 ρρ0 ρ<
gm (ρ, ρ0 ) = − .
2m b2 ρ>
Plugging into the expansion for G gives
∞ 0 m m
1 X 1 ρρ ρ<
G(ρ, φ, ρ0 , φ0 ) = − cos m(φ − φ0 ). (22)
2π n=1 m b2 ρ>
Here we need to work out an auxiliary result:

∞ ∞ Z x
X 1 n 0
X
n−1
x cos n(φ − φ ) = u du cos m(φ − φ0 )
n=1
n n=1 0
Z x( X ∞
)
1 n 0
= u cos n(φ − φ ) du
0 u n=1
Z x
cos(φ − φ0 ) − u
= du
0 1 + u2 − 2u cos(φ − φ0 )
1 x
= − ln(1 − 2u cos(φ − φ0 ) + u2 )0
2
1
= − ln[1 − 2x cos(φ − φ0 ) + x2 ].
2
(I summed the infinite series here back in Problem 2.12. The integral in the
second-to-last step can be done by partial fraction decomposition, although I
cheated and looked it up on www.integrals.com). We can apply this result
individually to the two terms in (22):
1 + (ρρ0 /b2 )2 − 2(ρρ0 /b2 ) cos(φ − φ0 )

0 0 1
G(ρ, φ; ρ , φ ) = − ln
4π 1 + (ρ< /ρ> )2 − 2(ρ< /ρ> ) cos(φ − φ0 )
2 4
ρ> b + ρ2 ρ02 − 2ρρ0 b2 cos(φ − φ0 )

1
= − ln
4π b4 ρ2> + ρ2< − 2ρ< ρ> cos(φ − φ0 )
2 4
ρ> b + ρ2 ρ02 − 2ρρ0 b2 cos(φ − φ0 )

1
= − ln
4π b4 ρ2> + ρ2< − 2ρ< ρ> cos(φ − φ0 )
2
1 ρ>
= − ln
4π b2
4
b + ρ2 ρ02 − 2ρρ0 b2 cos(φ − φ0 )

1
− ln 2 2 (23)
4π b (ρ + ρ02 − 2ρρ0 cos(φ − φ0 ))
This is Jackson’s result, with an additional ln term thrown in for good measure.
I’m not sure why Jackson didn’t quote this term as part of his answer; he did
include it in his answer to problem 2.17 (c). Did I do something wrong?
(b) Now we want to plug the expression for G above into (16) to compute
the potential within the cylinder. If there is no charge inside the cylinder, the
volume integral vanishes, and we are left with the surface integral:

∂G
Z
Φ(ρ, φ) = Φ(b, φ0 ) dA0 . (24)
∂ρ0 ρ0 =b
where the integral is over the surface of the cylinder.

For this we need the normal derivative of (23) on the cylinder:
2ρ2 ρ0 − 2ρb2 cos(φ − φ0 )

∂G 1 2ρ0 − 2ρ cos(φ − φ0 )
=− 4 2 2
− 2 .
∂ρ 0 4π b + ρ ρ − 2ρρ b cos(φ − φ ) ρ + ρ02 − 2ρρ0 cos(φ − φ0 )
02 0 0
Evaluated at ρ0 = b this is
ρ2 − b 2

∂G 1
=− .
∂ρ0 ρ0 =b 2π b(ρ2 + b2 − 2ρb cos(φ − φ0 ))
In the surface integral, the extra factor of b on the bottom is cancelled by the
factor of b in the area element dA0 , and (24) becomes just the result of Problem
2.12.
(c) For the exterior problem we again start with the solution (21). Now the
boundary conditions are different; the condition at ∞ gives A2m = 0, while the
condition at b gives
A1m = γm b−m B1m = −γm bm .
From the continuity condition at ρ0 = ρ we find

m
ρ m b
A2m = γm ρm − .
b ρ
The finite derivative jump condition gives

m m
ρ m b 1 ρ m b 1 1
−mγm − − mγm + =
b ρ ρ b ρ ρ ρ
or m
1 b
γm = − .
2m ρ
Putting it all together we have for the exterior problem
2 m m
1 b ρ<
gm = − .
2m ρρ0 ρ>
This is the same gm we came up with before, but with b2 and ρρ0 terms flipped
in first term. But the closed-form expression was symmetrical in those two
expressions (except for the mysterious ln term) so the closed-form expression
for the exterior Green’s function should be the same as the interior Green’s
function.
Homer Reid
June 15, 2000
Problem 3.1
Two concentric spheres have radii a, b(b > a) and each is divided into two hemi-
spheres by the same horizontal plane. The upper hemisphere of the inner sphere
and the lower hemisphere of the outer sphere are maintained at potential V . The
other hemispheres are at zero potential.
Detemine the potential in the region a ≤ r ≤ b as a series in Legendre polynomials.
Include terms at least up to l = 4. Check your solution against known results in
the limiting cases b → ∞ and a → 0.
The expansion of the electrostatic potential in spherical coordinates for prob-

lems with azimuthal symmetry is
∞ h
X i
Φ(r, θ) = Al rl + Bl r−(l+1) Pl (cos θ). (1)
l=0
We find the coefficients Al and Bl by applying the boundary conditions. Mul-

tiplying both sides by Pl0 (cos θ) and integrating from -1 to 1 gives
Z 1
2 h i
Φ(r, θ)Pl (cos θ)d(cos θ) = Al rl + Bl r−(l+1) .
−1 2l + 1
At r = a this yields
1
2 h
Z i
V Pl (x)dx = Al al + Bl a−(l+1) ,
0 2l + 1
1
and at r = b,
0
2 h l
Z i
V Pl (x)dx = Al b + Bl b−(l+1) .
−1 2l + 1
The integral from 0 to 1 vanishes for l even, and is given in the text for l odd:
Z 1
1 (l − 2)!!
Pl (x)dx = (− )(l−1)/2 l+1 .
0 2 2 2 !
The integral from -1 to 0 also vanishes for l even, and is just the above result
inverted for l odd. This gives
1 (l − 2)!! 2 h i
V (− )(l−1)/2 l+1 = Al al + Bl a−(l+1)
2 2 2 ! 2l + 1
1 (l − 2)!! 2 h l i
−V (− )(l−1)/2 l+1 = Al b + Bl b−(l+1) .
2 2 2 ! 2l + 1
or
αl = Al al + Bl a−(l+1)
−αl = Al bl + Bl b−(l+1)
with
1 (2l + 1)(l − 2)!!
αl = V (− )a(l−1)/2 .
4 l+1

2 2 !
The solution is
bl+1 + al+1 al+1 bl+1 (bl + al )

Al = α l Bl = −αl
a2l+1 − b2l+1 a2l+1 − b2l+1
The first few terms of (1) are
2
(a + b2 )r a2 b2 (a + b) 7 (a4 + b4 )r3 a4 b4 (a3 + b3 )

3
Φ(r, θ) = V − 2 3 P1 (cos θ)− − 4 7 P3 (cos θ)+· · ·
4 a3 − b 3 r (a − b3 ) 16 a7 − b 7 r (a − b7 )
In the limit as b → ∞, the problem reduces to the exterior problem treated
in Section 2.7 of the text. In that limit, the above expression becomes
3 a 2 7 a 4
Φ(r, θ) → V P1 (cos θ) − V P3 (cos θ) + · · ·
4 r 16 r
in agreement with (2.27) with half the potential spacing. When a → 0, the
problem goes over to the interior version of the same problem, as treated in
section 3.3 of the text. In that limit the above expression goes to
3 r 7 r 3
Φ(r, θ) → − V P1 (cos θ) + V P3 (cos θ) + · · ·
4 b 16 b
This agrees with equation (3.36) in the text, with the sign of V flipped, because
here the more positive potential is on the lower hemisphere.
Problem 3.2
A spherical surface of radius R has charge uniformly distributed over its surface
with a density Q/4πR2 , except for a spherical cap at the north pole, defined by the
cone θ = α.
(a) Show that the potential inside the spherical surface can be expressed as
∞
Q X 1 rl
Φ= [Pl+1 (cos α) − Pl−1 (cos α)] l+1 Pl (cos θ)
8π0 2l + 1 R
l=0
where, for l = 0, Pl−1 (cos α) = −1. What is the potential outside?

(b) Find the magnitude and direction of the electric field at the origin.
(c) Discuss the limiting forms of the potential (part a) and electric field (part b) as
the spherical cap becomes (1)very small, and (2) so large that the area with
charge on it becomes a very small cap at the south pole.
(a) Let’s denote the charge density on the sphere by σ(θ). At a point infinites-
imally close to the surface of the sphere, the electric field is
σ
F = −∇Φ = − r̂
0
so
∂Φ σ
= . (2)
∂r r=R 0
The expression for the potential within the sphere must be finite at the origin,
so the Bl in (1) are zero. Differentiating that expansion, (2) becomes
∞
∂ X
Φ(r, θ) = lAl rl−1 Pl (cos θ)
∂r
l=1
Multiplying by Pl0 and integrating at r = R gives
1 1 2l
Z
σ(θ)Pl (cos θ)d(cos θ) = Al Rl−1
0 −1 2l + 1
so Z cos α
2l + 1 Q
Al = · Pl (x)dx.
2lRl−1 4πR2 0 −1
To evaluate the integral we use the identity (eq. 3.28 in the text)
1 d
Pl (x) = [Pl+1 (x) − Pl−1 (x)]
(2l + 1) dx
so cos α
1
Z
Pl (x)dx = [Pl+1 (cos α) − Pl−1 (cos α)] .
−1 2l + 1
(We used the fact that Pl+1 (−1) = Pl−1 (−1) for all l.) With this we have
Q
Al = [Pl+1 (cos α) − Pl−1 (cos α)]
8π0 lRl+1
so the potential expansion is
∞
Q X1 rl
Φ(r, θ) = [Pl+1 (cos α) − Pl−1 (cos α)] l+1 Pl (cos θ).
8π0 l R
l=1
Within the body of the sum, I have an l where Jackson has a 2l + 1. Also,
he includes the l = 0 term in the sum, corresponding to a constant term in
the potential. I don’t understand how he can determine that constant from the
information contained in the problem; the information about the charge density
only tells you the derivative of the potential. There’s nothing in this problem
that fixes the value of the potential on the surface beyond an arbitrary constant.
(b) The field at the origin comes from the l = 1 term in the potential:

∂Φ 1 ∂Φ
E(r = 0) = −∇Φ|r=0 = − r̂ + θ̂
∂r r ∂θ r=0

Q d
= − [P 2 (cos α) − 1] P 1 (cos θ)r̂ + P 1 (cos θ) θ̂
8π0 R2 dθ
h
Q 3 3 i
= − 2
cos2 α − cos θr̂ − sin θ θ̂
8π0 R 2 2
3Q sin2 α
= k̂.
16π0 R2
The field points in the positive z direction. That makes sense, since a positive
test charge at the origin would sooner fly up out through the uncharged cap
than through any of the charged surface.
Problem 3.3
A thin, flat, conducting, circular disk of radius R is located in the x − y plane

with its center at the origin, and is maintained at a fixed potential V . With the
information that the charge density on a disc at fixed potential is proportional to
(R2 − ρ2 )−1/2 , where ρ is the distance out from the center of the disc,
(a) show that for r > R the potential is

∞
!
2V R X (−1)l R 2l
Φ(r, θ, φ) = P2l (cos θ)
π r 2l + 1 r
l=0
(b) find the potential for r < R.

(c) What is the capacitance of the disk?
We are told that the surface charge density on the disk goes like
σ(r) = K(R2 − r2 )−1/2

K 1 r 2 3 · 1 r 4 5 · 3 · 1 r 6
= 1+ + + +···
R 2 R (2!)(2 · 2) R (3!)(2 · 2 · 2) R
∞
K X (2n − 1)!! r 2n

= (3)
R n=0 n! · 2n R
for some constant K. From the way the problem is worded, I take it we’re
not supposed to try to figure out what K is explicitly, but rather to work the
problem knowing only the form of (3).
At a point infinitesimally close to the surface of the disk (i.e., as θ → π/2),
the component of ∇Φ in the direction normal to the surface of the disk must
be proportional to the surface charge. At the surface of the disk, the normal
direction is the negative θ̂ direction. Hence

1 ∂ σ
Φ(r, θ) =± . (4)
r ∂θ θ=(π/2) 0
with the plus (minus) sign valid for Φ above (below) the disc.
For r < R the potential expansion is
∞
X
Φ(r, θ) = Al rl Pl (cos θ). (5)
l=0
Combining (3), (4), and (5) we have

∞ ∞
X d K X (2n − 1)!! r 2n
Al rl−1

Pl (cos θ) =± . (6)
dθ cos θ=0 R0 n=0 n! · 2n R
l=0
For l even, dPl /dx vanishes at x = 0. For l odd, I used some of the Legendre
polynomial identities to derive the formula

d (2l − 1)!!
= (−1)l (2l + 1)

P2l+1 (x) .
dx x=0 l! · 2l
This formula reminds one strongly of expansion (3). Plugging into (6) and
equating coefficents of powers of r, we find
(−1)l K
A2l+1 = ±
(2l + 1)R2l+1 0
so
∞
K X (−1)l r 2l+1
Φ(r, θ) = A0 ± P2l+1 (cos θ).
0 2l + 1 R
l=1
I wrote A0 explicitly because we haven’t evaluated it yet–the derivative condition
we used earlier gave no information about it. To find A0 , observe that, on the
surface of the disk (cos θ = 0), all the terms in the above sum vanish ( because
Pl (0) is 0 for odd l) so Φ = A0 on the disk. But Φ = V on the disk. Therefore,
A0 = V . We have
∞
K X (−1)l r 2l+1
Φ(r, θ) = V ± P2l+1 (cos θ) (7)
0 2l + 1 R
l=1
where the plus (minus) sign is good for θ less than (greater than)π/2. Note that
the presence of that ± sign preserves symmetry under reflection through the z
axis, a symmetry that is clearly present in the physical problem.
(a) For r > R, there is no charge. Thus the potential and its derivative must be
continuous everywhere–we can’t have anything like the derivative discontinuity
that exists at θ = π/2 for r < R. Since the physical problem is symmetric under
a sign flip in cos θ, the potential expansion can only contain Pl terms for l even.
The expansion is
∞
X
Φ(r, θ) = B2l r−(2l+1) P2l (cos θ).
l=0
At r = R, this must match up with (7):
∞ ∞
K X (−1)l X
V ± P2l+1 (cos θ) = B2l R−(2l+1) P2l (cos θ).
0 2l + 1
l=1 l=0
Multiplying both sides by P2l (cos θ) sin(θ) and integrating gives

Z 1 ∞ Z 0 Z 1
2R−(2l+1) K X (−1)l

B2l = V Pl (x)dx + − P2l+1 (x)P2l (x)dx + P2l+1 (x)Pl (x)dx
4l + 1 −1 0 2l + 1 −1 0
l=1
∞
2K X (−1)l 1
Z
= 2V δl,0 + P2l+1 (x)P2l (x)dx.
0 2l + 1 0
l=1
but I can’t do this last integral.
Problem 3.4
The surface of a hollow conducting sphere of inner radius a is divided into an even
number of equal segments by a set of planes; their common line of intersection is
the z axis and they are distributed uniformly in the angle φ. (The segments are like
the skin on wedges of an apple, or the earth’s surface between successive meridians
of longitude.) The segments are kept at fixed potentials ±V , alternately.
(a) Set up a series representation for the potential inside the sphere for the general
case of 2n segments, and carry the calculation of the coefficients in the series
far enough to determine exactly which coefficients are different from zero. For
the nonvanishing terms exhibit the coefficients as an integral over cos θ.
(b) For the special case of n = 1 (two hemispheres) determine explicitly the poten-
tial up to and including all terms with l = 3. By a coordinate transformation
verify that this reduces to result (3.36) of Section 3.3.
(a) The general potential expansion is

X l
∞ X h i
Φ(r, θ, φ) = Alm rl + Blm r−(l+1) Ylm (θ, φ). (8)
l=0 m=−l
For the solution within the sphere, finiteness at the origin requires Blm = 0.
∗
Multiplying by Yl0m0 and integrating over the surface of the sphere we find
1
Z
∗
Alm = Φ(a, θ, φ) Ylm (θ, φ) dΩ
al
n π 2kπ/n
V X
Z Z
k ∗
= (−1) Ylm (θ, φ) sin θ dφ dθ
al 0 2(k−1)π/n
k=1
n
1/2 Z 1 (Z )
X 2kπ/n
V 2l + 1 (l − m)! m k −imφ
= Pl (x) dx (−1) e dφ .
al 4π (l + m)! −1 2(k−1)π/n
k=1
(9)
The φ integral is easy:
Z 2kπ/n
1 h −2imkπ/n i
e−imφ dφ = − e − e−2im(k−1)π/n .
2(k−1)π/n im
This is to be summed from k = 1 to n with a factor of (−1)k thrown in:
X 1 h −2mπi(1/n) i
= − (e − 1) − (e−2mπi(2/n) − e−2mπi(1/n) ) + · · · − (1 − e−2mπi((n−1)/n) )
im
2 n o
= 1 − e−2mπi/n + e2(−2mπi/n) − e3(−2mπi/n) + · · · + e(n−1)(−2mπi/n) . (10)
im
Putting x = − exp(−2mπi/n), the thing in braces is
1 − xn 1 − e−2mπi
1 + x + x2 + x3 + · · · + xn−1 = = ,
1−x 1 + e−2imπ/n
Note that the numerator vanishes. Thus the only way this thing can be nonzero
is if the denominator also vanishes, which only happens if the exponent in the
denominator equates to -1. This only happens if m/n = 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, · · · . In
that case, the 2mπi/n term in the exponent of the terms in (10) equates to πi,
so all the terms with a plus sign in (10) come out to +1, while all the terms
with a minus sign come out to -1, so all n terms add constructively, and (10)
equates to (
2n
X , m = n/2, 3n/2, 5n/2, · · ·
= im
0, otherwise.
Then the expression (9) for the coefficients becomes
1/2 Z 1
2nV 2l + 1 (l − m)! n 3n
Alm = Plm (x)dx, m= , , · · · = 0, otherwise.
imal 4π (l + m)! −1 2 2
(b) As shown above, the only terms that contribute are those with m = n/2,
m = 3n/2, et cetera. Of course there is also the constraint that m < l. Then,
with n = 2, up to l = 3 the only nonzero terms in the series (9) are those with
l = 1, m = ±1, and l = 3, m = ±1 or ±3. We need to evaluate the θ integral
for these terms. We have
Z 1 Z 1
1
P1 (x) dx = − (1 − x2 )1/2 dx = −π
−1 −1
1 1
15 2 3 3π
Z Z
P31 (x) dx = − (1 − x2 )1/2 x − dx = −
−1 −1 2 2 8
1 1
15π
Z Z
P33 (x) dx = −15 (1 − x2 )3/2 dx = − .
−1 −1 4
Using these results in (??), we have

