THE ELASTIC LIMIT OF SPACE AND THE QUANTUM CONDITION

By Frank Znidarsic

fznidarsic@aol.com

http://www.angelfire.com/scifi2/zpt/index.html

Rev #2, 2/2011

ABSTRACT

The quantum condition describes the angular momentum of a quantum system. This angular momentum
is a multiple of Planck’s constant. Planck, Bohr, and Einstein sought a classical explanation for the
quantum condition. Ernest Rutherford also looked for a classical solution, gave up, and began his work
with the nucleus. It has now been over one hundred years since a classical solution was sought. Science
has moved on to the point were it is now assumed that there is no causative explanation for the quantum
condition. According to this philosophy the everyday classical realm is only a subset of this mysterious
quantum realm. There currently is no causative classical explanation for the duality of particles and
waves, for the existence of zero point energy, or for the nature of quantum spin. It is believed that these
phenomena exist only within the realm of the quantum.

Znidarsic has discovered a causative classical explanation for the quantum condition. The explanation
requires a limit in the elasticity of space. The introduction of an elastic limit provided an insight into the
duality of particles and waves. Convention represents the matter wave as the superposition of an infinite
number of component waves. The Fourier addition of component waves localizes the matter wave.
Waves, other than the matter wave, are localized by restraining forces. Znidarsic proposes that the natural
force fields are pinned into the structure of matter (restrained) at the discontinuity rp (1.409 Fermi’s).

INTRODUCTION

The force on a spring is given as a function of its constant Ks and a displacement x (ref equation 1). All
real springs, in the classical realm, have a limit to which they can be stretched. A spring stretched beyond
this limit will in inelastically deform as its material elastic limit is exceeded.

(1)
The intensity of the electric field is a function of the geometry its field. This geometry is measured in
units of reciprocal capacitance (2). The spring constant Ks in a mechanical system is conceptually
equivalent to the reciprocal of the capacitance (1/C) in an electrical system. Like the force on a spring in
the classical realm, the intensity of an electrical field should reach a finite limit. The electron inelastically
deforms as it is compressed beyond its limit of elasticity. The geometry upon which the electron reaches
a limit in its intensity was qualified with a minimum of capacitance. This minimum of stray capacitance
was described as a quantum of capacitance Cq (1.5676 x 10-25 Farads).

A spring has a limit to its elasticity. It breaks down when stretched beyond its limit. The electron also has
a limit to its intensity. It breaks down when compressed to a geometry described by the minimum of
capacitance Cq.

The force between two electrical charges diminishes at the square of their separation. This force was
qualified as the product of a composite constant Kc and the reciprocal of there separation distance
squared in equation (3).

(3)

The energy contained by of force field is proportional to the integral through which it acts.

(4)

The solution gives the energy of the electromagnetic field as a function of displacement (4).

(4)
Ordinarily the composite constant Kc is partitioned in the form of Coulomb’s equation (5).

(5)

Coulomb’s equation provides little insight as to the nature of the quantum realm. It does not lead to
simple two bodied solutions involving the harmonic motion of the electron. It cannot explain the origin
of the electromagnetic force. This author regrouped the composite constant Kc in terms of the elastic
constant K-e and the displacement rp (1.409 Fermi meters) in equation (6).

(6)

A force of 29.05 Newton’s is produced by two electric charges compressed to within 2r p. The elastic
constant of the electron is decreases linearly with displacement from this point. Its elasticity resembles
that of gum band that gets thinner as it is stretched. The elastic constant of the electron was expressed, as
a function of a maximum force and the reciprocal of displacement, equation (7).

(7)

The mass energy of the electron oscillates, at the electronic Compton frequency, with the elastic constant
K-e set to a displacement equal to the ground state radius of the hydrogen atom (8).

(8)

The superposition of the Compton frequency and its Doppler shifted reflection equals the deBroglie
wavelength of matter. The deBrogle wavelength in turn establishes the foundation for the Schrodinger’s
wave equation (ref znidarsic3.pdf). Special Relativity also emerges, from the restrained wave, as an
effect of the phase of its kinetic and potential energy (ref znidarsic.pdf). The emergence of the elastic
constant K-e provides a classical framework that describes the wave like properties of matter.

