Assignment

on
Properties of fiber.
Date: 17/01/2011

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Faysal Islam
ID. 09322015 MD. Arifuzzaman
Batch: 13th
Program: B.S.T.E. Lecturer of B.S.T.E.

City University.
Introduction:

Textile is an essential factor for today’s life. Many

important things to lead our live we get from textile. Those
things are comes from the some raw materials which
relative.

The raw material of finished product is fabric.

The raw material of fabric is yarn.
The raw material of yarn is fiber.

So the initial raw materials of textile, are fibers. To

produce good quality product we have to have knowledge
about fiber, knowledge about its properties. Some
important properties are describe bellow one by one……..

PROPERTIES OF TEXTILE FIBERS:

1. Length: It depends upon the types of fibers. It is fine in

case of manmade fiber but varies largely in case of
natural fibers i.e. average length of cotton is 2-. The
lengths are measured in three ways:

1. Average length by number or weight of fiber.

2. Effective length- which is the average length of the
longer fiber of a bundle.
3. Staple length – Fiber length as assumed by expert person
.

The effect of length:

(i)Strength – The longer fibers are weaker than the

shorter ones but they can give stronger yarn due to the
friction.

(ii)Processing – Cotton , Jute, Wool etc. need

individual machine for spinning due to its length .

(iii)Appearance : Long fibers are smoother than shorter

fibers yarns made up of long fibers have less fiber
projection while the yarn made up of shorter fibers have
more projection.

2. Strength & extension

extension :

The capacity of a fiber to support a load is known as its

strength. In case of a fiber, the strength is described as
Tenacity i.e. tenacity=Strength / linear density

Tenacity is expressed in terms of CNN / Tex or N /Tex

 The tensile strength is commonly described as the force
required to reach break , the increase in the length
before breaking is known as extension.

3. Flexibility:
lexibility:

Flexibility is that properly to resist repeated bending

and folding .

4. Cohesiveness:
ohesiveness:

Is the ability of the fibers to cling together during

spinning depends on crimp and twist (natural).

5. Uniformity:
niformity:

To make yarn it is important that fibers be similar in

length and width , in spinning quality , and in flexibility
.

6. Fineness:
ineness:

The term fineness describes the quality of a fiber .By

this , we can know how fine a fiber is. It is expressed by the
terms count tex. denier.
7. Absorbency:

Absorbency is the ability of fiber to take up moisture

and is expressed in terms of moisture regain .Depends on
the polarity of the polymers and the ratio of its amorphous
and crystalline region.
Attracting groups –OH-NH-CONH, Non attracting groups-
CH-COO,-CH3 ,Semi attracting groups- Cl,-OCOCH3,-CN.

8. Effect of acid :

Textile fibers and materials are subjected to acids in

various processing like bleaching. The different kinds of
fibers react differently with acids .The acids must be
chosen properly to use different process . So that it doesn’t
make any harm to the fiber but brings the required
change perfectly .

9. Effect of Alkali:

Different kind of fibers behave Differently

with Different alkalis in Different situations .For example
,caustic soda in dilute solution & low temperature
dissolves the wool fibers .Whereas the mild alkalis have no
injurious effect on wool at ordinary concentration .It is
used to many process as dying sizing & finishing .
10. Effect of Heat:
Heat:

Textile fibers are subjected to heat in dyeing ,dyeing

,steaming, decanting, calendaring, pressuring & issuing
operation .Some fibers become though under heat such as
rayon ,resin ,where as some burn under heat such as flax
,cotton jute etc .

11. Effect of Sun Light:

Light:

Sun light reacts differently with Different fibers &

fabrics. For example , white fabrics become increasingly
yellow with increased exposure & the dyed fabrics become
faded in various degree again, black absorbs more sun’s
heat than the white one.

12. Moisture regain:

All fiber tends to absorb moisture when it contact with

the atmosphere. The amount of absorbed depends on the
relative humidity of air.
For absorption of moisture of a fiber the term regain is
used. This is the amount of moisture present in textile
material expressed as the percentage of the oven dry
weight of the textile. This dry mass in the constant weight
of textile obtained after dyeing at a temperature of 105º C
to 110ºC.

13. Moisture content:

Another relevant term is moisture content and

expressed is percentage is,
Moisture content =A-B/A x 100
This content is the mass of moisture in a fiber express as
parentage of the total weight it is a measure of the
amount of water held under any particular set of
circumstances.

Moisture content always lower than the regain.

14. Effect of biological agent:

If fibers are attacked by bacteria, black spots are seen

on the fibers as a result of which the strength of fiber is
reduced .It’s important weather fibers attached by micro
organisms or not , upon which strength of products
depends.

15. Crimp:
rimp:

It refers to the waves or bends that take place along

the length of a fiber. It increases cohesiveness & resilience
resistance to abortion & gives increased bulk or warmth to
fabrics .It also helps fabrics to maintain their softness or
thickness, increase absorbency & show contact comforts but
reduces luster.
A fiber may have one of the three types of crimp Namely
Mechanical crimp, Natural Crimp or inherent crimp &
Chemical crimp.

16. Elasticity:

It is the power of recovery from deformation .The fiber

may be plastic or elastic which depends upon fiber
condition & surrounding environment.

17. Resiliency:
Resiliency:

It is the property of a fiber which enables it to recover

from a certain load or stretched over a period of time.

18. Toughness:
Toughness:

The ability of a fiber to endure large permanent

deformations without rupture is called toughness.

19. Work of Rupture:

 The area below the stress strain curves provides
a measure of the work required to break the fiber. It is
called work of rupture &is commonly expressed in CN /Tex.

20.
20. Appearance:
Appearance:

It is expressed by length, fineness, cross-section

cleanness & luster of a fabric .Generally short fiber are
bulky & less lustrous .

21.
21. Density:
Density:

The density indicates the mass per unit volume

.The specific gravity of a fiber indicates the density relative
to that of water at relative to that of water at 4 degree.

22. Length:

It indicates how much long the fiber is.

23. Hydrophobic:
Hydrophobic

The hydrophobic do not absorb water or absorb less

water.
24. Hydrophilic:
ydrophilic:

Hydrophilic fiber absorbs more water than

hydrophobic fiber.

25. Flammability:
Flammability: It means the amount of resistance from
flame.

All fibers
fibers are not textile fiber:

Fiber is a unit of matter whose length is 500-1000 times

longer, than its width all the fiber cannot be textile fiber
it processes some important qualities. It should have
sufficient strength, length, fineness, elasticity, crimp,
friction, power to react with acid and alkalis and the
power to protect the effect of biological agents etc. It
should be available too.
Cotton, jute etc are the textile fiber as they have the above
qualities but fibers of banana tree only fiber and not
textile fiber as they not posses qualities, strength,
appearance etc. So, we can say all fibers are not textile
fiber.

Last word:
word:
 To produce quality-full end product of textile we have
to acquire enough knowledge about properties of fiber.

At the last we can say, We should give some extra

effort to acquire the correct knowledge of properties of fiber
on the way to be a textile engineer.