1/2
4πV i 3
A1±1 = ±
a 4π · 2
1/2
3πV i 7 · 2
A3±1 = ±
2a3 4π · 4!
1/2
5πV i 7
A3±3 = ± 3
a 4π · 6!
Now we can plug these coefficients into (8) to piece together the solution.
This involves some arithmetic in combining all the numerical factors in each
coefficient, which I have skipped here.

h r 7 r 3
Φ(r, θ, φ) = V 3 sin θ sin φ + sin θ(5 cos2 θ − 1) sin φ
a 16 a
7 r 3 3
+ sin θ sin 3φ + · · ·
144 a
Problem 3.6
Two point charges q and −q are located on the z azis at z = +a and z = −a,
respectively.
(a) Find the electrostatic potential as an expansion in spherical harmonics and
powers of r for both r > a and r < a.
(b) Keeping the product qa = p/2 constant, take the limit of a → 0 and find the
potential for r 6= 0. This is by definition a dipole along the z azis and its
potential.
(c) Suppose now that the dipole of part b is surrounded by a grounded spherical
shell of radius b concentric with the origin. By linear superposition find the
potential everwhere inside the shell.
(a) First of all, for a point on the z axis the potential is

q 1 1
Φ(z) = −
4π0 |z − a| z + a
a a 2 a a 2
q
= 1+ + +··· − 1− + ···
4π0 z z z z z

q a a 3
= + +···
2π0 z z z
Bl r−(l+1) Pl (cos θ)
P
for z > a. Comparing this with the general expansion Φ =
at θ = 0 we can identify the Bl s and write

q a a 3
Φ(r, θ) = P1 (cos θ) + P3 (cos θ) + · · ·
2π0 r r r
for r > a. For r < a we can just swap a and r in this equation.
(b)
a 2
qa
Φ(r, θ) = P1 (cos θ) + P3 (cos θ) + · · ·
2π0 r2 r
a 2
p
= P1 (cos θ) + P3 (cos θ) + · · ·
4π0 r2 r
p
→ cos θ as a → 0.
4π0 r2
(c) When we put the grounded sphere around the two charges, a surface charge
distribution forms on the sphere. Let’s denote by Φs the potential due to this
charge distribution alone (not including the potential of the dipole) and by Φd
the potential due to the dipole. To calculate Φs , we pretend there are no charges
within the sphere, in which case we have the general expansion (1), with Bl = 0
to keep us finite at the origin. The total potential is just the sum Φs + Φd :
∞
p X
Φ(r, θ) = 2
cos θ + Al rl Pl (cos θ).
4π0 r
l=0
The condition that this vanish at r = b ensures, by the orthogonality of the Pl ,

that only the l = 1 term in the sum contribute, and that
p
A1 = − .
4π0 b3
The total potential inside the sphere is then
p r
Φ(r, θ) = 1 − P1 (cos θ).
4π0 b2 b
Problem 3.7
Three point charges (q, −2q, q) are located in a straight line with separation a and
with the middle charge (−2q) at the origin of a grounded conducting spherical shell
of radius b, as indicated in the figure.
(a) Write down the potential of the three charges in the absence of the grounded
sphere. Find the limiting form of the potential as a → 0, but the product
qa2 = Q remains finite. Write this latter answer in spherical coordinates.
(b) The presence of the grounded sphere of radius b alters the potential for r < b.
The added potential can be viewed as caused by the surface-charge density
induced on the inner surface at r = b or by image charges located at r > b. Use
linear superposition to satisfy the boundary conditions and find the potential
everywhere inside the sphere for r < a and r > a. Show that in the limit
a → 0,
r5

Q
Φ(r, θ, φ) → 1 − 5 P2 (cos θ).
2π0 r3 b
(a) On the z axis, the potential is

q 2 1 1
Φ(z) = − + +
4π0 z |z − a| z + a
a a 2 a a 2
q
= −2 + 1 + + ··· + 1− + +···
4π0 r z z z z

q a 2 a 4
= + +··· .
2π0 z z z
As before, from this result we can immediately infer the expression for the
potential at all points:

q a 2 a 4
Φ(r, θ) = P2 (cos θ) + P4 (cos θ) + · · ·
2π0 r r r
2

qa a 2
= P 2 (cos θ) + P 4 (cos θ) + · · ·
2π0 r3 r
Q
→ P2 (cos θ) as a → 0 (11)
2π0 r3
(b) As in the previous problem, the surface charges on the sphere produce an
extra contribution Φs to the potential within the sphere. Again we can express
Φs with the expansion (1) (with Bl = 0), and we add Φs to (11) to get the full
potential within the sphere:
∞
Q X
Φ(r, θ) = 3
P2 (cos θ) + Al rl Pl (cos θ)
2π0 r
l=0
From the condition that Φ vanish at r = b, we determine that only the l = 2

term in the sum contributes, and that
Q
A2 = − .
2π0 b5
Then the potential within the sphere is
r 5
Q
Φ(r, θ) = 1 − P2 (cos θ).
2π0 r3 b
Problem 3.9
A hollow right circular cylinder of radius b has its axis coincident with the z axis
and its ends at z = 0 and z = L. The potential on the end faces is zero, while the
potential on the cylindrical surface is given as V (φ, z). Using the appropriate sepa-
ration of variables in cylindrical coordinates, find a series solution for the potential
anywhere inside the cylinder.
The general solution of the Laplace equation for problems in cylindrical coordi-
nates consists of a sum of terms of the form
R(ρ)Q(φ)Z(z).
The φ function is of the form
Q(φ) = A sin νφ + B cos νφ

with ν an integer. The z function is of the form

Z(z) = Cekz + De−kz .
In this case, Z must vanish at z = 0 and z = L, which means we have to take
k imaginary, i.e.
πn
Z(z) = C sin(kn z) with kn = , n = 1, 2, 3, · · ·
L
With this form for Z, R must be taken to be of the form
R(ρ) = EIν (kn ρ) + F Kν (kn ρ).
Since we’re looking for the potential on the inside of the cylinder and there is
no charge at the origin, the solution must be finite as ρ → 0, which requires
F = 0. Then the potential expansion becomes
∞ X
X ∞
Φ(ρ, φ, z) = [Anν sin νφ + Bnν cos νφ] sin(kn z)Iν (kn ρ). (12)
n=1 ν=0
Multiplying by sin ν 0 φ sin kn0 z and integrating at r = b, we find

Z L Z 2π
πL
V (φ, z) sin νφ sin(kn z) dφ dz = Iν (kn b)Anν
0 0 2
so Z L Z 2π
2
Anν = V (φ, z) sin(νφ) sin(kn z) dφ dz. (13)
πLIν (kn b) 0 0
Similarly,
Z L Z 2π
2
Bnν = V (φ, z) cos(νφ) sin(kn z) dφ dz. (14)
πLIν (kn b) 0 0
Problem 3.10
For the cylinder in Problem 3.9 the cylindrical surface is made of two equal half-
cylinders, one at potential V and the other at potential −V , so that

V for −π/2 < φ < π/2
V (φ, z) =
−V for π/2 < φ < 3π/2
(a) Find the potential inside the cylinder.

(b) Assuming L >> b, consider the potential at z = L/2 as a function of ρ and φ
and compare it with two-dimensional Problem 2.13.
The potential expansion is (12) with coefficients given by (13) and (14). The
relevant integrals are
Z L Z 2π
V (φ, z) sin(νφ) sin(kn z) dφ dz
0 0
(Z ) (Z )
L π/2 Z 3π/2
= V sin(kn z) dz sin(νφ) dφ − sin(νφ) dφ
0 −π/2 π/2
= 0
Z L Z 2π
V (φ, z) cos(νφ) sin(kn z) dφ dz
0 0
(Z ) (Z )
L π/2 Z 3π/2
= V sin(kn z) dz cos(νφ) dφ − cos(νφ) dφ
0 −π/2 π/2
2V n π/2 3π/2
o
= |sin νφ|−π/2 − |sin νφ|π/2 (n odd)
νkn

 0 , n or ν even
= 8V /kn ν , n odd, ν = 1, 5, 9, · · ·
−8V /kn ν , n odd, ν = 3, 7, 11, · · ·

Hence, from (13) and (14),

Anν = 0
Bnν = 0, n or ν even
= (−1)(ν−1)/2 · 16V /(nνπ 2 Iν (kn b)), n and ν odd
The potential expansion is
16V X (−1)(ν−1)/2
Φ(ρ, θ, z) = cos(νφ) sin(kn z)Iν (kn ρ) (15)
π 2 n,ν nνIv (kn b)
where the sum contains only terms with n and ν odd.

(b) At z = L/2 we have
16V X (−1)(n+ν−2)/2 Iν (kn ρ)
Φ(ρ, θ, L/2) = 2
cos(νφ) .
π n,ν nν Iν (kn b)
As L → ∞, the arguments to the I functions become small. Using the limiting

form for Iν quoted in the text as equation (3.102), we have
16V X (−1)(n+ν−2)/2 ρ ν
Φ(ρ, θ) = cos(νφ) .
π 2 n,ν nν b
The sums over n and ν are now decoupled:

(∞ )( ∞ )
16V X (−1)n X (−1)ν ρ ν
Φ(ρ, θ) = cos(νφ)
π2 n=0
2n + 1 ν=0
2ν + 1 b
(∞ )
16V n π o X (−1)ν ρ ν
= 2
cos(νφ)
π 4 ν=0
2ν + 1 b

4V 2ρb cos φ
= tan−1
π b2 − ρ 2
This agrees with the result of Problem 2.13, with V1 = −V2 = V . The first
series is just the Taylor series for tan−1 (x) at x = 1, so it sums to π/4. The
second series can also be put into the form of the Taylor series for tan−1 (x),
using tricks exactly analogous to what I did in my solution for Problem 2.13.
Homer Reid
June 15, 2000
Problem 3.11
A modified Bessel-Fourier series on the interval 0 ≤ ρ ≤ a for an arbitrary function

f (ρ) can be based on the ”homogenous” boundary conditions:
d
At ρ = 0, ρJν (kρ) Jν (k 0 ρ) = 0
dρ
d λ
At ρ = a, ln[Jν (kρ)] = − (λ real)
dρ a
The first condition restricts ν. The second condition yields eigenvalues k = yνn /a,
where yνn is the nth positive root of x dJν (x)/dx + λJν (x) = 0.
(a) Show that the Bessel functions of different eigenvalues are orthogonal in the
usual way.
(b) Find the normalization integral and show that an arbitrary function f (ρ) can
be expanded on the interval in the modified Bessel-Fourier series
∞ y
νn
X
f (ρ) = A n Jν
n=1
a
with the coefficients An given by

" 2 #−1 Z a
ν2

2 dJν (yνn ) y ρ
νn
An = 2 1− 2 Jν2 (yνn ) + f (ρ)ρJν dρ.
a yνn dyνn 0 a
1
(a) The function Jν (kρ) satisfies the equation
ν2

1 d d 2
ρ Jν (kρ) + k − 2 Jν (kρ) = 0. (1)
ρ dρ dρ ρ
Multiplying both sides by ρJν (k 0 ρ) and integrating from 0 to a gives

Z a
ν2

0 d d 2 0
Jν (k ρ) ρ Jν (kρ) + k ρ − Jν (k ρ)Jν (kρ) dρ = 0. (2)
0 dρ dρ ρ
The first term on the left can be integrated by parts:

Z a
0 d d
Jν (k ρ) ρ Jν (kρ) dρ
0 dρ dρ
a Z a
d d d
= ρJν (k 0 ρ) Jν (kρ) − ρ Jν (k 0 ρ) Jν (kρ) dρ. (3)
dρ 0 0 dρ dρ
One of the conditions we’re given is that the thing in braces in the first term
here vanishes at ρ = 0. At ρ = a we can invoke the other condition:

d 1 d λ
ln[Jν (kρ)] = Jν (kρ) =−
dρ ρ=a Jν (kρ) dρ ρ=a a
d
→ a Jν (ka) = −λJν (ka).
dρ
Plugging this into (3), we have

Z a
d d
Jν (k 0 ρ) ρ Jν (kρ) dρ
0 dρ dρ
Z a
0 d 0 d
= −λJν (k ρ)Jν (kρ) − ρ Jν (k ρ) Jν (kρ) . (4)
0 dρ dρ
This is clearly symmetric in k and k 0 , so when we write down (2) with k and
k 0 switched and subtract from (2), the first integral (along with the ν 2 /ρ term)
vanishes, and we are left with
Z a
02 2
(k − k ) ρJν (k 0 ρ)Jν (kρ) dρ = 0
0
proving orthogonality.
(b) If we multiply (1) by ρ2 J 0 (kρ) and integrate, we find
Z a Z a Z a
0 d 0 2 2 0 2
ρJν (kρ) [ρJν (kρ)]dρ+k ρ Jν (kρ)Jν (kρ)dρ−ν Jν (kρ)Jν0 (kρ)dρ = 0.
0 dρ 0 0
(5)
R
The first and third integrals are of the form f (x)f 0 (x)dx and can be done
immediately. In the second integral we put f (ρ) = ρ2 Jν (kρ), g 0 (ρ) = Jν0 (kρ)
and integrate by parts:
Z a Z a Z a
2
2 2 a 2
0
ρ Jν (kρ)Jν (kρ)dρ = ρ Jν (kρ) 0 − 2
ρJν (kρ)dρ − ρ2 Jν (kρ)Jν0 (kρ)dρ
0 0 0
a a
1 2 2
Z Z
→ ρ2 Jν (kρ)Jν0 (kρ)dρ = a Jν (ka) − ρJν2 (kρ)dρ.
0 2 0
Using this in (5),
a
a2 02 (ak)2 2 ν2 2
Z
Jν (ka) + aJν (ka) − k 2 ρJν2 (kρ)dρ − J (ka) = 0
2 2 0 2 ν
so
a
a2 ν2 a2 02
Z
ρJν2 (kρ)dρ = − 2 Jν2 (ka) +
J (ka)
0 2 2k 2k 2 ν
( 2 )
a2 ν2

2 d
= 1− Jν (ka) + Jν (ka)
2 (ka)2 d(ka)
This agrees with what Jackson has if you note that k is chosen such that ka =
ynm .
Problem 3.12
An infinite, thin, plane sheet of conducting material has a circular hole of radius a
cut in it. A thin, flat, disc of the same material and slightly smaller radius lies in
the plane, filling the hole, but separated from the sheet by a very narrow insulating
ring. The disc is maintained at a fixed potential V , whilc the infinite sheet is kept
at zero potential.
(a) Using appropriate cylindrical coordinates, find an integral expression involving

Bessel functions for the potential at any point above the plane.
(b) Show that the potential a perpendicular distance z above the center of the disc
is
z
Φ0 (z) = V 1 − √
a2 + z 2
(c) Show that the potential a perpendicular distance z above the edge of the disc
is
V kz
Φa (z) = 1− K(k)
2 πa
where k = 2a/(z 2 + 4a2 )1/2 , and K(k) is the complete elliptic integral of the
first kind.
(a) As before, we can write the potential as a sum of terms R(ρ)Q(φ)Z(z). In

this problem there is no φ dependence, so Q = 1. Also, the boundary conditions
on Z are that it vanish at ∞ and be finite at 0, whence Z(z) ∝ exp(−kz) for
any k. Then the potential expansion becomes
Z ∞
Φ(ρ, z) = A(k)e−kz J0 (kρ) dk. (6)
0
To evaluate the coefficients A(k), we multiply both sides by ρJ0 (k 0 ρ) and inte-
grate over ρ at z = 0:
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
ρΦ(ρ, 0)J0 (k 0 ρ) dρ = A(k) ρJ0 (kρ)J0 (k 0 ρ) dρ dk
0 0 0
A(k 0 )
=
k0
so
Z ∞
A(k) = k ρΦ(ρ, 0)J0 (kρ) dρ
0
Z a
= kV ρJ0 (kρ)dρ.
0
Plugging this back into (6),