The energy of the electric field was expressed in terms of mechanical spring in equations (6) and (9). This
solution describes the energy of the electric field in terms of the product of the elastic constant K-e and the
displacement rp squared. The simultaneous emergence of the parameters of energy, displacement, and
elasticity (9) provides a classical framework that from which the duality of matter and waves emerges.
Electrical energy was described in terms of the expanded spring constant in equation (9). The formulation
(9) is simultaneous in that it expresses total electronic energy, at the constant classical radius of the
electron 2rp, in the form of a regular spring ½ K(2rp)2 and the potential energy of the electron in terms of
an elastic material that diminishes in strength with the displacement r.

(9)

The constant of displacement rp is a particle like property. It equals the displacement at edge of the
nuclear halo. It also equals one half the classical radius of the electron. The solution suggests the
electromagnetic force is produced as one electromagnetic field tries to expel the elastic discontinuity of
another electromagnetic field. The resultant force is similar to the upward force on a bubble in water. In
combination these particle like and wave like properties establish matter’s zero point energy. Zero point
energy is intimately connected with the Heisenberg uncertainty relationship. The velocity of the zero
point ground state electron in hydrogen Vh (2.18 million meters per second) was produced as a function of
the displacement rp in equation (10).

(10)

The emergence of the parameter rp provides a classical framework that describes the particle like
properties of matter.
THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE ESTABLISHES THE QUANTUM CONDITION

Size is a relative measure when it comes to most things. No general principle of relativity applies to the
size of the universe and to the size of elementary particles. The sizes of these entities can only be the
unique values that they are. This author will demonstrate a link between the geometry of the universe and
the discontinuity rp.. The universe contains an equal number of positive and negative charges. The net
electrical field produced by these opposing charges is zero and an isolated electrical field has no affect
upon the aggregate energy of the universe. The energetics of this isolation allow an electrical field to
increase without bound. A shielded electrical field does, however, experience a minimum of intensity at
the visible radius of the universe. The electrical capacitance Cu of a sphere with a radius of 13.4 billion
light years ru was derived in equation (11)4.

(11)

The gravitational force experiences no shielding and a residual of gravitational potential builds up. This
residual of gravitational potential establishes the negative gravitational potential of the universe. The
positive energy of the universe is balanced by this negative gravitation potential. A maximum of
gravitational potential energy exists at the edge visible of the universe. Everywhere from there is down
and is of less potential. The geometry, of this maximum of potential, was qualified in units of
gravitational capacitance. The gravitational force between a proton and an electron is 2.27 x 10 39 times
weaker than the electrical force. The electrical capacitance of a sphere, as large as the visible universe,
was reduced by the amount of the gravitational coupling constant. Equation (12) derived the quantum of
gravitational capacitance Cq with this technique.

(12)

The origin of the factor of  squared is unknown. It may be a geometric constant related to the doubly
centric nature of a hypershere. The electron couples to the gravitational background at the surface of a
hypersphere. This surface appears everywhere within the classical realm. The geometric effect, of this
contact, was qualified in units of capacitance. The electric field experiences a maximum in intensity at
the geometry described by a quantum of capacitance. This maximum of intensity establishes the
discontinuity rp as a classical property of the radius of the visible universe.

The emergence of the elastic displacement rp provides a classical framework that describes the particle
like properties of matter and energy.
THE ELASTIC LIMIT AND THE STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE

The strong nuclear force is hundreds of thousands of times stronger than the electromagnetic. It drops off
in a non-linear fashion near the edge of the nucleon. It reaches its half power point at a displacement of
about .8 Fermi’s. The edge of the nuclear halo is about 1.4 Fermi’s. A discontinuity exists at the edge of
the halo. The strength of the electromagnetic force equals the strength of strong nuclear force at the
discontinuity. The electromagnetic force is attached to the strong nuclear force at the discontinuity. The
strong nuclear force experiences the quantum of capacitance through a maximum of displacement. The
geometry of this displacement was expressed with the use of the electrical quantum of capacitance Cq.
Equation (13) expresses a relationship between the quantum of capacitance and the nuclear displacement
rp.

(13)

The elastic limit of space expresses itself through a maximum of nuclear displacement.

THE ELASTIC LIMIT AND THE WEAK NUCLEAR FORCE

The weak nuclear force is not weak. It is very strong at a dimension 1/580 the radius of the proton. It
quickly diminishes and becomes weak at the dimensions of the proton. It is 1 x 10-5 times weaker than
the electromagnetic force at the surface of the proton. The weak component of the nuclear force vibrates
in concert with the nuclear Compton frequency fn (2.27 x 1023 Hertz). This Compton frequency of a
nucleon was expressed in terms of simple harmonic motion in equation (14).

