ABSTRACT

In the current scenario the world is plagued by accidents which are primarily due to human errors
in judgment and hence thousands of lives are lost. These accidents can be avoided if only there
was a mechanism to alert the driver of approaching danger. This can be done by monitoring the
distance between nearby cars and alerting the driver whenever the distance becomes too short.
This is precisely the aim of this paper. In this paper we propose the use of Bluetooth Technology
by which we can check the speed of the car whenever it comes dangerously close to any other
vehicle up front, thereby saving very many lives.

CONTENTS:

1. INTRODUCTION
2. ROAD ACCIDENT STATISTICS
3. OPERATION
4. AUTOMATIC BRAKING SYSTEM
5. REPRESENTATION OF OUR IDEA
6. CONCLUSION
7. REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Since Bluetooth devices are capable of communicating with eight other devices simultaneously
we can monitor and check the speeds of up to eight cars simultaneously, thus preventing
accidents. Thus if we have two Bluetooth enabled devices in two cars the devices automatically
communicate with each other when they come in the range of up to 100 meters of each other.
The range is dependant on the power class of the product. Power transmission rates vary in many
Bluetooth devices depending upon the power saving features available in a particular unit,
bandwidth requirements, transmission distance. The statistics of road accidents is tremendous
and highlights the need for such a system. The following is a statistic on the number of road
accidents occurring each year.

OPERATION:

Because of traveling at high speeds there is a possibility of having accident. The figure 2 shows
that when two cars or more come within the distance of 10 km at high speeds there is a
possibility of having accidents. The Bluetooth radio is a short distance, low power radio
operating in the unlicensed spectrum of 2.4 GHz and using a nominal antenna power of 20 dB
At the 20 dB the range is 100 meters, meaning equipment must be Within 100 meters to each
other (about 328 feet) to communicate using the Bluetooth standard. With the help of this
technology we can send data to the eight devices. The group of eight devices is known as
piconet. Here we have a piconet and a scatternet, in the piconet M is the master and S1 to S7 are
the slaves
Radio communication is subjected to noise and interference, as the 2.4 GHz frequencies is shared
between the all device in piconet. So the Bluetooth specification has solved this problem by
employing what is called as spectrum spreading, in which the Bluetooth radio hops among
different frequencies very quickly. There are 79 hops starting at 2.402 GHz and stopping at 2.480
GHz, each of which is displaced by 1 MHz. The Bluetooth avoids interference by hoping around
these 79 frequencies 1600 times per second. So in order to avoid it we use bluetooth equipped
car, in which each car have bluetooth transmitter and receiver. And the every car should have
mini computer to monitor the relative position of the car with the other car.
When any car comes close together Bluetooth device sends warning signal to the car. Based on
the type of warning signal received the computer sends signal to the brake control system to slow
down the speed of the car. There are various types of control signals. one type of signal control
the speed of the car and the another type of signal is to overtake the car which is moving
forward.

AUTOMTIC BRAKE SYSTEM:

The automatic brake system is the next generation braking system for controlling the speed of
the car. On receiving the control signal from the traveling car the computer inside the car
manipulates the signal and gives control signal to the braking system. There are four main
components to an automatic braking system:
The computer constantly monitors the distance between each of these cars and when it senses
that the car is getting too close it moves the hydraulic valves to increase the pressure on the
braking circuit, effectively increasing the braking force on the wheels. if the distance between
two vehicle is within the 100m the Bluetooth devices get enabled and if the distance come closer
within 10m the automatic braking system takes the control. After the speed of the car is reduced
and distance increased the hydraulic valves decreases the pressure on the braking circuit, thus
effectively decrease the braking force on the wheels. The following steps show the various
functions of the hydraulic valves:
in position one, the valve is open; pressure from the master cylinder is passed right through to the
brake. in position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating that brake from the master cylinder.
This prevents the pressure from rising further should the driver push the brake pedal harder. in
position three, the valve releases some of the pressure from the brake.
7

REPRESENTATION OF OUR IDEA:

when car A and car B come within the range of 100m both the Bluetooth devices get enabled and
if any one of the car comes too fast then the bluetooth device sends a warning signal to the other
car and it processes the signal and gives it to the automatic braking system.
Sends warning signal
Receives signal and control the speed of car Within 10m

CONCLUSION:

The Bluetooth technology is being widely adopted by the Industry leaders. The possibility for
new applications is very exciting with this versatile technology. It provides a simple, logical
answer to all the Problems which is built a single common radio into every mobile computer
,then neither do companies have to worry about WAN, nor do communication companies need to
worry about building external cables. The Bluetooth communication device will thus be a small,
low powered radio in a chip that will talk to other Bluetooth enabled products. Bluetooth has
been designed to solve a number of connectivity problems experienced by the mobile workers &
consumers. Thus, this technology helps make the electronic devices more user friendly and helps
address various other problems like accidents.
REFERENCES:

1. http://WWW.HOWSTUFFWORKS.COM
2. http://WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM
3. http://WWW.BLUETOOTH.COM
4. http://WWW.SILICON.COM
5. IEEE JOURNALS

Reference: http://www.seminarprojects.com/Thread-accident-prevention-using-wireless-
communication-full-report#ixzz1C6vjlbIf

Scribd

Upload a Document
Top of Form

Search Documents

Bottom of Form
Explore

Documents
• Books - Fiction
• Books - Non-fiction
• Health & Medicine
• Brochures/Catalogs
• Government Docs
• How-To Guides/Manuals
 • Magazines/Newspapers
• Recipes/Menus
• School Work
• + all categories
•
• Featured
• Recent

People
• Authors
• Students
• Researchers
• Publishers
• Government & Nonprofits
• Businesses
• Musicians
• Artists & Designers
• Teachers
• + all categories
•
• Most Followed
• Popular
• Sign Up
• |
• Log In
1
First Page

Previous Page

Next Page

/ 51

Sections not available

Zoom Out

Zoom In

Fullscreen
Exit Fullscreen

Select View Mode

View Mode
BookSlideshowScroll
Top of Form
Search w it

Bottom of Form
Readcast

Add a Comment

Embed & Share

Reading should be social! Post a message on your social networks to let others
know what you're reading. Select the sites below and start sharing.

