Abstract:

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the field of scientific inquiry concerned with designing
machine systems that can simulate human mental processes. The field draws upon
theoretical constructs from a wide variety of disciplines, including mathematics,
psychology, linguistics, neurophysiology, computer science, and electronic engineering.
Some of the most promising developments to come out of recent AI research are "expert"
systems or computer programs that simulate the problem-solving techniques of human
experts in a particular domain.

The first presents an example of interaction with an expert system; the second lists major
systems that are currently in use or under development in the categories of
bioengineering, chemistry, computer hardware, computer software, education,
engineering, general purpose systems and artificial intelligence utilities, law,
manufacturing and industry, mathematics, medicine, the military, and resource
exploration.

1. Introduction:

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science, which focuses on the

development of computer systems to simulate the processes of problem solving
and duplicate human brain functions. Expert systems (ES) are a category of
programs based on the theory and methods of artificial intelligence.

In 1941, the most intelligent machine was an invention in the form of the electronic
computer. Who would have thought 60 years from then that the same computer would be
perfected beyond leaps and bounds and be used to control other machines, as well as be
part of day to day living? In 1956, John McCarthy, considered the father of Artificial
Intelligence, organized a conference where intellectuals gathered to learn of this
phenomenon. This laid the foundation for the advancements in artificial intelligence
today.

Today artificial intelligence is used in our homes and sophisticated establishments such
as military bases and the NASA space station. NASA has even sent out artificially
intelligent robots to grace some planets and to learn more about their atmosphere and
habitat, the intention being to investigate if there is a possibility of humans living on
other planets.

Expert systems were introduced by researchers in the Stanford Heuristic Programming

Project, Edward Feigenbaum, PI, with the Dendral and Mycin systems. Principal
contributors to the technology were Bruce Buchanan, Edward Sbortliffe, Randall Davis,
William vanMelle, Carli Scott, and others at Stanford. Expert systems were among the
first truly successful forms of AI software. The topic of expert systems has many points
of contact with general systems theory, operations research, business process
reengineering and various topics in applied mathematics and management science.

2.What is Artificial Intelegence ?

 Computational techniques to automate tasks that require human

intelligence and the ability to reason.

 The concept that computers can be programmed to assume

capabilities such as learning, reasoning, adaptation, and self-
correction.

 The branch of computer science which aims to create intelligent

machines; the study and design of intelligent agents, where an
intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes
actions which maximize its chances of success.

3.What is Expert Systems?

 A type of application program that makes decisions or solves

problems in a particular field by using knowledge and analytical
rules defined by experts in the field.

 A computer program that uses knowledge and reasoning techniques

to solve problems that normally require the abilities of human
experts. Software that applies human-like reasoning involving rules
and heuristics to solve a problem
  A domain specific knowledge base combined with an inference
engine that processes knowledge encoded in the knowledge base to
respond to a user's request for advice.

4.Types of expert systems:

Expert systems fall into a number of major categories (not exclusive) described
below. There are many applications not covered , and some manufacturers and
vendors could fit in multiple categories, but due to space limitations, they are
only included in one.

Acquisition and interpretation of data. These categories retrieve, analyze,

filter and restore missed data, as well as mine data, transform data in another
format, and so on. Examples of this category include:

a) Netrics Data Quality Software :

It enables cleansing of mission-critical data. Netrics products deliver near-perfect

accuracy no matter how "dirty" and error-prone the data is.

b) Nuggets :

It is an application which builds models to uncover hidden facts and

relationships. These models can predict new data; allow generalizing and
revealing which indicators (i.e. variables) most impact decisions.

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence:

 Machines can be used to take on complex and stressful work that would be
otherwise performed by humans
 Machines can complete the task faster than a human assigned to do the same task
 Use of robotics to discover unexplored landscape, outer space and also be useful in
our home activities
 Less danger, injury and stress to humans as the work is done by a artificially
intelligent machine
  Aiding of mental, visually and hearing impaired individuals
 Used for games to create a atmosphere where you don't feel like you are playing
against just a machine
 Understanding complex software can be made in to easy-to-understand types with
the aid of artificial intelligence
 Less errors and defects
 Minimized time and resources. Time and resources are not wasted but effectively
used to achieve the end goal

Advantage of Expert Systems:

 Provides consistent answers for repetitive decisions, processes and tasks
 Holds and maintains significant levels of information
 Encourages organizations to clarify the logic of their decision-making
 Always asks a question, that a human might forget to ask
 Can work continuously (no human needs)
 Can be used by the user more frequently
 A multi-user expert system can serve more users at a time
 increased distribution of expertise
 broader job description for individual workers
 new services
 a new communication channel for knowledge
 more efficient education
 faster adaptation to changing conditions

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence:

 Lacks the human touch. Human qualities are sometimes ignored

 The ability to replace a human job. This gives rise to humans feeling insecure and
may have the fear of losing their job
  Human capabilities can be replaced using a machine and therefore can foster
feelings of inferiority among workers and staff

 Artificial Intelligence can malfunction and do the opposite of what they are
programmed to do

 May corrupt the younger generation

 There is no filtering of information

 This type of technology can be misused to cause mass scale destruction

Disadvantages of Expert Systems:

 Lacks common sense needed in some decision making
 Cannot respond creatively like a human expert would in unusual circumstances
 Domain experts not always able to explain their logic and reasoning
 Errors may occur in the knowledge base, and lead to wrong decisions
 Cannot adapt to changing environments, unless knowledge base is changed