(14)

It was assumed that the elastic constant of the strong nuclear force diminishes linearly with small
displacements. The elastic constant of the nuclear field was then approximated with the use the
electromagnetic form in equation (15).
 (15)

A solution, equation (16) provided for the Fmax of a nucleon.

(16)

The weak nuclear force interacts with the discontinuity rp during transition. The force Fmax applied
through radius rp yields the mass of the W particle. It has mass is about 90 times that of the proton (17).

(17)

The weak nuclear force experiences the elastic limit of space through the energy of the W particle.

CONCLUSION

A discontinuity exists at the edge of the visible universe. The gravitational force experiences this
discontinuity through its weakness and its non-shieldability. The other natural forces energetically couple
with to the gravitational discontinuity upon contact with matter. They experience the elastic discontinuity
of in separate ways. The electromagnetic force experiences it through a maximum of intensity. The
strong nuclear force experiences it at the extent of the proton and the neutron. The weak nuclear force
experiences it through the energy of the W particle. The elastic limit of space is a geometric property that
is dependent upon the shape of a force field. It was qualified in units of reciprocal capacitance.

It has been shown that the elastic limit of space establishes the zero point properties of stable matter.
Many new phenomena are observed as fixed parameters thaw (become variable). Conventional science
has developed a bias towards looking to higher energies to find interesting phenomena. Little application
can be found for the expensive, high energy phenomena. This author has introduced a new parameter, the
elastic limit of space. The elastic limit of space (quantum of reciprocal capacitance) thaws at cryogenic
energies. The low energy affects are accessible with affordable technologies. This author believes that the
understanding of the affects produced by a changing quantum of capacitance will allow man to directly
control each of the four natural forces. This understanding should produce a revolution in technology.

NOMENCLATURE

Cq= 1.5676 Farads The quantum of capacitance

Fc = 1.236 x 1020 hertz, The Compton frequency of the electron

Fn= 2.27 x 1023 Hertz, The Compton frequency of a nucleon

Fmax-e= 20.05 Newtons, The maximum of force between two electrons

K-e= 29.05 /rx , Newtons/meter, The elastic constant of the electron

K-n= 9.58 x 10 6 /rp , Newtons/meter, The effective elastic constant of a nucleon

M-e= 9.109 x 10-31 kg, The mass of the electron

Mn= 1.67 x 10-27 kg, The approximate mass of a nucleon

rp= 1.409 x 10-15 meters, The radius of the elastic discontinuity

ru= 1.25 x 1026 meters The radius of the visible universe in meters

r+h = .529 x 10-10 meters The ground state radius of the hydrogen atom

NOTES

1. The results of the review are posted at the D.O.E.

http://www.science.doe.gov/Sub/Newsroom/News_Releases/DOESC/

2004/low_energy/C

2. The author’s work is posted at the D.O.E.

http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=787504
3. Frank Znidarsic, "Force and Gravity", Infinite Energy, Issue 22, p 60, 1998

4 Lawrence M. Kruss, Scientific American, December 31, 2002, Pg 36

"The most recent analysis by our group puts the best-fit age of the universe at 13.4

Billion years."

5. Frank Znidarsic, "The Constants of the Motion", The Journal of New Energy Vol. 5

No. 2 September 2000

6. Frank Znidarsic, "Motion Constants", Transactions of the American Nuclear

Society, Vol. 83, November 2000

7. G. Miley, "Nuclear Transmutations in Thin-film Coating Undergoing Electrolysis,"

Proceedings of the Second Conference on Low Energy Reactions,

Journal of New Energy, vol, no 3. pp 5-30

8. D.A Papaconstantopoulus, B.M. Klein,

"Superconductivity in Palladium-Hydrogen Systems"

Physical Review Letters, July 14, 1975

9. Ning Li, D.G. Torr "Gravitational effects on the magnetic attenuation of

superconductors", Physical Review B, vol 46 #9, 1992.

10. E. Podkletnov, A.D. Levi, "A Possibility of Gravitational Force Shielding by a

Bulk YBa2Cu307-x Superconductor", Physica C, vol 203 (1992) pp 441-444

11. Dr. Harald Reiss, "ABB Researcher Reports Possible Gravity Modification, "

Superconductive Week , December 6, 1999

12. J. Wilson, "NASA's Antigravity Machine" Popular Mechanics, December 1997