Z ∞ Z a
Φ(ρ, z) = V kρ0 e−kz J0 (kρ)J0 (kρ0 ) dρ0 dk. (7)
0 0
The ρ0 integral can be done right away. To do it, I appealed to the differential
equation for J0 :
1
J000 (u) + J00 (u) + J0 (u) = 0
u
so
Z x Z x Z x
uJ0 (u) du = − uJ000 du − J00 (u) du
0 0 0
Z x Z x
0 x 0
= − |uJ0 (u)|0 + J0 (u) du − J00 (u) du
0 0
x
= − |uJ00 (u)|0 = −xJ00 (x) = xJ1 (x).
(In going from the first to second line, I integrated by parts.) Then (7) becomes
Z ∞
Φ(ρ, z) = aV J1 (ka)J0 (kρ)e−kz dk. (8)
0
(b) At ρ = 0, (7) becomes

Z a Z ∞
0 −kz
Φ(0, z) = V J0 (0) ρ ke J0 (kρ )dk dρ0
0
0 0
Z a Z ∞
0 ∂ −kz
= V ρ − e J0 (kρ )dk dρ0
0
0 ∂z 0
Z a ( !)
∂ 1
= V ρ0 − p dρ0
0 ∂z ρ02 + z 2
Z a
zρ0
= V 2 )3/2
dρ0
0 (ρ 02 + z
Here we substitute u = ρ02 + z 2 , du = 2ρ0 dρ:
Z 2 2
V zJ0 (0) a +z −3/2
Φ(0, z) = u du
2 z2
2 2
1 a +z

= −V z 1/2
u z2

1 1
= Vz −√
z z2 + z2

z
= V 1− √
a2 + z 2
(b) At ρ = a, (8) becomes

Z ∞
Φ(a, z) = aV J1 (ka)J0 (ka)e−kz dk
0
Problem 3.13
Solve for the potential in Problem 3.1, using the appropriate Green
function obtained in the text, and verify that the answer obtained
in this way agrees with the direct solution from the differential
equation.
For Dirichlet boundary value problems, the basic equation is

0

1 0 ∂G(x; x )
Z I
0 0 0 0
Φ(x) = − G(x; x )ρ(x ) dV + Φ(x ) 0 dA . (9)
0 V S ∂n x
Here there is no charge in the region of interest, so only the surface integral
contributes. The Green’s function for the two-sphere problem is
l
∞ X ∗
X Ylm (θ0 , φ0 ) Ylm (θ, φ)
G(x; x0 ) = − Rl (r; r0 ) (10)
2l + 1
l=0 m=−l
with
l
a2l+1

0 1 l 1 r>
Rl (r; r ) = 2l+1 r< − l+1 l+1
− . (11)
1− a r< r> b2l+1
b
Actually in this case the potential cannot have any Φ dependence, so all terms
with m 6= 0 in (10) vanish, and we have
∞
1 X
G(x; x0 ) = − Pl (cos θ)Pl (cos θ0 )Rl (r; r0 ).
4π
l=0
In this case the boundary surfaces are spherical, which means the normal to a
surface element is always in the radial direction:
∞
∂ 0 1 X ∂
G(x; x ) = − Pl (cos θ)Pl (cos θ0 ) Rl (r; r0 ).
∂n 4π ∂n
l=0
The surface integral in (9) has two parts: one integral S1 over the surface of
the inner sphere, and a second integral S2 over the surface of the outer sphere:
∞ Z π Z 2π
1 X ∂Rl 0 0 2 0 0
S1 = − Pl (cos θ) Φ(a, θ )Pl (cos θ )a sin θ dφ dθ
4π ∂n r0 =a 0 0
l=0
∞ Z 1
V X 2 ∂Rl
= − a Pl (cos θ) P l (x) dx
2 ∂n r0 =a 0
l=0
∞
V X 2 ∂Rl
= − a γl Pl (cos θ) ·
2 ∂n r0 =a
l=0
where
Z 1
γl = Pl (x) dx
0
1 (l − 2)!!
= (− )(l−1)/2 , l odd
2 2[(l + 1)/2]!
= 0, l even.
A similar calculation gives

∞ Z 0
V X 2 ∂Rl
S2 = − b Pl (cos θ) P l (x) dx
2 ∂n r0 =b −1
l=0
∞
V X 2 ∂Rl
= b γl Pl (cos θ)
2 ∂n r0 =b
l=0
because Pl is odd for l odd, so its integral from -1 to 0 is just the negative of
the integral from 0 to 1. The final potential is the sum of S1 and S2 :
0
∞
02 ∂Rl r =b

V X
Φ(r, θ) = γl Pl (cos θ) r (12)
2 ∂n r0 =a
l=0
Since the point of interest is always between the two spheres, to find the
normal derivative at r = a we differentiate with respect to r< , and at r = b
with respect to r> . Also, at r = a the normal is in the +r direction, while at
r = b the normal is in the negative r direction.
al−1 rl

2 ∂ 2 1

0
a Rl (r; r ) = (2l + 1)a 2l+1 − 2l+1
∂n r 0 =a 1 − ab rl+1 b
a2l+1

2 ∂

0 2 b−(l+2) l
b Rl (r; r ) = (2l + 1)b 2l+1 r − l+1
∂n r 0 =b 1 − ab r
Combining these with some algebra gives

∞
(ab)l+1 (bl + al )r−(l+1) − (al+1 + bl+1 )rl

V X
Φ(r, θ) = (2l + 1)γl Pl (cos θ)
2 b2l+1 − a2l+1
l=0
in agreement with what we found in Problem 3.1.
Problem 3.14
A line charge of length 2d with a total charge Q has a linear charge
density varying as (d2 − z 2 ), where z is the distance from the mid-
point. A grounded, conducting spherical shell of inner radius b > d
is centered at the midpoint of the line charge.
(a) Find the potential everywhere inside the spherical shell as an

expansion in Legendre polynomials.
(b) Calculate the surface-charge density induced on the shell.
(c) Discuss your answers to parts a and b in the limit that d << b.
First of all, we are told that the charge density ρ(z) = λ(d2 − z 2 ), and that
the total charge is Q, whence
d
4 3
Z
Q = 2λ (d2 − z 2 )dz = d λ
0 3
3Q
→ . λ=
4d3
In this case we have azimuthal symmetry, so the Green’s function is
∞
1 X
G(x; x0 ) = − Pl (cos θ0 )Pl (cos θ)Rl (r; r0 ) (13)
4π
l=0
with
l

0 l 1 r>
Rl (r; r ) = r< l+1
− .
r> b2l+1
Since the potential vanishes on the boundary surface, the potential inside the
sphere is given by
1
Z
Φ(r, θ) = − G(r, θ; r0 , θ0 )ρ(r0 , θ0 )dV.
0 V
In this case ρ is only nonzero on the z axis, where r = z. Also, Pl (cos θ)=1 for
z > 0, and (−1)l for z < 0. This means that the contributions to the integral
from the portions of the line charge for z > 0 and z < 0 cancel out for odd l,
and add constructively for even l:
∞
" Z #
d
1 X
Φ(r, θ) = Pl (cos θ) 2 Rl (r; z)ρ(z) dz
4π0 0
l=0,2,4,...
We have
d d l
r>

1
Z Z
l
Rl (r; z)ρ(z) dz = λ r< l+1
− (d2 − z 2 ) dz
0 0 r> b2l+1
This is best split up into two separate integrals:

d l d
r< λ
Z Z
=λ l+1
(d2 − z 2 ) dz − 2l+1 l l
r< r> (d2 − z 2 ) dz
0 r> b 0
The second integral is symmetric between r and r 0 , so we may integrate it

directly:
d Z d
λ λrl
Z
l l
− r< r> (d2 − z ) dz2
= − 2l+1 z l (d2 − z 2 ) dz
b2l+1 0 b 0
λrl dl+3 dl+3

= − 2l+1 −
b l+1 l+3
λrl dl+3
= − (14)
(l + 1)(l + 3)b2l+1
The first integral must be further split into two:

d l
r<
Z
λ l+1
(d2 − z 2 ) dz
0 r>
( )
r d
1 d2 − z 2
Z Z
= λ z l (d2 − z 2 ) dz + rl dz
rl+1 0 r z l+1
( 2 l+1 l+3
2 d )
1 d r r l d
1
= λ l+1
− + r − l + l−2

r l+1 l+3 lz (l − 2)z r
2
r2 d2 r2
r l
d 2 2
= λ − + d − +
l+1 l+3 d l(l + 2) l l+2
r2 d2
r l
2 2
= λ − + d
(l + 2)(l + 3) l(l + 1) d l(l + 2)
Combining this with (14), we have

d
r2 d2 rl dl+3
r l
2
Z
Rl (r; z)ρ(z) dz = λ − + d2 −
0 (l + 2)(l + 3) l(l + 1) d l(l + 2) (l + 1)(l + 3)b2l+1
(15)
But something is wrong here, because with this result the final potential will
contain terms like r 0 Pl (cos θ) and r2 Pl (cos θ), which do not satisfy the Laplace
equation.
Problem 3.15
Consider the following “spherical cow” model of a battery con-
nected to an external circuit. A sphere of radius a and conductiv-
ity σ is embedded in a uniform medium of conductivity σ 0 . Inside
the sphere there is a uniform (chemical) force in the z direction
acting on the charge carriers; its strength as an effective electric
field entering Ohm’s law is F . In the steady state, electric fields
exist inside and outside the sphere and surface charge resides on
its surface.
(a) Find the electric field (in addition to F ) and current density
everywhere in space. Determine the surface-charge density
and show that the electric dipole moment of the sphere is
p = 4π0 σa3 F/(σ + 2σ 0 ).
(b) Show that the total current flowing out through the upper
hemisphere of the sphere is
2σσ 0
I= · πa2 F
σ + 2σ 0
Calculate the total power dissipation outside the sphere. Us-
ing the lumped circuit relations, P = I 2 Re = IVe , find the
effective external resistance Re and voltage Ve .
(c) Find the power dissipated within the sphere and deduce the
effective internal resistance Ri and voltage Vi .
(d) Define the total voltage through the relation Vt = (Re + Ri )I
and show that Vt = 4aF/3, as well as Ve + Vi = Vt . Show
that IVt is the power supplied by the “chemical” force.
(a) What’s going on in this problem is that the conductivity has a discontinu-
ity going across the boundary of the sphere, but the current density must be
constant there, which means there must an electric field discontinuity in inverse
proportion to the conductivity discontinuity. To create this electric field discon-
tinuity, there has to be some surface charge on the sphere, and this charge gives
rise to extra fields both inside and outside the sphere.
Since there is no charge inside or outside the sphere, the potential in those
two regions satisfied the Laplace equation, and may be expanded in Legendre
polynomials:
∞
X
for r < a, Φ(r, θ) = Φin (r, θ) = Al rl Pl (cos θ)
l=0
X∞
for r > a, Φ(r, θ) = Φout (r, θ) = Bl r−(l+1) Pl (cos θ)
l=0
Continuity at r = a requires that
Al al = Bl a−l+1 → Bl = a2l+1 Al
so
Al rl Pl (cos θ),
( P∞
Φin (r, θ) = l=0 r<a
Φ(r, θ) = (16)
2l+1 −(l+1)
P∞
Φout (r, θ) = l=0 Al a r Pl (cos θ), r > a.
Now, in the steady state there can be no discontinuities in the current den-
sity, because if there were than there would be more current flowing into some
region of space than out of it, which means charge would pile up in that region,
which would be a growing source of electric field, which would mean we aren’t
in steady state. So the current density is continuous everywhere. In particular,
the radial component of the current density is continuous across the boundary
of the sphere, i.e.
Jr (r = a− , θ) = Jr (r = a+ , θ). (17)
Outside of the sphere, Ohm’s law says that
J = σ 0 E = −σ 0 ∇Φout .
Inside the sphere, there is an extra term coming from the chemical force:
J = σ(E + F k̂) = σ(−∇Φin + F k̂).
Applying (17) to these expressions, we have

∂ 0 ∂

σ − Φin + F cos θ = −σ Φout
∂r r=a ∂r r=a
Using (16), this is

∞ ∞
X
X σ0
F P1 (cos θ) − lAl al−1 Pl (cos θ) = (l + 1)Al al−1 Pl (cos θ).
σ
l=0 l=0
Multiplying both sides by Pl0 (cos θ) and integrating from −π to π, we find

0
σ
F − A1 = 2A1 (18)
σ
for l=1, and

σ0
−lAl = (l + 1)Al (19)
σ
(20)
for l 6= 1. Since the conductivity ratio is positive, the second relation is impos-
sible to satisfy unless Al = 0 for l 6= 1. The first relation becomes
σ
A1 = F.
σ + 2σ 0
Then the potential is
σ
(
σ+2σ 0 F r cos θ, r<a
Φ(r, θ) = (21)
σ 3 −2
σ+2σ 0 F a r cos θ, r>a
The dipole moment p is defined by
1 p·r
Φ(r, θ) → as r → ∞. (22)
4π0 r3
The external portion of (21) can be written as
σ F a3 z
Φ(r, θ) =
σ + 2σ 0 r3
and comparing this with (22) we can read off
σ
p = 4π0 F a3 k̂.
σ + 2σ 0
The electric field is found by taking the gradient of (21):
σ
(
− σ+2σ 0 F k̂, r<a
E(r, θ) = 3
σ a

σ+2σ 0 F r (2 cos θr̂ + sin θ θ̂), r > a
The surface charge σs (θ) on the sphere is proportional to the discontinuity
in the electric field:
σs (θ) = 0 [Er (r = a+ ) − Er (r = a− )]
30 σ
= F cos θ.
σ + 2σ 0
(b) The current flowing out of the upper hemisphere is just

Z Z
J · dA = σ (Ein + F k̂) · dA
Z π/2 Z 2π
σ
=σ 1− F cos θ sin θ a2 dφ dθ
σ + 2σ 0 0 0
σσ 0 2
=2 · πa F (23)
σ + 2σ 0
The Ohmic power dissipation in a volume dV is
dP = σE 2 dV (24)
To see this, suppose we have a rectangular volume element with sides dx, dy,
and dz. Consider first the current flowing in the x direction. The current density
there is σEx and the cross-sectional area is dydz, so I = σEx dydz. Also, the
voltage drop in the direction of current flow is V = Ex dx. Hence the power
dissipation due to current in the x direction is IV = σEx2 dV . Adding in the
contributions from the other two directions gives (24).
For the power dissipated outside the sphere we use the expression for the
electric field we found earlier:
Z ∞ Z π Z 2π
Pout = σ 0 E 2 (r, θ, φ)r2 sin θ dφ dθ dr
a 0 0
2 Z ∞Z π
σ 1
= 2πσ 0 2 6
F a 4
(4 cos2 θ + sin2 θ) sin θ dθ dr
σ + 2σ 0 a 0 r
2
8π 0 σ
= σ F 2 a3
3 σ + 2σ 0
Dividing by (23), we find the effective external voltage Ve :

4 σ
Ve = Pout /I = aF ·
3 σ + 2σ 0
and the effective external resistance:
2
Re = Pout /I 2 = .
3πaσ 0
(c) The power dissipated inside the sphere is

0
4σσ 2
Z Z
Pin = σ (E + F k̂)2 dV = F2 dV
(σ + 2σ 0 )2
0
16σσ 2
= πa3 F 2
3(σ + 2σ 0 )2
Since we’re in steady state, the current flowing out through the upper hemi-
sphere of the sphere must be replenished by an equal current flowing in through
the lower half of the sphere, so to find the internal voltage and resistance we
can just divide by (23):
8 σ0
Vi = Pin /I = aF
3 σ + 2σ 0
4
Ri = Pin /I 2 = .
3πaσ
(c)
2 1 2 2σσ 0 4
(Re + Ri )I = + · πa2 F = aF
3πa σ0 σ σ + 2σ 0 3
4aF 4
(Vi + Ve ) = σ + 2σ 0 = aF
3(σ + 2σ 0 ) 3
Problem 3.17
The Dirichlet Green function for the unbounded space between the planes at z = 0
and z = L allows discussion of a point charge or a distribution of charge between
parallel conducting planes held at zero potential.
(a) Using cylindrical coordinates show that one form of the Green function is
1
G(x, x0 ) = − ×
πL
∞ ∞
X X
im(φ−φ0 )
nπz nπz 0 nπρ0
<
nπρ
>
e sin sin Im Km .
n=1 m=−∞
L L L L
(b) Show that an alternative form of the Green function is

1
G(x, x0 ) = − ×
2π
∞ ∞
sinh(kz< ) sinh[k(L − z> )]
X Z
0
dk eim(φ−φ ) Jm (kρ)Jm (kρ0 ) .
m=−∞ 0 sinh(kL)
In cylindrical coordinates, the solutions of the Laplace equation look like

linear combinations of terms of the form
Tmk (ρ, φ, z) = eimφ Z(kz)Rm (kρ). (25)
There are two possibilities for the combination Z(kz)Rm (kρ), both of which
solve the Laplace equation:
Z(kz)Rm (kρ) = (Aekz + Be−kz )[CJm (kρ) + DNm (kρ)] (26)
or
Z(kz)Rm (kρ) = (Aeikz + Be−ikz )[CIm (kρ) + DKm (kρ)]. (27)
The Green’s function G(x; x0 ) must be a solution of the Laplace equation,

and must thus take one of the above forms, at all points x0 6= x. At x0 = x,
G must be continuous, but have a finite discontinuity in its first derivative.
Furthermore, G must vanish on the boundary surfaces. These conditions may

be met by dividing space into two regions, one on either side of the source point
x, and taking G to be different linear combinations of terms T (as in (25)) in
the two regions. The question is, in which dimension (i.e., ρ, z, or φ) do we
define the two “sides” of the source point?
(a) The first option is to imagine a cylindrical boundary at ρ0 = ρ, i.e. at the
radius of the source point, and take the inside and outside of the cylinder (i.e.,
ρ0 < ρ and ρ0 > ρ) as the two distinct regions of space. Then, within each
region, the entire range of z must be handled by one function, which means this
one function must vanish at z = 0 and z = L. This cannot happen with terms of
the form (26), so we are forced to take Z and R as in (27), with B = −A and k
restricted to the discrete values kn = nπ/L. Next considering the singularities
of the ρ functions in (27), we see that, to keep G finite everywhere, for the
inner region (ρ0 < ρ) we can only keep the Im (kρ) term, while for the outer
region we can only keep the Km (kρ) term. Then G(x; x0 ) will consist of linear
combinations of terms T as in (25) subject to the restrictions discussed above:
(P
imφ0
0 mn Amn (x)e sin(kn z 0 )Im (kn ρ0 ), ρ0 < ρ
G(x; x ) = P imφ0 0 0
mn Bmn (x)e sin(kn z )Km (kn ρ ), ρ0 > ρ.
Clearly, to establish continuity at ρ0 = ρ, we need to take Amk (x) = γmk (z, φ)Km (kρ)
and Bmk (x) = γmk (z, φ)Im (kρ), where γmk is any function of z and φ. Then
we can write G as
X 0
G(x; x0 ) = γmk (z, φ)eimφ sin(kz 0 )Im (kρ< )Km (kρ> ).
mk
The obvious choice of γmk needed to make this a delta function in z and φ is
γmk = (4/L)e−imφ sin(kz). Then we have
4 X im(φ0 −φ)
G(x; x0 ) = e sin(kz) sin(kz 0 )Im (kρ< )Km (kρ> ).
L
mk
What I don’t quite understand is that this expression already has the correct
delta function behavior in ρ, even though I never explicitly required this. To
obtain this expression I first demanded that it satisfy the Laplace equation for
all points x0 6= x, that it satisfy the boundary conditions of the geometry, and
that it have the right delta function behavior in z 0 and φ0 . But I never demanded
that it have the correct delta function behavior in ρ0 , and yet it does. I guess
the combination of the requirements that I did impose on this thing is already
enough to ensure that it meets the final requirement.
(b) The second option is to imagine a plane boundary at z 0 = z, and take the
two distinct regions to be the regions above and below the plane. In other words,
the first region is that for which 0 ≤ z 0 ≤ z, and the second region that for which
z ≤ z 0 ≤ L. In this case, within each region the entire range of ρ0 (from 0 to ∞)
must be handled by one function. This requirement excludes terms of the form
(27), because Km is singular at the origin, while Im is singular at infinity, and

there is no linear combination of these functions that will be finite over the whole
range of ρ0 . Hence we must use terms of the form (26). To ensure finiteness at
the origin we must exlude the Nm term, so D = 0. To ensure vanishing at z 0 = 0
we must take A = −B, so the z 0 function in the region 0 ≤ z 0 ≤ z is proportional
to sinh(kz 0 ). To ensure vanishing at z 0 = L we must take A = −Be−2kL , so
the z 0 function in the region z ≤ z 0 ≤ L is proportional to sinh[k(z 0 − L)].
With these restrictions, the differential equation and the boundary conditions
are satisfied for all terms of the form (25) with no limitation on k. Hence the
Green’s function will be an integral, not a sum, over these terms:
P∞ R ∞ imφ0
0 m=0 R0 Am (k, ρ, φ, z)e sinh(kz 0 )Jm (kρ0 ) dk, 0 ≤ z0 ≤ z
G(x ; x) = P∞ ∞ imφ 0
m=0 0 Bm (k, ρ, φ, z)e sinh[k(z 0 − L)]Jm (kρ0 ) dk, z ≤ z0 ≤ L
Problem 3.18
The configuration of Problem 3.12 is modified by placing a conducting plane held

at zero potential parallel to and a distance L away from the plane with the disc
insert in it. For definiteness put the grounded plane at z = 0 and the other plane
with the center of the disc on the z axis at z = L.
(a) Show that the potential between the planes can be written in cylindrical coor-
dinates (z, ρ, φ) as
Z ∞
sinh(λz/a)
Φ(z, ρ) = V dλJ1 (λ)J0 (λρ/a) .
0 sinh(λL/a)
(b) Show that in the limit a → ∞ with z, ρ, L fixed the solution of part a reduces
to the expected result. Viewing your result as the lowest order answer in an
expansion in powers of a−1 , consider the question of corrections to the lowest
order expression if a is large compared to ρ and L, but not infinite. Are there
difficulties? Can you obtain an explicit estimate of the corrections?
(c) Consider the limit of L → ∞ with (L − z), a and ρ fixed and show that the
results of Problem 3.12 are recovered. What about corrections for L a, but
not L → ∞?
(a) The general solution of the Laplace equation in cylindrical coordinates with
angular symmetry that vanishes at z = 0 is
Z ∞
Φ(ρ, z) = A(k)J0 (kρ) sinh(kz) dk. (28)
0
Multiplying both sides by ρJ0 (k 0 ρ) and integrating at z = L yields

Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
0 0
ρJ0 (k ρ)Φ(ρ, L) dρ = A(k) sinh(kL) ρJ0 (k ρ)J0 (kρ) dρ dk
0 0 0
Z ∞
1 0
= A(k) sinh(kL) δ(k − k ) dk
0 k
1
= 0 A(k 0 ) sinh(k 0 L)
k
so
Z ∞
k
A(k) = ρJ0 (kρ)Φ(ρ, L) dρ
sinh(kL) 0
Z a
Vk
= ρJ0 (kρ) dρ
sinh(kL) 0
Z ka
V
= uJ0 (u) du. (29)
k sinh(kL) 0
I worked out this integral earlier, in Problem 3.12:
Z x
uJ0 (u) du = xJ1 (x).
0
Then (29) becomes

V
A(k) = · (ka)J1 (ka)
k sinh(kL)
and (28) is
∞
sinh(kz)
Z
Φ(ρ, z) = V aJ1 (ka)J0 (kρ) dk
sinh(kL)
Z0 ∞
sinh(λz/a)
=V J1 (λ)J0 (λρ/a) dλ. (30)
0 sinh(λL/a)
(b) For x 1,
1
J0 (x) → 1 − x2 + · · ·
4
and for x 1 and y 1,
x + 16 x3 + · · ·

sinh(x) x 1 2 2
= = 1 + (x − y ) + O(x4 )
sinh(y) y + 16 y 3 + · · · y 6
With these approximations we may expand the terms containing a in (30):
2 ! 2 !
sinh(λz/a) 1 λρ z 1 λ
J0 (λρ/a) ≈ 1− 1+ (x2 − y 2 ) (31)
sinh(λL/a) 4 a L 6 a
" 2 #
z λ 1 2 2 1 2
= 1− (L − z ) + ρ + · · · (32)
L a 6 4
Then the potential expansion (30) becomes

Z ∞ Z ∞
Vz 1 1 2 2 1 2 2
Φ(ρ, z) = J1 (λ) dλ − 2 (L − z ) + ρ λ J1 (λ) dλ + · · ·
L 0 a 6 4 0
The first integral evaluates to 1, so for a infinite the potential becomes simply
Φ(z) = V z/L. This is just what we expect to get for the potential between two
infinite sheets, one grounded and the other at potential V.
The second integral, unfortunately, has a bit of an infinity problem. It’s not
hard to see where the problem comes: I derived the expansion above based on
the premise that λ/a is small, but the integral goes over all λ up to ∞, so for
any finite a the expansions eventually become invalid in the integral.
I’m still trying to work out a better procedure for estimating corrections for
finite a.
(c) In this part we’re interested in taking L → ∞ and looking at the potential
a fixed distance away from the plane with the circular insert. Calling the fixed
distance z 0 , the z coordinate of the point we’re interested in is L − z 0 . We have
sinh k(L − z 0 ) sinh(kL) cosh(−kz 0 ) + cosh(kL) sinh(−kz 0 )

=
sinh kL sinh kL
= cosh(kz 0 ) − coth(kL) sinh(kz 0 ) (33)
Now, coth(kL) differs significantly from 1 only for kLa . 1, in which region
kz 0 . z/L 1, so cosh(kz 0 ) ≈ 1 and sinh(kz 0 ) ≈ 0. By the time k gets big
enough that kz 0 is starting to get significant, coth(kL) has long since started to
look like 1, so the two terms in (33) add directly. The result is that, for all k,
(33) can be approximated as exp(−kz 0 ). Then (30) becomes
Z ∞
0
Φ(ρ, z) = aV J1 (ka)J0 (kρ)e−kz dk
0
as we found in Problem 3.12.

Homer Reid
August 6, 2000
Problem 3.19
Consider a point charge q between two infinite parallel conducting planes held at
zero potential. Let the planes be located at z = 0 and z = L in a cylindrical
coordinate system, with the charge on the z axis at z = z0 , 0 < z0 < L. Use
Green’s reciprocation theorem of Problem 1.12 with Problem 3.18 as the comparison
problem.
(a) Show that the amount of induced charge on the plate at z = L inside a circle
of radius a whose center is on the z axis is given by
q
QL (a) = − Φ(z0 , 0)
V
(b) Show that the induced charge density on the upper plate can be written as
Z ∞
q sinh(kz0 )
σ(ρ) = − dk kJ0 (kρ)
2π 0 sinh(kL)
(c) Show that the charge density at ρ = 0 is

−πq πz
0
σ(0) = 2
sec2
8L 2L
(a) Green’s reciprocation theorem says that

Z Z Z Z
ρ0 Φ dV + σ 0 Φ dA = ρΦ0 dV + σΦ0 dA. (1)
V S V S
1
We’ll use the unprimed symbols to refer to the quantities of Problem 3.18,
and the primed symbols to refer to those of Problem 3.19. Then
ρ(r, z) = 0
σ(r, z) =?
Φ(r, z) = 0, z=0
= 0, z = L and r > a
= V, z = L and r < a
∞
sinh(kz)
Z
=V dk aJ1 (ak)J0 (rk) 0<z<L
0 sinh(kL)
ρ0 (r, z) = qδ(r)δ(z − z0 )
σ 0 (r, z) =?
Φ0 (r, z) = 0, z = 0 or z = L
=?, 0≤z≤L
Plugging into (1),

Z ∞
sinh(kz0 )
Z
qV dk aJ1 (ak) +V σ 0 (r, z) dA = 0
0 sinh(kL) z=L,r<a
so
∞
sinh(kz0 ) q
Z Z
σ 0 (r, z) dA = −q dk aJ1 (ak) = − Φ(z0 , 0) (2)
z=L,r<a 0 sinh(kL) V
The integral on the left is just the total surface charge contained within a circle
of radius a around the origin of the plane z = L.
(b) The integrand on the left of (2) doesn’t depend on φ, so we can do the
angular part of the integral right away to give
Z a Z ∞
sinh(kz0 )
2π σ 0 (r, L)r dr = −q dk aJ1 (ak)
0 0 sinh(kL)
Differentiating both sides with respect to a, we have
Z ∞
∂ sinh(kz0 )
2πaσ 0 (a, L) = −q dk [aJ1 (ak)] (3)
0 ∂a sinh(kL)
where I’ve blithely assumed that the partial derivative can be passed through
the integral sign. The partial derivative is

∂ ∂
[aJ1 (ak)] = [xJ1 (x)]

∂a ∂x x=ak
= |J1 (x) + xJ10 (x)|x=ak
= |xJ0 (x)|x=ak = akJ0 (ak)
so (3) becomes
∞
q sinh(kz0 )
Z
0
σ (a, L) = − dk kJ0 (ak) (4)
2π 0 sinh(kL)
(c) At a = 0, (4) becomes

∞
−q sinh(kz0 )
Z
σ 0 (0, L) = k .
2π 0 sinh(kL)
I have no idea how to do this integral.
Problem 3.22
The geometry of a two-dimensional potential problem is defined in polar coordinates

by the surfaces φ = 0, φ = β, and ρ = a, as indicated in the sketch.
Using separation of variables in polar coordinates, show the the Green function can
be written as
!
∞ mπ/β
0 0
X 1 mπ/β 1 ρ> mπφ mπφ0
G(ρ, φ; ρ , φ ) = − ρ< mπ/β
− sin sin
m=1
mπ ρ> a2mπ/β β β
Problem 2.25 may be of use.
As before, the procedure for determining the Green’s function is to split the
region of interest into two parts (one on each ’side’ of the observation point), find
separate solutions of the Laplace equation that satisfy the boundary conditions
in each region, and then join the two solutions at the source point such that
their values match up but the first derivative (in whichever dimension we chose
’sides’) has a finite discontinuity.
Suppose the observation point is (ρ, φ). Let’s break the region into two
subregions, defined by 0 ≤ ρ0 ≤ ρ and ρ ≤ ρ0 ≤ a. The general solution of the
Laplace equation in two-dimensional polar coordinates is
Φ(ρ0 , φ0 ) =A0 + B0 ln ρ0
X
+ ρ0n [An sin nφ0 + Bn cos nφ0 ] + ρ0−n [Cn sin nφ0 + Dn cos nφ0 ].
n
The solution in the first region must be admissible down to ρ0 = 0, which

excludes the ln term and the negative powers of ρ. However, these terms may
be included in the solution for the second region. In both regions, the solution
must vanish at φ = 0, which excludes the cos terms (i.e. Bn = Dn = 0). The
solution must also vanish at φ = β, which requires that n = mπ/β, m = 1, 2, · · · .
With these considerations we may write down the solutions for G in the two
regions:
G(ρ, φ; ρ0 , φ0 )
∞
X
0mπ/β mπφ0
= Am ρ sin , 0 ≤ ρ0 ≤ ρ (5)
m=1
β
∞ h
X
0mπ/β 0−mπ/β
i mπφ0
= Bm ρ + Cm ρ sin , ρ ≤ ρ0 ≤ a (6)
m=1
β
The solution in the second region must vanish at ρ0 = a for all φ0 , i.e.
Bm amπ/β + Cm a−mπ/β = 0
so
Bm = γm a−mπ/β and Cm = −γm amπ/β
where γm can be anything. Then (6) becomes
" mπ/β #
∞ 0 mπ/β

0 0
X ρ a mπφ0
G(ρ, φ; ρ , φ ) = γm − sin ρ ≤ ρ0 ≤ a.
m=1
a ρ0 β
The solutions in the two regions must agree on the boundary between the two
regions, i.e. at ρ0 = ρ. This determines Am and γm :
" #
ρ mπ/β a mπ/β
Am = λ m − γm = λm ρmπ/β
a ρ
where λm can be anything. Using these expressions for Am , Bm , and Cm we

can write
G(ρ, φ; ρ0 , φ0 )
∞
" mπ/β #
X ρ mπ/β a mπφ0
= λm − ρ0mπ/β sin 0 ≤ ρ0 ≤ ρ
m=1
a ρ β
" #
∞ mπ/β mπ/β
X ρ0 a mπ/β mπφ0
= λm − ρ sin ρ ≤ ρ0 ≤ a.
m=1
a ρ0 β
This may be more succintly written as

X mπφ0
G(ρ, φ; ρ0 , φ0 ) = λm fm (ρ; ρ0 ) sin (7)
m
β
where " mπ/β #

ρ mπ/β a
0 > mπ/β
fm (ρ; ρ ) = − ρ< .
a ρ>
The final step is to choose the constant λm in (7) such as to make

1
∇2 G(ρ, φ; ρ0 , φ0 ) = δ(ρ0 − ρ)δ(φ0 − φ). (8)
ρ
The Laplacian of (7) is
2 " 2 #
1 ∂2 d2

2 ∂ X
0 mπ 0 mπφ0
∇ G= + 02 02 G = λm fm (ρ; ρ ) − fm (ρ; ρ ) sin
∂ρ02 ρ ∂φ m
dρ02 ρ0 β β
This is equal to (8) if

1 mπφ
λm = κ m sin (9)
β β
and " 2 #
d2

mπ 1
κm fm (ρ; ρ0 ) − 0
fm (ρ; ρ ) = δ(ρ0 − ρ).
dρ02 ρ0 β ρ
At all points ρ0 6= ρ, the latter condition is already satisfied by f as we con-
structed it earlier. At ρ0 = ρ, the condition is achieved by choosing κm to
satisfy
ρ0 =ρ+
d 1
κm 0 fm (ρ; ρ0 ) = . (10)
dρ ρ =ρ−
0 ρ
Referring to (7), we have
" mπ/β #
d mπ ρ mπ/β a
ρmπ/β−1

fm = + (11)
dρ 0
ρ0 +ρ+ β a ρ
" mπ/β #
d mπ ρ mπ/β a
ρmπ/β−1 .

f m
= − (12)
dρ 0
ρ0 +ρ− β a ρ
Subtracting (12) from (11) we obtain

ρ0 =ρ+
dfm 2mπ mπ/β 1
= a · .
dρ ρ0 =ρ−
0 β ρ
Then from (10) we read off
β −mπ/β
κm = a
2mπ
and plugging this into (9) gives

1 −mπ/β mπ
λm = a sin φ.
2mπ β
Plugging this into (7) we obtain finally
" #
X 1 ρ ρ mπ/β ρ mπ/β
mπφ

mπφ0

0 0 < > <
G(ρ, φ; ρ , φ ) = − sin sin
m
2mπ a2 ρ> β β
I seem to be off by a factor of 2 here, but I can’t find where.

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Homer Reid
October 8, 2000
Problem 4.8
A very long, right circular, cylindrical shell of dielectric constant /0 and inner and
outer radii a and b, respectively, is placed in a previously uniform electric field E0
with its axis perpendicular to the field. The medium inside and outside the cylinder
has a dielectric constant of unity.
(a) Determine the potential and electric fields in the three regions, neglecting end
effects.
(b) Sketch the lines of force for a typical case of b ≈ 2a.

(c) Discuss the limiting forms of your solution appropriate for a solid dielectric
cylinder in a uniform field, and a cylindrical cavity in a uniform dielectric.
We will take the axis of the cylinder to be the z axis and the electric field to
be aligned with the x axis: E0 = E0 î. Since the cylinder is very long and we’re
told to neglect end effects, we can ignore the z direction altogether and treat
this as a two-dimensional problem.
(a) The general solution of the Laplace equation in two dimensional polar co-
ordinates is
X
Φ(r, ϕ) = [An rn + Bn r−n ][Cn sin(nϕ) + Dn cos(nϕ)]
For the region inside the shell (r < a), the B coefficients must vanish to keep
the potential from blowing up at the origin. Also, in the region outside the shell
1
(r > b), the only positive power of r in the sum must be that which gives rise
to the external electric field, i.e. −E0 r cos ϕ with An = 0 for n > 1. With these
observations we may write expressions for the potential in the three regions:
 X

 rn [An sin nϕ + Bn cos nϕ], r<a

 X
Φ(r, ϕ) = rn [Cn sin nϕ + Dn cos nϕ] + r−n [En sin nϕ + Fn cos nϕ], a<r<b

 X
r−n [Gn sin nϕ + Hn cos ϕ],

 −E0 r cos ϕ + r>b
The normal boundary condition at r = a is

∂Φ ∂Φ
0 =
∂r x=a− ∂r x=a+
or
0 X n−1
na [An sin nϕ + Bn cos nϕ] =

X
nan−1 [Cn sin nϕ + Dn cos nϕ] − na−(n+1) [En sin nϕ + Fn cos nϕ]
From this we obtain two equations:

0
An = Cn − En a−2n (1)

0
Bn = Dn − Fn a−2n (2)

Next, the tangential boundary condition at r = a is

∂Φ ∂Φ
=
∂ϕ x=a+ ∂ϕ x=a−
or
X X
nan [An cos nϕ − Bn sin nϕ] = nan [Cn cos nϕ − Dn sin nϕ] + na−n [En cos nϕ − Fn sin nϕ]
from which we obtain two more equations:
An = Cn + En a−2n (3)
−2n
Bn = Dn + F n a (4)
Similarly, from the normal boundary condition at r = b we obtain

0 0 X −(n+1)
− E0 cos ϕ − nb [Gn sin nϕ + Hn cos ϕ] =

X
nbn−1 [Cn sin nϕ + Dn cos nϕ] − nb−(n+1) [En sin nϕ + Fn cos ϕ]
which leads to
0
Gn = Cn b2n − En
− (5)

0 0
− b2 E0 δn1 − Hn = Dn b2n − Fn (6)

Finally, we have the tangential boundary condition at r = b:
X
bE0 sin ϕ + nb−n [Gn cos nϕ − Hn sin nϕ] =
X
nbn [Cn cos nϕ − Dn sin nϕ] + nb−n [En cos nϕ − Fn sin nϕ]
giving
Gn = Cn b2n + En (7)
2 2n
−b E0 δn1 + Hn = Dn b + Fn . (8)
The four equations (1), (3), (5), and (7) specify a degenerate system of linear
equations, which can only be satisfied by taking An = Cn = En = Gn = 0 for
all n. Next, for n 6= 1, the system of equations (2), (4), (6), and (8) specify the
same degenerate system of equations, so Bn = Dn = Fn = Gn = 0 for n 6= 0.
However, for n = 1, we have
0 1 0
B1 = D1 − F1 a−2 D1 = 1+ B1
2
⇒
1 2 0
B1 = D1 + F1 a−2 F1 = a 1− B1 .
2
and

−H1 = b2 E0 + D1 b 2 − F 1
0 0
H1 = b 2 E 0 + D 1 b 2 + F 1

→ 0 = 2b2 E0 + b2 1 + D1 + 1 − F1
0 0
Substituting from above,

1 2
−4b2 E0 = b ( + 0 )2 − a2 ( − 0 )2 B1

0
or
−40b2
B1 = E0 .
b2 ( + 0 )2 − a2 ( − 0 )2
Then
−20 ( + 0 )b2
D1 = E0
b2 (
+ 0 )2 − a2 ( − 0 )2
−20 ( − 0 )a2 b2
F1 = 2 E0
b ( + 0 )2 − a2 ( − 0 )2
−b2 (b2 − a2 )(20 − 2 )
H1 = 2 E0 .
b ( + 0 )2 − a2 ( − 0 )2
The potential is
−40 b2


 · E0 rcos ϕ, r<a
b2 ( + 0 )2 − a2 ( − 0 )2




−20 b2 a2


Φ(r, ϕ) = ( + 0 )r + ( − 0 ) E0 cos ϕ, a<r<b

 b2 ( + 0 )2 − a2 ( − 0 )2 r

−(b2 − a2 )(20 − 2 ) b2





2 2 2 2
· E0 cos ϕ − E0 rcos ϕ, b < r.
b ( + 0 ) − a ( − 0 ) r
As → 0 , Φ → −E0 r cos ϕ in all three regions, which is reassuring.

The electric field is
40 b2

E0 [cos ϕr̂ − sin ϕϕ̂] , r<a


b ( + 0 )2 − a2 ( − 0 )2
2





20 b2 a2


( + ) − ( − 0 2 E0 cos ϕr̂
)


0
 b2 ( + 0 )2 − a2 ( − 0 )2



 r
2

E(r, ϕ) = a
− ( + 0 ) + ( − )
0 2 E 0 sin ϕϕ̂ , a<r<b
r




 2
(b2 − a2 )(20 − 2 )


 b
− 2 · E0 [cos ϕr̂ + sin ϕϕ̂]




 2 2
b ( + 0 ) − a ( − 0 ) 2 r


+E0 [cos ϕr̂ − sin ϕϕ̂] , b < r.

(b) In Figure 4.1 I’ve plotted the field lines for b = 2a, = 50 . Also, as an
appendix to this document I’ve included the C program I wrote to generate this
plot.
(c) For a solid dielectric cylinder in a uniform field, we would have a → 0. In
that case the field would look like
 2
0
 + 0 E0 î, r<b


E(r, ϕ) = 2
(2 − 2 ) b
 E0 î − 0

 E0 [cos ϕr̂ + sin ϕϕ̂], r>b
( + 0 )2 r
On the other hand, a cylindrical cavity in a uniform dielectric corresponds to

Figure 1: Field lines in Problem 4.8 for b = 2a, = 50 .
b → ∞, in which case the field becomes

40

 E0 î, r<a
( + 0 )2


E(r, ϕ) =
20 20 ( − 0 ) a 2
E0 î − E0 [cos ϕr̂ + sin ϕϕ̂], r > a.


( + 0 )2

( + 0 ) r
Problem 4.9
A point charge q is located in free space a distance d away from the center of a
dielectric sphere of radius a (a < d) and dielectric constant /0 .
(a) Find the potential at all points in space as an expansion in spherical harmonics.
(b) Calculate the rectangular components of the electric field near the center of
the sphere.
(c) Verify that, in the limit /0 → ∞, your result is the same as that for the
conducting sphere.
We will take the origin of coordinates at the center of the sphere, and put
the point charge on the z axis at z = +h. Then the problem has azimuthal
symmetry.
(a) Since there is no free charge within the sphere, ∇·D = 0 there. But since the
permittivity is uniform within the sphere, we may also write ∇·(D/) = ∇·E = 0
there. This means that polarization charge only exists on the surface of the
sphere, so within the sphere the potential satisfies the normal Laplace equation,
whence X
Φ(r, θ) = Al rl Pl (cos θ) (r < a).
l
Now, in the region r > a, the potential may be written as the sum of two
components Φ1 and Φ2 , where Φ1 comes from the polarization charge on the
surface of the sphere, while Φ2 comes from the external point charge. Since
Φ1 satisfies the Laplace equation for r > a, we may expand it in Legendre
polynomials:
X
Φ1 (r, θ) = Bl r−(l+1) Pl (cos θ) (r > a).
l
On the other hand, Φ2 is just the potential due to a point charge at z = d:

q X rl


 Pl (cos θ), r<d
4π0 dl+1

Φ2 (r, θ) = (9)
X dl
 q

Pl (cos θ), r > d.

4π0 rl+1
Putting this all together we may write the potential in the three regions as
 X

 Al rl Pl (cos θ), r<a


l

q r


 X
Φ(r, θ) = Bl r−(l+1) + l+1
Pl (cos θ), a<r<d
 4π0 d

X qdl


Bl + r−(l+1) Pl (cos θ), r > d.



4π0
The normal boundary condition at r = a is

∂Φ ∂Φ
= 0
∂r r=a− ∂r r=a+
lqal−1
→ lAl al−1 = −(l + 1)Bl a−(l+2) +
0 4π0 dl+1

0 −(l + 1) −(2l+1) q
→ Al = Bl a + (10)
l 4π0 dl+1
The tangential boundary condition at r = a is

∂Φ ∂Φ
=
∂θ r=a− ∂θ r=a+
q al
→ Al al = Bl a−(l+1) +
4π0 d(l+1)
q a2l+1
→ Bl = Al a2l+1 − (11)
4π0 dl+1
Combining (10) and (11), we obtain

1 2l + 1 q
Al =
0 + l+1
l
l 4π0 dl+1
qa2l+1

1
Bl =
1−
0 + l+1
l
0 4π0 dl+1
In particular, as /0 → ∞ we have
Al → 0
as must happen, since the field within a conducting sphere vanishes; and
qa2l+1
Bl → − . (12)
4π0 dl+1
With the coefficients (12), the potential outside the sphere due to the polariza-
tion charge at the sphere boundary is
l
1 qa X a2 1
Φ1 (r, θ) = − Pl (cos θ).
4π0 d d rl+1
Comparing with (9) we see that this is just the potential of a charge −qa/d on
the z axis at z = a2 /d. This is just the size and position of the image charge
we found in Chapter 2 for a point charge outside a conducting sphere.
(b) Near the origin, we have
Φ(r, θ) = A1 rP1 (cos θ) + A2 r2 P2 (cos θ) + · · ·

q 30 1 50 2 2 2
= z+ (z − x − y ) + · · ·
4π0 d2 ( + 20 ) 2 d3 (2 + 30 )
so the field components are

q 50 x
Ex = · +···
4π0 d2 2 + 30 d
q 50 y
Ey = 2
· +···
4π0 d 2 + 30 d

q 30 50 z
Ez = − + + · · ·
4π0 d2 + 20 2 + 30 d
Problem 4.10
Two concentric conducting spheres of inner and outer radii a and b, respectively,
carry charges ±Q. The empty space between the spheres is half-filled by a hemi-
spherical shell of dielectric (of dielectric constant /0 ), as shown in the figure.
(a) Find the electric field everywhere between the spheres.
(b) Calculate the surface-charge distribution on the inner sphere.
(c) Calculate the polarization-charge density induced on the surface of the dielectric
at r = a.
We’ll orient this problem such that the boundary between the dielectric-
filled space and the empty space is the xy plane. Then the region occupied
by the dielectric is the region a < r < b, 0 < θ < π/2, and the problem has
azimuthal symmetry.
(a) Since the dielectric has uniform permittivity, all the polarization charge
exists on the boundary of the dielectric, so within its body we may take the
potential to be a solution of the normal Laplace equation. The potential in the
region between the spheres may then be written
 X π
[Al rl + Bl r−(l+1) ]Pl (cos θ), 0<θ<
2

Φ(r, θ) = X π
l −(l+1)
 [Cl r + Dl r ]Pl (cos θ), <θ<π
2
First let’s apply the boundary conditions at the interface between the di-
electric and free space. That region is described by θ = π/2, a < r < b, and we
must have

∂Φ ∂Φ
= 0
∂θ θ=π/2+ ∂θ θ=π/2−

∂Φ ∂Φ
=
∂r θ=π/2+ ∂r θ=π/2−
which leads to
X

Al − Cl Pl0 (0)rl + Bl − Dl Pl0 (0)r−l+1 = 0 (13)
0 0
X
l−1
l [Al − Cl ] P (0)r − (l + 1) [Bl − Dl ] Pl (0)r−l+2 = 0. (14)
Since these equations must be satisfied for all r in the region a < r < b, the
coefficients of each power of r must vanish identically. In (13), this requirement
is automatically satisfied for l even, since Pl0 (0) vanishes for even l. Similarly,
(14) is automatically satisfied for l odd. For other cases the vanishing of the
coefficients must be brought about by taking

Al = C l Bl = Dl , l odd (15)
0 0
Al = C l Bl = Dl , l even. (16)
Next let’s consider the charge at the surface of the inner sphere. There are
actually two components of this charge; one component comes from the surface
distribution of the free charge +Q that exists on the sphere, and the other
component comes from the bound polarization charge on the inner surface of
the dielectric
Problem 4.13
Two long, coaxial, cylindrical conducting surfaces of radii a and b are lowered
vertically into a liquid dielectric. If the liquid rises an average height h between the
electrodes when a potential difference V is established between them, show that the
susceptibility of the liquid is
(b2 − a2 )ρgh ln(b/a)

χe =
0 V 2
where ρ is the density of the liquid, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and the
susceptibility of air is neglected.
First let’s work out what happens when a battery of fixed voltage V is con-
nected between two coaxial conducting cylinders with simple vacuum between
them. To begin, we can use Gauss’ law to determine the E field between the
cylinders. For our Gaussian pillbox we take a disk of thickness dz and radius
r, a < r < b centered on the axis of the cylinders. By symmetry there is no
component of E normal to the top or bottom boundary surfaces, and the com-
ponent normal to the side surfaces (the radial component) is uniform around
the disc. Hence
q 1
I
E · dA = 2π r dzEρ = = (2π a dz)σ
0 0
aσ
→ Eρ (ρ) =
0 r
where σ is the surface charge on the inner conductor. This must integrate to
give the correct potential difference between the conductors:
Z b
aσ b
V =− Eρ (ρ)dρ = − ln
a 0 a
which tells us that, to establish a potential difference V between the conductors,
the battery has to flow enough charge to establish a surface charge of magnitude
0 V
σ= (17)
a ln(b/a)
on the cylinder faces (the surface charges are of opposite sign on the two cylin-
ders).
It is useful to figure out the energy per unit length stored in the electric field
between the cylinder plates here. This is just
1 b 2π
Z Z
Wv = E · D ρ dρ dφ
2 a 0
Z b
= π0 E 2 (ρ)ρ dρ
a
a2 σ 2
=π ln(b/a)
0
π0 V 2
= (18)
ln(b/a)
where the v subscript stands for ’vacuum’, since (18) is the energy per unit length
stored in the field between the cylinders with just vacuum between them.
Now suppose we introduce a dielectric material between the cylinders. If the
voltage between the cylinders is kept at V , then the E field must be just the
same as it was in the no-dielectric case, because this field integrated from a to
b must still give the same potential difference. However, in order to establish
this same E field in the presence of the retarding effects of the dielectric, the
battery now has to establish a surface charge that is greater that it was before
by a factor (/0 ). With this greater charge on the electrodes, the D field will
now be bigger by a factor (/0 ) than it was in our above calculation. So the
energy per unit length stored in the field between the cylinders increases by a
factor (/0 − 1) over the result (18):
πV 2
∆Wd = ( − 0 ) .
ln(b/a)
On the other hand, to get to this point the battery has had to flow enough
charge to increase the surface charges to be of magnitude (/0 ) times greater
than (17). In doing this the internal energy of the battery decreases by an
amount equal to the work it had to do to flow the excess charge, namely
2πV 2
∆Wb = −V dQ = V (2π a dσ) = ( − 0 )
ln(b/a)
(per unit length). The energy lost by the battery is twice that gained by the
dielectric, so the system with dielectric between the cylinders has lower overall
energy than the system with vacuum between the cylinders by a factor
πV 2
∆W = ( − 0 ) (19)
ln(b/a)
(per unit length).
Turning now to the situation in this problem, we’ll take the axis of the
cylinders as the z axis, so that the surface of the liquid is parallel to the xy
plane. We’ll take the boundary between the liquid and the air above it to be at
z = 0. With no potential between the cylinder plates, the liquid between the
cylinders is at the same height as the liquid outside.
Now suppose a battery of fixed potential V is connected between the two
cylinder plates. As we showed earlier, the combined system of battery and di-
electric can lower its energy by having more of the dielectric rise up between the
cylinders. However, at some point the energy win we get from this is balanced
by the energy hit we take from the gravitational potential energy of having
the excess liquid rise higher between the cylinders. The height at which we no
longer gain by having more liquid between the cylinders is the height to which
the system will settle.
So suppose that, with a battery keeping a voltage V between the electrodes,
the liquid between the electrodes rises to a height h above the surface of the
liquid outside the electrodes. The decrease in electrostatic energy this affords
over the case with just vacuum filling that space is just (19) times the height,
i.e.
πV 2
Ee = −h( − 0 ) (20)
ln(b/a)
This must be balanced by the gravitational potential energy Eg of the excess
liquid. Eg is easily calculated by noting that the area between the cylinders is
π(b2 − a2 ), so the mass of liquid contained in a height dh between the cylinders
is dm = ρπ(b2 − a2 )dh, and if this mass is at a height h above the liquid surface
its excess gravitational energy is
dEg = (dm)gh = πgρ(b2 − a2 )hdh.
Integrating over the excess height of liquid between the cylinders,

h
1
Z
Eg = πgρ(b2 − a2 ) h0 dh0 = πgρ(b2 − a2 )h2 . (21)
0 2
Comparing (20) to (21), we find that the gravitational penalty of the excess
liquid just counterbalances the electrostatic energy reduction when
2( − 0 )V 2
h=
ρg(b2 − a2 ) ln(b/a)
2χe 0 V 2
=
ρg(b2 − a2 ) ln(b/a)
Solving for χe ,
ρgh(b2 − a2 ) ln(b/a)
χe = .
20 V 2
So I seem to be off by a factor of 2 somewhere.
Actually we should note one detail here. When the surface of the liquid
between the cylinders rises, the surface of the liquid outside the cylinders must
fall, since the total volume of the liquid is conserved. Hence there are really
two other contributions to the energy shift, namely, the change in gravitational
and electrostatic energies of the thin layer of liquid outside the cylinders that
falls away when the liquid rises between the cylinders. But if the surface area of
the vessel containing the liquid is sufficiently larger than the area between the
cylinders, the difference layer will be thin and its energy shifts negligible.
Appendix
Source code for field line plotting program used in Problem 4.8.
/*
* Program to draw field lines for Jackson problem 4.8.
* Homer Reid October 2000
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "/usr2/homer/include/GnuPlot.c"
#define EZ 1.0 /* permittivity of free space */

#define EPS 5.0 /* permittivity of cylinder */
#define E0 1.0 /* external field (irrelevant here) */
#define A 4.0 /* radius of inner cylinder */

#define B 8.0 /* radius of outer cylinder */
#define NUMLINES 25.0 /* number of field lines to draw */

#define NUMPOINTS 250.0 /* no. of pts to plot for each line */
#define DELTAX (4.0 * B) / NUMPOINTS /* horiz spacing of pts */

#define DELTAY (4.0 * B) / NUMLINES /* vert spacing of initial pts */
#define DENOM (B*B*(EPS+EZ)*(EPS+EZ) - A*A*(EPS-EZ)*(EPS-EZ))
/*
* Return r component of electric field at position (r,phi).
*/
double Er(double r, double phi)
{
double Coeff;
if ( r < A )
Coeff=(4.0*EPS*EZ*B*B)/DENOM;
else if ( r < B )
Coeff=(2*EPS*B*B/DENOM)*( (EPS+EZ) - (EPS-EZ)*(A*A)/(r*r) );
else
Coeff=1.0 - ((B*B - A*A)*(EZ*EZ-EPS*EPS)*(B*B)/(r*r*DENOM));
return Coeff*E0*cos(phi);
}
/*
* Return phi component of electric field at (r,phi).
*/
double Ephi(double r, double phi)
{
double Coeff;
if ( r < A )
Coeff=(4.0*EPS*EZ*B*B)/DENOM;
else if ( r < B )
Coeff=(2*EPS*B*B/DENOM)*( (EPS+EZ) + (EPS-EZ)*(A*A)/(r*r) );
else
Coeff=1.0 + ((B*B - A*A)*(EZ*EZ-EPS*EPS)*(B*B)/(r*r*DENOM));
return -Coeff*E0*sin(phi);
void main()
{
double i,j,r,phi,x,y,dx,dy;
double RComp,PhiComp;
FILE *g;
g=GnuPlot("Field lines");
/*
* Send basic GnuPlot configuration commands.
*/
fprintf(g,"set terminal postscript portrait color\n");
fprintf(g,"set output ’fig4.1.eps’\n");
fprintf(g,"set multiplot \n");
fprintf(g,"set size square\n");
fprintf(g,"set noxtics\n");
fprintf(g,"set noytics\n");
fprintf(g,"set xrange [%g:%g]\n",-2.0*B,2.0*B);
fprintf(g,"set yrange [%g:%g]\n",-2.0*B,2.0*B);
/*
* Draw circles at r=a and r=b.
*/
fprintf(g,"plot ’-’ t ’’, ’-’ t ’’ with lines, ’-’ t ’’ with lines\n");
fprintf(g,"e\n");
for(phi=0; phi<=2*M_PI; phi+=(2*M_PI/100))
fprintf(g,"%g %g\n",A*cos(phi),A*sin(phi));
fprintf(g,"e\n");
for(phi=0; phi<=2*M_PI; phi+=(2*M_PI/100))
fprintf(g,"%g %g\n",B*cos(phi),B*sin(phi));
fprintf(g,"e\n");
/*
* Draw field lines.
*/
for (i=1.0; i<=NUMLINES; i+=1.0)
{
/*
* Compute starting x and y coordinates and initiate plot.
*/
x=-2.0*B; y=2.0*B * ((NUMLINES - 2.0*i)/NUMLINES);
fprintf(g,"plot ’-’ t ’’ with lines\n");
/*
* Plot NUMPOINTS points for this field line.
*/
for (j=0.0; j<NUMPOINTS; j+=1.0)
{
/*
* compute polar coordinates of present location
*/
r=sqrt(x*x + y*y);
if (x==0.0)
phi=(y>0.0) ? M_PI/2.0 : -M_PI/2.0;
else
phi=atan(y/x);
/*
* compute rise and run of electric field
*/
RComp=Er(r,phi);
PhiComp=Ephi(r,phi);
dx=cos(phi)*RComp - sin(phi)*PhiComp;
dy=sin(phi)*RComp + cos(phi)*PhiComp;
/*
* bump x coordinate forward a fixed amount, and y
* coordinate up or down by an amount depending on
* the direction of the electric field at this point
*/
x+=DELTAX;
y+=DELTAX * (dy/dx);
fprintf(g,"%g %g\n",x,y);
};
fprintf(g,"e\n");
};
printf("Thank you for your support.\n");
}
Homer Reid
November 8, 2000
Problem 5.1
Starting with the differential expression
µ0 I 0 x − x0
dB = dl ×
4π |x − x0 |3
for the magnetic induction at the point P with coordinate x produced by an incre-
ment of current I dl0 at x0 , show explicitly that for a closed loop carrying a current
I the magnetic induction at P is
µ0 I
B= ∇Ω
4π
where Ω is the solid angle subtended by the loop at the point P . This corresponds
to a magnetic scalar potential, ΦM = −µ0 IΩ/4π. The sign convention for the
solid angle is that Ω is positive if the point P views the “inner” side of the surface
spanning the loop, that is, if a unit normal n to the surface is defined by the
direction of current flow via the right-hand rule, Ω is positive if n points away from
the point P , and negative otherwise. This is the same convention as in Section 1.6
for the electric dipole layer.
I like to change the notation slightly: the observation point is r1 , the coordi-
nate of a point on the current loop is r2 , and the displacement vector (pointing
to the observation point) is r12 = r1 − r2 .
The solid angle subtended by the current loop at r1 is given by a surface
integral over the loop:
cos γ dA
Z
Ω= 2
S r12
1
Homer Reid
February 11, 2001
Problem 5.10
A circular current loop of radius a carrying a current I lies in the x − y plane with
its center at the origin.
(a) Show that the only nonvanishing component of the vector potential is
µ0 Ia ∞
Z
Aφ (ρ, z) = dk cos kz I1 (kρ< )K1 (kρ> )
π 0
where ρ< (ρ> ) is the smaller (larger) of a and ρ.

(b) Show that an alternative expression for Aφ is
µ0 Ia ∞
Z
Aφ (ρ, z) = dke−k|z| J1 (ka)J1 (kρ).
2 0
(c) Write down integral expressions for the components of magnetic induction,
using the expressions of parts a and b. Evaluate explicitly the components of
B on the z axis by performing the necessary integrations.
(a) Translating Jackson’s equation (5.33) into cylindrical coordinates, we have
Jφ = Iδ(z)δ(ρ − a) (1)
Following Jackson, we take the observation point x on the x axis, so its coordi-
nates are (ρ, φ = 0, z). Since there is no current in the z direction, and since the
1
current density is cylindrically symmetric, there is no vector potential in the ρ

or z directions. In the φ direction we have
Aφ = −Ax sin φ + Ay cos φ = Ay

µ0 Jy (x0 )
Z
= dx0
4π |x − x0 |
µ0 Jφ (x0 ) cos φ0 0
Z
= dx
4π |x − x0 |
0
µ0 Jφ (x0 )eiφ
Z
= Re dx0
4π |x − x0 |
∞
" Z ∞ #
µ0 2
Z X
0 0
= Re Jφ (x0 )eiφ eim(φ−φ ) cos[k(z − z 0 )]Im (kρ< )Km (kρ> ) dk dx0
4π π m=−∞ 0
where we substituted in Jackson’s equation (3.148). Rearranging the order of

integration and remembering that φ = 0, we have
∞ Z ∞ Z
µ0 X
0 i(1−m)φ0 0 0
Aφ = Re Jφ (x )e cos[k(z − z )]Im (kρ< )Km (kρ> )dx dk
2π 2 m=−∞ 0
If m = 1, the φ integral yields 2π; otherwise it vanishes. Thus
µ0 ∞
Z Z ∞ Z ∞
Aφ = Jφ (r0 , z 0 ) cos[k(z − z 0 )]I1 (kρ< )K1 (kρ> )ρ0 dz 0 dr0 dk
π 0 0 −∞
Substituting (1), we have

∞
Iaµ0
Z
Aφ = cos kz I1 (kρ< )K1 (kρ> ) dk.
π 0
(b) The procedure for obtaining this expression is identical to the one I just
went through, but with the expression from Problem 3.16(b) used for the Green’s
function instead of equation (3.148).
(c) Let’s suppose that the observation point is in the interior region of the
current loop, so ρ< = ρ, ρ> = a. Then
∂Aφ
Bρ = [∇ × A]ρ = −
∂z
Iaµ0 ∞
Z
=− k sin kz I1 (kρ)K1 (ka) dk
π 0
1 ∂Aφ
Bz = [∇ × A]z = Aφ +
ρ ∂ρ
Iaµ0 ∞

I1 (kρ)
Z
0
= cos kz + kI1 (kρ) K1 (ka) dk
π 0 ρ
As ρ = 0, I1 (ρ) → 0, I1 (ρ)/ρ → 1/2, and I10 (ρ) → 1/2, so
Bρ (ρ = 0) = 0
Iaµ0 ∞
Z
Bz (ρ = 0) = k cos kzK1 (ka) dk
π 0
Z ∞
Iaµ0 ∂
= sin kzK1 (ka)dk
π ∂z 0
The integral may be done by parts:

Z ∞ ∞
z ∞

1
Z

sin kzK1 (kz) dk = − sin kzK0 (ka) +
cos kzK0 (ka) dk
0 a 0 a 0
K0 is finite at zero but sin vanishes there, and sin is finite at infinity but K0
vanishes there, so the first term vanishes. The integral in the second term is
Jackson’s equation (3.150). Plugging it in to the above,
Iµ0 ∂ z
Bz (ρ = 0) =
2 ∂z (z + a2 )1/2
2
Iµ0 a2
= .
2 (z 2 + a2 )3/2
Problem 5.11
A circular loop of wire carrying a current I is located with its center at the origin
of coordinates and the normal to its plane having spherical angles θ0 , φ0 . There is
an applied magnetic field, Bx = B0 (1 + βy) and By = B0 (1 + βx).
(a) Calculate the force acting on the loop without making any approximations.
Compare your result with the approximate result (5.69). Comment.
(b) Calculate the torque in lowest order. Can you deduce anything about the higher
order contributions? Do they vanish for the circular loop? What about for
other shapes?
(a) Basically we’re dealing with two different reference frames here. In the “lab”
frame, R, the magnetic field exists only in the xy plane, and the normal to the
current loop has angles θ0 , φ0 . We define the “rotated” frame R0 by aligning
the z 0 axis with the normal to the current loop, so that in R0 the current loop
exists only in the x0 y 0 plane, but the magnetic field now has a z 0 component.
The force on the current loop is
Z
F = (J × B)dV. (2)
PSfrag replacements
z1 = z z1
θ0
z0
y1 y 0 = y1
x φ0 y x1
x1
x0
R → R1 R1 → R 0
Figure 1: Successive coordinate transformations in Problem 5.11.
The components of J are easy to express in R0 , but more complicated in R; the

opposite is true for B. There are two ways to do the problem: we can work out
the components of J in R and do the integral in R, or we can work out the
components of B in R0 and do the integral in R0 , in which case we would have
to transform the components of the force back to R to get the answer we desire.
I think the former approach is easier.
To derive the transformation matrix relating the coordinates of a point in R
and R0 , I imagined that the transformation arose from two separate transforma-
tions, as depicted in figure (??). The first transformation is a rotation through
φ0 around the z axis, which takes us from R to an intermediate frame R1 . Then
we rotate through θ0 around the y1 axis, which takes us to R0 . Evidently, the
coordinates of a point in the various frames are related by
    
x1 cos φ0 sin φ0 0 x
 y1  =  − sin φ0 cos φ0 0   y  (3)
z1 0 0 1 z
 0    
x cos θ0 0 − sin θ0 x1
 y0  =  0 1 0   y1  (4)
z0 sin θ0 0 cos θ0 z1
Multiplying matrices,
 0    
x cos θ0 cos φ0 cos θ0 sin φ0 − sin θ0 x
 y 0  =  − sin φ0 cos φ0 0  y . (5)
z0 sin θ0 cos φ0 sin θ0 sin φ0 cos θ0 z
This matrix also gives us the transformation between unit vectors in the two
frames:
î0
    
cos θ0 cos φ0 cos θ0 sin φ0 − sin θ0 î
 ĵ0  =  − sin φ0 cos φ0 0   ĵ  . (6)
k̂0 sin θ0 cos φ0 sin θ0 sin φ0 cos θ0 k̂
We will also the inverse transformation, i.e. the expressions for coordinates in
R in terms of coordinates in R0 :
    0 
x cos θ0 cos φ0 − sin φ0 sin θ0 cos φ0 x
 y  =  cos θ0 sin φ0 cos φ0 sin θ0 sin φ0   y 0  . (7)
z − sin θ0 0 cos θ0 z0
To do the integral in (2) it’s convenient to parameterize a point on the
current loop by an angle φ0 reckoned from the x0 axis in R0 . If the loop radius
is a, then the coordinates of a point on the loop are x0 = a cos φ0 , y 0 = a sin φ0 ,
and the current density/volume element product is
J dV = Id l = (Ia dφ0 )φ̂0
= Ia dφ0 [− sin φ0 î0 + cos φ0 ĵ0 ]
h
= Ia dφ0 (− sin φ0 cos θ0 cos φ0 − cos φ0 sin φ0 )î
i
+ (sin φ0 sin φ0 + cos φ0 cos φ0 )ĵ + (sin φ0 sin θ0 )k̂
We also need the components of the B field at a point on the current loop:
B(φ0 ) = B0 [1 + βy(φ0 )]î + B0 [1 + βx(φ0 )]
= B0 [1 + aβ(cos φ0 cos θ0 sin φ0 + sin φ0 cos φ0 )]î + B0 [1 + aβ(cos φ0 cos θ0 cos φ0 − sin φ0 sin φ0 )]ĵ
The components of the cross product are
[J × B]x dV = −Jz By dV
= (· · · )βIa2 B0 dφ0 sin2 φ0 sin θ0 sin φ0

[J × B]y dV = Jz Bx dV
= (· · · ) + βIa2 B0 dφ0 sin2 φ0 sin θ0 cos φ0

[J × B]z dV = (Jx By − Jy Bx ) dV
= (· · · ) + 0
where we only wrote out terms containing a factor of cos2 φ0 or sin2 φ0 , since only
these terms survive after the integral around the current loop (we grouped all
the remaining terms into (· · · )). In the surviving terms, cos2 φ0 and sin2 φ0 turn
into factors of π after the integral around the loop. Then the force components
are
Fx = πβIa2 B0 sin θ0 sin φ0
Fy = πβIa2 B0 sin θ0 cos φ0
Fz = 0.
To compare this with the first-order approximate result, note that the magnetic
moment has magnitude πa2 I and is oriented along the z 0 axis:

m = πa2 I k̂0 = πa2 I sin θ0 cos φ0 î + sin θ0 sin φ0 ĵ + cos θ0 k̂
so

∇ B · m = ∇ B0 (1 + βy)mx + B0 (1 + βx)my

= B0 β my î + mx ĵ
= πβIa2 B0 sin θ0 sin φ0 î + sin θ0 cos φ0 ĵ)
in exact agreement with the result we calculated so laboriously above.
Problem 5.12
Two concentric circular loops of radii a, b and currents I, I 0 , respectively (b < a),
have an angle α between their planes. Show that the torque on one of the loops
is about the line of intersection of the two planes containing the loops and has the
magnitude
∞ 2 2n
µ0 πII 0 b2 X (n + 1)

Γ(n + 3/2) b 1
N= P2n+1 (cos α).
2a n=0
(2n + 1) Γ(n + 2)Γ(3/2) a
The torque on the smaller loop is

Z
N = r × Jb (r) × Ba (r) dr
Z n o

= r · Ba (r) Jb (r) − r · Jb (r) Ba (r) dr.
where Jb is the current density of the smaller loop and Ba is the magnetic field
of the larger loop. But r · Jb vanishes, because the current flows in a circle
around the origin—there is no current flowing toward or away from the origin.
Thus Z
N = rBr (r)Jb (r)dr (8)
where Br is the radial component of the magnetic field of the larger current
loop.
As in the last problem, it’s convenient to define two reference frames for this
situation. Let R be the frame in which the smaller loop (radius b, current I)
lies in the xy plane, and R0 the frame in which the larger loop lies in the x0 y 0
plane. We might as well take the line of intersection of the two planes to be the
y axis, so y = y 0 . Then the z 0 axis has spherical coordinates (θ = α, φ = 0) in
R, and for transforming back and forth between the two frames we may use the
transformation matrices we derived in the last problem, with θ0 = α, φ0 = 0. If
we choose to evaluate the integral (8) in frame R, the current density is

Jb (r) = Iδ(r − b)δ(θ − π/2) − sin φî + cos φĵ
so the components of the torque are

Z 2π
2
Nx = −Ib Br (r = b, θ = π/2, φ) sin φ dφ (9)
0
Z 2π
Ny = Ib2 Br (r = b, θ = π/2, φ) cos φ dφ (10)
0
To do the integral in (8), we need an expression for the radial component Br

of the field of the larger loop. Of course, we already have an expression for the
field in R0 : in that frame the field is just that of a circular current loop in the
x0 y 0 plane, Jackson’s equation (5.48):
∞ 2l+1
µ0 I 0 a X (−1)l (2l + 1)!! r<
Br0 (r0 , θ0 ) = P
2l+2 2l+1
(cos θ0 ).
2r0 2l l! r>
l=0
We are interested in evaluating this field at points along the smaller current
loop, and for all such points r = b; then r< = b, r> = a and we have
∞ 2l
µ0 I 0 X (−1)l (2l + 1)!! b
Br0 (r0 = b, θ0 ) = P2l+1 (cos θ0 ). (11)
2a 2l l! a
l=0
To transform this to frame R, we first note that, since the origins of R and R0
coincide, the unit vectors r̂ and r̂0 coincide, so Br = Br0 . Next, (11) expresses
the field in terms of cos θ 0 , the polar angle in frame R0 . How do we write this
in terms of the angles θ and φ in frame R? Well, note that
z0
cos θ0 =
r
x sin α + z cos α
=
r
r sin θ cos φ sin α + r cos θ cos α
=
r
= sin θ sin α cos φ + cos θ cos α (12)
where in the second line we used the transformation matrix from Problem 5.11
to write down z 0 in terms of x and z. Equation (12) is telling us what our
coordinates in R0 are in terms of our coordinates in R; if a point has angular
coordinates θ, φ in R, then (12) tells us what angle θ 0 it has in R0 . (We could
also work out what the azimuthal angle φ0 would be, but we don’t need to,
because (11) doesn’t depend on φ0 .)
To express the Legendre function in (11) with the argument (12), we may
make use of the addition theorem for associated Legendre polynomials:
Pl (cos θ0 ) = Pl (cos θ cos α + sin θ sin α cos φ)
l
X
= Pl (cos θ)Pl (cos α) + 2 Plm (cos θ)Plm (cos α) cos mφ.
m=1
Of course, the smaller loop exists in the xy plane, so for all points on that loop
we have θ = π/2, whence
l
X
Pl (cos θ0 ) = Pl (0)Pl (cos α) + 2 Plm (0)Plm (cos θ) cos mφ.
m=1
We may now write down an expression for the radial component of the magnetic
field of the larger loop, evaluated at points on the smaller loop, in terms of the
angle φ that goes from 0 to 2π around that loop:
∞ 2l (
µ0 I 0 X (−1)l (2l + 1)!! b
Br (φ) = P2l+1 (0)P2l+1 (cos α)
2a 2l l! a
l=0
2l+1
)
X
m m
+2 P2l+1 (0)P2l+1 (cos α) cos mφ .
m=1
This looks ugly, but in fact when we plug it into the integrals (9) and (10)
the sin φ and cos φ terms beat against the cos mφ term, integrating to 0 in the
former case and πδm1 in the latter. The torque is
Nx = 0
∞ 2l
πµ0 II 0 b2 X (−1)l (2l + 1)!! b 1 1
Ny = P2l+1 (0)P2l+1 (cos α).
a 2l l! a
l=0
To finish we just need to rewrite the numerical factor under the sum:
(−1)l (2l + 1)!! 1

(2l + 1)!! Γ(l + 3/2)
P2l+1 (0) =
2l l! 2l l! Γ(l + 1)Γ(3/2)

(2l + 3 − 2)(2l + 3 − 4)(2l + 3 − 6) · · · (5)(3) Γ(l + 3/2)
=
2l Γ(l + 1) Γ(l + 1)Γ(3/2)

(l + 3/2 − 1)(l + 3/2 − 2) · · · (5/2)(3/2) Γ(l + 3/2)
=
Γ(l + 1) Γ(l + 1)Γ(3/2)
2
Γ(l + 3/2)
=
Γ(l + 1)Γ(3/2)
2
2 Γ(l + 3/2)
= (l + 1)
Γ(l + 2)Γ(3/2)
So my answer is
∞ 2 2l
πµ0 II 0 b2 X

2 Γ(l + 3/2) b 1
Ny = (l + 1) P2l+1 (cos α).
a Γ(l + 2)Γ(3/2) a
l=0
Evidently I’m off by a factor of 1/(l + 1)(2l + 1) under the sum, but I can’t find
where. Can anybody help?
Problem 5.13
A sphere of radius a carries a uniform surface-charge distribution σ. The sphere

is rotated about a diameter with constant angular velocity ω. Find the vector
potential and magnetic-flux density both inside and outside the sphere.
Problem 5.14
A long, hollow, right circular cylinder of inner (outer) radius a (b), and of relative
permeability µr , is placed in a region of initially uniform magnetic-flux density B0
at right angles to the field. Find the flux density at all points in space, and sketch
the logarithm of the ratio of the magnitudes of B on the cylinder axis to B0 as a
function of log10 µr for a2 /b2 = 0.5, 0.1. Neglect end effects.
We’ll take the cylinder axis as the z axis of our coordinate system, and we’ll
take B0 along the x axis: B0 = B0 î. To the extent that we ignore end effects,
we may imagine the fields to have no z dependence, so we effectively have a two
dimensional problem.
There are two distinct current distributions in this problem. The first is
a current distribution Jfree giving rise to the uniform field B0 far away from
the cylinder; this current distribution is only nonvanishing at points outside the
cylinder. The second is a current distribution Jbound = ∇ × M existing only
within the cylinder. Since there is no free current within the cylinder or in its
inner region, the equations determining H in those regions are
∇ · B = ∇ · (µH) = 0, ∇ × H = Jfree = 0.
These imply that, within the cylinder and in its inner region, we may derive H
from a scalar potential: H = −∇Φm , with Φm satisfying the Laplace equation.
In the external region, there is free current, so things are not so simple. To
proceed we may separate the H field in the external region into two compo-
nents: one that arises from the free current, and one that arises from the bound
currents within the cylinder. The former is just (1/µ0 )B0 and the second is
again derivable from a scalar potential satisfying the Laplace equation. So, in
the external region, H = (1/µ0 )B0 − ∇Φm .
So our task is to find expressions for Φm in the three regions such that the
boundary conditions on B and H are satisfied at the borders of the regions.
Writing down the solutions of the 2-D Laplace equation in the three regions,
and excluding terms which blow up as ρ → 0 or ρ → ∞, we have
P
∞ n

Pn=1 ρ n A n cos nφ + Bn sin nφ r<a


∞ o
ρn Cn cos nφ + Dn sin nφ + ρ−n En cos nφ + Fn sin nφ

Φm (ρ, φ) = n=1 a<r<b

P∞ ρ−n G cos nφ + H sin nφ

r>b
n=1 n n
Actually, we may argue on symmetry grounds that the sin terms must all
vanish: otherwise, the fields would take different values on the positive and
negative y axes, but there is nothing in the problem distinguishing these axes
from each other. With this simplification we may write down expressions for
the components of the H field in the three regions:
∞

∂ X
−nAn ρn−1 cos nφ,


 − Φm = r<a
∂r


n=1



∞


 ∂ X
Hr = − Φm = −n Cn ρn−1 − En ρ−(n+1) cos nφ, a<r<b

 ∂r n=1

∞



 ∂ h X
−(n+1)
i
(1/µ )B − Φ = (1/µ )B cos φ + nG ρ cos nφ , r < b.

 0 0r m 0 0 n
∂r


n=1
∞

∂ X
nAn ρn−1 sin nφ,


 − Φm = r<a
∂φ


n=1



∞


 ∂ X
Hφ = − Φm = n Cn ρn−1 + En ρ−(n+1) sin nφ, a<r<b

 ∂φ n=1

∞



 ∂ h X
−(n+1)
i
(1/µ )B − Φ = − (1/µ )B sin φ + nG ρ sin nφ , r < b.

0 0φ m 0 0 n

∂φ


n=1
The boundary conditions at r = b are that µHρ and Hφ be continuous,

where µ = µ0 outside the cylinder and µr µ0 inside. With the above expressions
for the components of H, we have
∞ ∞
1 X X
B0 cos φ + nGn b−(n+1) cos nφ = µr −n Cn bn−1 − En b−(n+1) cos nφ
µ0 n=1 n=1
∞ ∞
1 X X
− B0 sin φ + nGn b−(n+1) sin nφ = n Cn bn−1 + En b−(n+1) sin nφ.
µ0 n=1 n=1
We may multiply both sides of these by cos nφ and sin nφ and integrate from
0 to 2π to find
1
B0 + G1 b−2 = −µr C1 + µr E1 b−2 (13)
µ0

Gn b−(n+1) = −µr Cn bn−1 − En b−(n−1) , n 6= 1 (14)
1
− B0 + G1 b−2 = C1 + E1 b−2 (15)
µ0

Gn b−(n+1) = Cn bn−1 + En b−(n+1) , n 6= 1 (16)
Similarly, at r = a we obtain
A1 = µr C1 − µr E1 a−2 (17)

An an−1 = µr Cn an−1 − En a−(n+1) , n 6= 1
A1 = C1 + E1 a−2 (18)

An an−1 = Cn an−1 + En a−(n+1) , n 6= 1.
(19)
For n 6= 1, the only solution turns out to be An = Cn = En = Gn = 0. For

n = 1, multiplying (15) by µr and adding and subtracting with (13) yields
B0
2µr C1 = −(µr + 1) + (µr − 1)G1 b−2 (20)
µ0
B0 2
2µr E1 = (1 − µr ) b + (µr + 1)G1 . (21)
µ0
On the other hand, multiplying (18) by µr and adding and subtracting with
(17) yields
2µr C1 = (µr + 1)A1 (22)

2
2µr E1 = (µr − 1)a A1 . (23)
Equating (20) with (22), we find
B0 (µr − 1)
A1 = − + G1 b−2
µ0 (µr + 1)
while equating (21) with (23) yields
B 0 b2

(µr + 1)
A1 = − + G1 a−2
µ0 a 2 (µr − 1)
and now equating these two equations gives
(µ2r − 1)b2
a 2
B0
G1 = 1 − 2 2 2 2
b2 .
b (µr + 1) b − (µr − 1) a µ0
frag replacements
-0.5 (a/b) = 0.5

(a/b) = 0.1
-1
-1.5
log10 r
-2
-2.5
-3
-3.5
-4
-4.5
0 1 2 3 4 5
log10 µr
Figure 2: Damping of field inside cylindrical cylinder of permeability µr .
The other coefficients may be worked out from this one:
−4µr b2 B0
A1 = 2 2 2 2
(µr + 1) b − (µr − 1) a µ0
−2(µr + 1)b2 B0
C1 = 2 2 2 2
(µr + 1) b − (µr − 1) a µ0
−2(µr − 1)b2 B0 2
E1 = 2 2 2 2
a .
(µr + 1) b − (µr − 1) a µ0
The H field is
4µr b2 B0
H= î, r<a
(µr + 1)2 b2
− (µr − 1)2 a2 µ0
2b2 B 0 n a 2 a 2 o
= 2 2 2 2
(µr + 1) + (µr − 1) î − 2(µr − 1) cos φr̂ , a < r < b
(µr + 1) b − (µr − 1) a µ0 r r
2 2 2
2
B0 (b − a )(µr − 1) B0 b
= î + î + 2 sin φ φ̂ , r > b.
µ (µr + 1)2 b2 − (µr − 1)2 a2 µ0 r2
The ratio r of the field within the cylinder to the external field is
4µr
r= 2 .
(µr + 1)2 − (µr − 1)2 ab2
This relationship is graphed in Figure

Problem 5.16
A circular loop of wire of radius a and negligible thickness carries a current I. The
loop is centered in a spherical cavity of radius b > a in a large block of soft iron.
Assume that the relative permeability of the iron is effectively infinite and that of
the medium in the cavity, unity.
(a) In the approximation of b a, show that the magnetic field at the center of
the loop is augmented by a factor (1 + a3 /2b3 ) by the presence of the iron.
(b) What is the radius of the ”image” current loop (carrying the same current)
that simulates the effect of the iron for r < b?
(a) There are two distinct current distributions in this problem: the free current
density J1 flowing in the loop, and the bound current density J2 flowing in the
iron. These give rise to two fields B1 and B2 , which must be summed at each
point in space to get the observed field.
B1 is just the field of a planar current loop, which Jackson has already
worked out for us in his section 5.5:
 ∞
µ0 I X (−1)n (2n + 1)!! r 2n
P2n+1 (cos θ), r < a


2n n!


 2a n=0 a
B1r = ∞ (24)
 µ0 Ia2 X (−1)n (2n + 1)!! a 2n
P2n+1 (cos θ), r > a.


 2r3

2n n! r
n=0
 ∞
µ0 I X (−1)n (2n − 1)!! r 2n 1
P2n+1 (cos θ), r < a


2n−1 n!


 4a n=0 a
B1θ = ∞ (25)
 µ0 Ia2 X (−1)n (2n + 1)!! a 2n 1
 − 4r3 P2n+1 (cos θ), r > a.


2n (n + 1)!

n=0
r
On the other hand, since J2 vanishes for r < b, the field B2 to which it gives
rise has no divergence or curl in that region, which means that throughout the
region it may be derived from a scalar potential satisfying the Laplace equation:
"∞ #
X
B2 = −∇Φm = −∇ An rn Pn (cos θ)
n=0
∞
X
→ B2r = nAn rn−1 Pn (cos θ) (26)
n=1
X∞
B2θ = An rn−1 Pn1 (cos θ) (27)
n=1
Since the iron filling the space r > b is assumed to have infinite permeability,
the H field (and hence the B field, since B = H for r < b) must be strictly
radial at the boundary r = b. The An coefficients are thus determined by the
requirement that (27) and (25) sum to zero at r = b:
∞ ∞
X µ0 Ia2 X (−1)n (2n + 1)!! a 2n 1
An bn−1 Pn1 (cos θ) = P2n+1 (cos θ).
n=1
4b3 n=0 2n (n + 1)! b
The orthogonality of the associated Legendre polynomials requires that each
term in the sum cancel individually, whence
A2n = 0
µ0 Ia2 (−1)n (2n + 1)!! a 2n
A2n+1 = .
4b3 2n (n + 1)! b2
Then the field of the bound current in the iron is determined everywhere in the
region r < b:
∞
µ0 Ia2 X (−1)n (2n + 1)(2n + 1)!! ar 2n
B2r = P2n+1 (cos θ) (28)
4b3 n=0 2n (n + 1)! b2
∞
µ0 Ia2 X (−1)n (2n + 1)!! ar 2n 1
B2θ = P2n+1 (cos θ). (29)
4b3 n=0 2n (n + 1)! b2
As r → 0, B2θ → 0 and B2r → µ0 Ia2 /4b3 , while B1r → µ0 I/2a, so the total
field at r = 0 is
µ0 Ia2 a3

µ0 I µ0 I
Br (r = 0) = B1r (r = 0) + B2r (r = 0) = + = 1+ 3 .
2a 4b3 2a 2b
(b) The B2 field may be attributed to an image current ring outside r = b if,
for suitable redefinitions of I and a, the expressions (28) and (29) can be made
to look like the r < a versions of (24) and (25).
Problem 5.18
A circular loop of wire having a radius a and carrying a current I is located in

vacuum with its center a distance d away from a semi-infinite slab of permeability
µ. Find the force acting on the loop when
(a) the plane of the loop is parallel to the face of the slab,
(b) the plane of the loop is perpendicular to the face of the slab.
(c) Determine the limiting form of your answer to parts a and b when d a.
Can you obtain these limiting values in some simple and direct way?
(a) We’ll take the loop to be at z = +d, and the slab of permeability µ to
occupy the space z < 0, so that the boundary surface is z = 0.
In the region z < 0, there is no free current, so ∇ × H = 0 everywhere; thus

H may be obtained from a scalar potential, H = −∇Φm , and since ∇ · H = 0
as well we have ∇2 Φm = 0. The azimuthally symmetric solution of the Laplace
equation in cylindrical coordinates that remains finite as z → −∞ is
Z ∞
Φm (z < 0) = dk A(k)ekz J0 (kρ), (30)
0
and from this we obtain

Z ∞
∂
Hρ (z < 0) = − Φm = − dk kA(k)ekz J00 (kρ)
∂ρ 0
Z ∞
= dk kA(k)ekz J1 (kρ) (31)
0
Z ∞
∂
Hz (z < 0) = − Φm = − dk kA(k)ekz J0 (kρ). (32)
∂z 0
On the other hand, for z > 0 we may decompose the H field into two
components: one component H1 arising from the current loop, and a second
component H2 arising from the bound currents running in the slab. H1 is just
given by the curl of the vector potential we worked out in Problem 5.10:
µ0 Ia ∞
 Z

 dk e−k(z−d) J1 (ka)J1 (kρ), z>d
1  2
0
H1 = ∇×A, A = Aφ φ̂, Aφ =
µ0 µ Ia ∞
Z
 0 dk e−k(d−z) J1 (ka)J1 (kρ),

 z < d.
2 0
so
1 ∂
H1ρ = − Aφ
µ0 ∂z
Ia ∞
 Z

 dk ke−k(z−d) J1 (ka)J1 (kρ), z>d
 2 0
=
Ia ∞
Z
dk ke−k(d−z) J1 (ka)J1 (kρ),

−
 z < d.
2 0
(33)
1 1 ∂
H1z = (ρAφ )
µ0 ρ ∂ρ
Ia ∞

1
 Z
−k(z−d)


 2 dk ke J1 (ka) J1 (kρ) − J0 (kρ) z>d
0 kρ
= Z ∞
Ia 1
dk ke−k(d−z) J1 (ka)


 J1 (kρ) − J0 (kρ) , z < d.
2 0 kρ
(34)
In the last two equations we may use Jackson’s identity (3.87),
1 1
J1 (kρ) = [J0 (kρ) + J2 (kρ)]
kρ 2
to rewrite H1z as
Ia ∞
 Z


 4 dk e−k(z−d) J1 (ka) [J2 (kρ) − J0 (kρ)] , z > d
H1z = Z0 (35)
Ia ∞
dk e−k(d−z) J1 (ka) [J2 (kρ) − J0 (kρ)] , z < d.



4 0
Since the H2 field arises entirely from bound currents, it may also be derived
from a scalar potential Φm satisfying the Laplace equation. The azimuthally
symmetric solution of the Laplace equation in cylindrical coordinates that re-
mains finite for all ρ and as z → +∞ is
Z ∞
Φm (z > 0) = dk B(k)e−kz J0 (kρ)
0
and the components of H2 are

Z ∞
H2r (z > 0) = − dk kB(k)e−kz J1 (kρ) (36)
0
Z ∞
H2z (z > 0) = dk kB(k)e−kz J0 (kρ). (37)
0
The required forms of the functions A(k) and B(k) are determined by the
boundary conditions on H at the medium boundary, z = 0:
Hρ (z = 0− ) = Hρ (z = 0+ ) µHρ (z = 0− ) = µ0 Hρ (z = 0+ ).
Equating (32) with the sum of (??) and (??), we have
∞ ∞ ∞
µ0 Ia
Z Z Z
− dk kA(k)J0 (kρ) = dk ke−kd J1 (ka) (J2 (kρ) − J0 (kρ)) + dk kB(k)J0 (kρ)
0 2 0 0
Homer Reid
April 20, 2001
Problem 5.19
A magnetically “hard” material is in the shape of a right circular cylinder of length L

and radius a. The cylinder has a permanent magnetization M0 , uniform throughout
its volume and parallel to its axis.
(a) Determing the magnetic field H and magnetic induction B at all points on the
axis of the cylinder, both inside and outside.
(b) Plot the ratios B/µ0 M0 and H/M0 at all points on the axis of the cylinder,
both inside and outside.
There is no free current in this problem, so H(ρ, z) may be derived from a

scalar potential Φm (ρ, z) satisfying the Laplace equation. Dividing space into
three regions
 Z ∞
dk A(k)e−kz J0 (kρ), z > L/2





 0

Z ∞
dk B(k)ekz + C(k)e−kz J0 (kρ),

Φm = − L/2 < z < L/2


 0
 Z ∞
dk D(k)ekz J0 (kρ),

z < −L/2.



0
1
The tangential boundary condition at z = +L/2 is

∂Φm ∂Φm
=
∂ρ z= L + ∂ρ z= L −
2 2
Z ∞ Z ∞ h i
⇒ dk kA(k)e −kL/2
J1 (kρ) = dk k B(k)ekL/2 + C(k)e−kL/2 J1 (kρ)
0 0
(1)
This must hold for all ρ. Multiplying both sides by ρJ1 (k 0 ρ), integrating from
ρ = 0 to ρ = ∞, and using the identity
Z ∞
1
dρ ρJn (kρ)Jn (k 0 ρ) = δ(k − k 0 ) (2)
0 k
we obtain from (1) the relation
A(k) = B(k)ekL + C(k). (3)
The perpendicular boundary condition at z = +L/2 is
Bz (z = L/2+) = Bz (L/2−)
or

µ0 Hz (z = L/2+) = µ0 Hz (z = L/2−) + Mz (z = L/2−)

∂Φm ∂Φm
= + M (ρ)
∂z z= L + ∂z z= L −
2 2
Z ∞ Z ∞ h i
⇒ dk kA(k)e −kL/2
J0 (kρ) = dk k −B(k)ekL/2 + C(k)e−kL/2 J0 (kρ) + M (ρ)
0 0
(4)
where (
M1 , ρ<a
M (ρ) =
0, ρ > a.
Now we multiply both sides of (4) by ρJ0 (k 0 ρ) and integrate from ρ = 0 to
ρ = ∞ to obtain
Z a
A(k) = −B(k)ekL + C(k) + M1 ekL/2 ρJ0 (kρ)dρ
0
= −B(k)ekL + C(k) + γ(k) (5)
where we defined
a
aM1 kL/2
Z
γ(k) = M1 ekL/2 ρJ0 (kρ)dρ = e J1 (ka).
0 k
The solution of eqs. (3) and (5) is

1 −kL 1
B(k) = e γ(k) C(k) = A(k) − γ(k). (6)
2 2
From the boundary conditions at z = −L/2 we may similarly obtain the rela-
tions
B(k) + C(k)ekL = D(k)

B(k) − C(k)ekL = D(k) − γ(k)
which may be solved to yield

1 1 −kL
B(k) = D(k) − γ(k) C(k) = e γ(k). (7)
2 2
Comparing (6) and (7) we find
M1 a kL
A(k) = D(k) = cosh J1 (ka)
k 2
M1 a −kL/2
B(k) = C(k) = e J1 (ka).
2k
Then the components of the H field are
 Z ∞
kL −kz
M a dk cosh e J1 (ka)J1 (kρ), z > L/2

1

2



 0

 Z ∞
Hρ = M 1 a dk e−kL/2 cosh(kz)J1 (ka)J1 (kρ), − L/2 < z < L/2


 0
Z ∞
kL kz


M1 a dk cosh e J1 (ka)J1 (kρ), z < −L/2


2

0
 Z ∞
kL −kz
M1 a dk cosh e J1 (ka)J0 (kρ), z > L/2


2



 0

 Z ∞
Hz = −M1 a dk e−kL/2 sinh(kz)J1 (ka)J0 (kρ), − L/2 < z < L/2


 0
Z ∞
kL kz


−M1 a dk cosh e J1 (ka)J0 (kρ), z < −L/2.


2

0
Problem 5.23
A right circular cylinder of length L and radius a has a uniform lengthwise magne-
tization M .
(a) Show that, when it is placed with its flat end against an infinitely permeable
plane surface, it adheres with a force

K(k) − E(k) K(k1 ) − E(k1 )
F = 2µ0 aLM 2 −
k k1
where
2a a
k=√ , k1 = √ .
4a2 + L2 a2 + L2
(b) Find the limiting form of the force if L a.
We’ll define our coordinate system so that the z axis is the cylinder axis,
and we’ll take the surface of the permeable medium at z = 0.
Our general strategy for this problem will be as follows. First, we’ll find
the magnetic field H0 that exists in all space when the cylinder is pressed up
flat against the infinitely permeable medium. Then we’ll calculate the shift dE
in the energy of the magnetic field incurred by moving the cylinder up a small
distance dz off the surface of the medium. The force on the cylinder is then
readily calculated as F = −dE/dz.
To calculate the energy shift incurred by moving the cylinder a distance dz
away from the permeable medium, we won’t have to go through and completely
recalculate the fields and their energy in the new configuration. Instead, we
can use the following little trick. When we move the cylinder up a distance dz,
two things happen. First a gap of height dz opens between the surface and the
face of the cylinder, where previously there had been a fixed magnetization M,
but now there is just free space. Second, between L and L + dz there is now a
fixed magnetization M where previously there was none. Moving the cylinder of
fixed M up a distance dz is thus formally equivalent to keeping the cylinder put
and instead introducing a cylinder of the opposite magnetization −M between 0
and dz, while also introducing a cylinder of magnetization +M between L and
L + dz. The increase in field energy in this latter case is fairly easily calculated
by taking the integral of µ0 Mc˙
H0 over the regions in which the fixed magnetization changes.
So the first task is to find the field that exists when the cylinder is pressed
flat against the surface. Since there are no free currents in the problem, we
may derive H from a scalar potential satisfying the Laplace equation. To be-
gin we write down the general solutions of the Laplace equation in cylindrical
coordinates, observing first that by symmetry we can only keep terms with no
azimuthal angle dependence:

 Z ∞
dk A(k)e−kz J0 (kρ), z>L





 0
Z ∞

Φ(m) = dk [B(k)ekz + C(k)e−kz ]J0 (kρ), 0<z<L (8)


 0

 Z ∞
dk D(k)e+kz J0 (kρ), z < 0.



0
The boundary conditions at z = 0 are that Hρ and Bz be continuous. Assum-

ing first of all that the medium existing in the region below z = 0 has finite
permeability µ, the tangential boundary condition is

∂Φm ∂Φm
=
∂ρ z=0− ∂ρ z=0+
Z ∞ Z ∞
dk k D(k)J1 (kρ) = dk k [B(k) + C(k)]J1 (kρ). (9)
0 0
0
Multiplying (9) by ρJ1 (k ρ), integrating from 0 to ∞, and using the identity
(2), we find
D(k) = B(k) + C(k). (10)
The normal boundary condition at z = 0 is of a mixed type. Below the line
we have simply Bz = µHz . Above the line we may write Bz = µ0 [Hz + M (ρ)],
where M (ρ) represents the fixed magnetic polarization of the cylinder:
(
M, ρ<a
M (ρ) = (11)
0, ρ > a.
The normal boundary condition at z = 0 is then

∂ ∂
−µ Φm
= −µ0 Φm + µ0 M (ρ)
∂z z=0− ∂z z=0+
Z ∞ Z ∞
µ
− dk k D(k)J0 (kρ) = − dk k [B(k) − C(k)]J0 (kρ) + M (ρ)
µ0 0 0
Now multiplying by ρJ0 (k 0 ρ), integrating from ρ = 0 to ∞, and using (2) yields
Z ∞
µ
D(k) = −B(k) + C(k) − ρ M (ρ)J0 (kρ) dρ. (12)
µ0 0
Using (11), the integral on the RHS is

Z a
Ma
M ρJ0 (kρ) dρ = J1 (ka) ≡ γ(k)
0 k
where we defined a convenient shorthand. Then (12) is
µ
D(k) = −B(k) + C(k) − γ(k).
µ0
Now taking µ → ∞, we see that, to keep the B and C coefficients from blowing
up, we must have D → 0. Then equation (??) tells us that B(k) = −C(k), so
the middle entry in (8) may be rewritten:
Z ∞
Φm (z, ρ) = dk β(k) sinh(kz)J0 (kρ), (0 < z < L).
0
The boundary conditions at z = L are

∂Φm ∂Φm
=
∂ρ z=L+ ∂ρ z=L−

∂Φm ∂Φm
− = − + M (ρ)
∂z z=L+ ∂z z=L−
with M (ρ) defined as above. Working through the same procedure as above
yields the conditions
A(k)e−kL = β(k) sinh(kL)

A(k)e−kL = β(k) cosh(kL) + γ(k)
with γ(k) defined as above. The solution is
β(k) = −γ(k)e+kL
A(k) = γ(k) sinh(kL).
Plugging these back into (8) and differentiating, we find for the z component of
the H field
 Z ∞


 M a dk e−kz cosh(kL)J0 (kρ)J1 (ka), z>L
0
Hz (ρ, z) = Z ∞ (13)
dk e−kL cosh(kz)J0 (kρ)J1 (ka),

 −M a
 0 < z < L.
0
Now that we know the field, we want to find the change in energy density
incurred by putting into this field a short cylinder (radius a, height dz) of
magnetization −M k̂ between z = 0 and z = dz, and another cylinder of the
same size but with magnetization +M k̂ between z = L and z = L + dz. The
change in field energy is just the integral of µ0 M · H over the volume in which
the magnetization density has changed:
Z dz Z a Z L+dz Z a
dU = −2πµ0 M Hz (z, ρ)ρ dρ dz + 2πµ0 M Hz (z, ρ)ρ dρ dz
0 0 L 0
a
Z Z a
= 2πµ0 M dz Hz (L, ρ)ρ dρ − Hz (0, ρ)ρ dρ (14)
0 0
where in the last step we assumed that Hz remains essentially constant over
a distance dz in the z direction, and may thus be taken out of the integral.
Inserting (13) into (), and exchanging the order of integration, we first do the ρ
integral: Z a
a
J0 (kρ)ρdρ = J1 (ka).
0 k
Then () becomes

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Solutions to Problems in Jackson,

Classical Electrodynamics, Third Edition

(e) Potential energy between charge and its image

q2 (1.6 · 10−19 coulombs )2

A straight-line charge with constant linear charge density λ is located perpendicular

What is the total charge on the plane x = 0?

4λ (x0 )(y0 )(xy)

r32 = [(x − x0 )2 + (y + y0 )2 ] r42 = [(x + x0 )2 + (y + y0 )2 ].

(c) Total charge per unit length in z

(xx0 − yy0 )2 (xx0 + yy0 )2

As d → R the denominator of the first term vanishes, so that term wins,

Relate this result to the electrostatic potential, Eq. (2.3),

Relate the work to the electrostatic potential, Eq. (2.8), and

(a) The force is

directed radially inward. The work is

so the total work done is

Review of Green’s Functions

where S is the (closed) surface bounding the volume V . If we take A(x) =

If φ is the scalar potential of electrostatics, we know that ∇2 ψ(x0 ) = −ρ(x0 )/0 ,

• if we know φ but not ∂φ/∂n on the boundary (“Dirichlet” boundary con-

• if we know ∂φ/∂n but not φ on the boundary (“Neumann” boundary

∇2 ψx0 (x) = δ(x − x0 ).

Chapter 2: Problems 11-20

We want to choose R0 such that the potential is constant when x is on the

τ ρ2 + R02 − 2ρR0 cos φ

Using ln(1 − x) = −(x + x2 /2 + · · ·), we have

Multiplying the first term by R2 /b2 on top and bottom yields

The original line charge is at x = R, y = 0, and the field there is

What modification is necessary if the potential is desired in the region of

Multiplying both sides successively by 1, sin n0 φ, and cos n0 φ and integrating

Plugging back into (1), we find

Plugging this back into (5) gives the advertised result.

where φ is measured from a plane perpendicular to the plane through the

With these coefficients, the potential expansion becomes

Here we need an auxiliary result:

Using this in (6) with x = ρ/b gives

(Evidently, Jackson and I defined the angle φ differently).

where gn (y, y 0 ) satisfies

(b) Taking for gn (y, y 0 ) appropriate linear combinations of sinh(nπy 0 )

where y< (y> ) is the smaller (larger) of y and y 0 .

With the suggested expansion, we have

since the infinite sum is just a well-known representation of the δ function.

0 = An2 sinh(nπ) + Bn2 cosh(nπ)

One way to make this work is to take

An2 + Bn2 = −e−nπ and − An2 + Bn2 = enπ .

Bn2 = enπ + An2 → 2An2 = −enπ − e−nπ

With this choice of coefficients, the lower line in (9) becomes

gn (y, y 0 ) = − cosh(nπ) sinh(nπy 0 )+sinh(nπ) cosh(nπy 0 ) = sinh[nπ(1−y 0 )] (11)

An1 sinh(nπy) = γn sinh[nπ(1 − y)]. (12)

Figure 1: gn (y, y 0 ) from Problem 2.15 with n=5, y=.41

This obviously happens when

An1 = βn sinh[nπ(1 − y)] and γn = βn sinh(nπy)

where βn is any constant. In other words, we have

Differentiating (13), we find this condition to require

nπβn [− cosh[nπ(1 − y)] sinh(nπy) − sinh[nπ(1 − y)] cosh(nπy)] = −nπβn sinh(nπ) = 1

sinh[nπ(1 − y> )] sinh(nπy< )

A two-dimensional potential exists on a unit square area (0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤

Referring to my Green’s functions review above, the potential at a point x0

4 X sin(nπx0 )  sinh[nπ(1 − y0 )] + sinh(nπy0 )

(a) Construct the free-space Green function G(x, y; x0 , y 0 ) for two-

(b) Show explicitly by separation of variables in polar coordinates that the

where the radial Green functions satisfy

If φ is the scalar potential of electrostatics, we know that ∇2 ψ(x0 ) = −ρ(x0 )/0 ,

4 X sin(nπx0 ) sinh[nπ(1 − y0 )] + sinh(nπy0 )