Readcast this Document

Top of Form
43410f96d63cc3

Login to Add a Comment

 4gen

Bottom of Form

Share & Embed

Add to Collections

Download

Auto-hide: off

A
SEMINAR REPORT

ON

“BLUETOOTH”
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
FOR THE AWARD OF THE

DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO:-

SUBMITTED

BY:-

Er. NARANG

Sunil Panjeta

(Lec

1805262
ECN-3
HARYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

JAGADHRI

KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY , KURUKSHETRA

(2005-2009)

1. INTRODUCTION

When you usecomputers, entertainment systems orte lephones, the various pieces and

parts of the systems make up a community of electronic devices. These devices

communicate with each other using a variety of wires, cables,radio signals and infrared

light beams, and an even greater variety of connectors, plugs and protocols.
There are lots of different ways that electronic devices can connect to one another. For

example:
•

Component cables
•

Electrical wires
•

Ethernet cables
•

WiFi
•

Infrared signals

The art of connecting things is becoming more and more complex every day. In this

article, we will look at a method of connecting devices, calledBluetooth, that can

streamline the process. A Bluetooth connection is wireless and automatic, and it has a

number of interesting features that can simplify our daily lives.

A unique new wireless technology specifically designed for short range (10-100) meters with modest

performance of 780Kbps dynamically configurable and hoc networking with low power. It is well suited for

handheld applications and support both voice and data. Uses 2.4 GHZ unlicensed ISM band. Frequency
hopping spread spectrum radio for higher interference immunity. Supports point to point and point to

multipoint connection with single radio link. Designed to provide low cost, robust, efficient, high capacity

voice and data networking. Uses a combination of circuit and packet switching.

Bluetooth wireless technology is finally here. Originally conceived as a low-power short range radio

technology designed to replace cables for interconnecting devices such as printers, keyboards, and mice, its

perceived potential has evolved into far more sophisticated usage models. The requirement to do this in a

totally automated, seamless, and user-friendly fashion, without adding appreciable cost, weight, or power drain

to the associated host is an enormous engineering challenge.

Bluetooth devices can form piconets of up to seven slaves and one master, enabling discovery of services and

subsequent implementation of many varied usage models including wireless headsets, Internet bridges, and

wireless operations such as file exchange, data synchronization, and printing.

Despite talk of Bluetooth competing with wireless LANs, Bluetooth products work over

shorter distances and are designed to solve different problems. The Bluetooth SIG publishes the Bluetooth

specification. The IEEE has formed the 802.15 working group to define standards for wireless PANs. The

802.15.1 standard for WPAN™s will be modeled after the Bluetooth specification from the Bluetooth SIG.

Microsoft® has announced support for Bluetooth in the next release of Windows® XP. The waters of

Bluetooth security have yet to be tested. However, the Bluetooth specification has a robust key management

scheme built in, as well as upper layers of security. Bluetooth

uses the national standard AES algorithm for encryption and the general consensus is
that

the options for Bluetooth security are strong and robust.

2.

2.BLUTOOTH

BLUTOOTH
“Bluetooth wireless technology is an open specification for a low-cost, low-

“Bluetooth wireless technology is an open specification for a low-cost, low-

power, short-range radio technology for ad-hoc wireless communication of voice

power, short-range radio technology for ad-hoc wireless communication of voice

and data anywhere in the world.”

and data anywhere in the world.”

What is Bluetooth?

What is Bluetooth?

Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communications technology.

Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communications technology.

Why this name?

Why this name?

It was taken from the 10th century Danish King

It was taken from the 10th century Danish KingHarald

HaraldBla tand

Blatandwho

who

unified Denmark and Norway.

unified Denmark and Norway.

When does it appear?

When does it appear?

1994 – Ericsson study on a wireless technology to link mobile phones &

1994 – Ericsson study on a wireless technology to link mobile phones &

accessories.

accessories.

5 companies joined to form the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) in

5 companies joined to form the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) in

1998.

1998.

First specification released in July 19

First specification released in July 1999.

99.
Fig

Fig1 (

1 ( a )

a) One of the first modules (Ericsson)

(b) A recent module

One of the first modules (Ericsson)

(b) A recent module

a.

.
b

b.

.bluetoo th

bluetoothconnecting

connectingexam pl

examplE

E
2.1 TIMELINE

2.1 TIMELINE

1994 : Ericsson study complete / vision

1994 : Ericsson study complete / vision

1995 : Engineering work begins

1995 : Engineering work begins

1997 : Intel agrees to collaborate

1997 : Intel agrees to collaborate

1998 : Bluetooth SIG formed: Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia & Toshiba

1998 : Bluetooth SIG formed: Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia & Toshiba

1999 : Bluetooth Specification 1.0A

1999 : Bluetooth Specification 1.0A

SIG promoter group expanded:

SIG promoter group expanded:

3Com, Lucent, Microsoft & Motorola

3Com, Lucent, Microsoft & Motorola

2000 : Bluetooth Specification 1.0B, 2000+ adopters

2000 : Bluetooth Specification 1.0B, 2000+ adopters

2001 : First retail products released, Specification 1.1

2001 : First retail products released, Specification 1.1

2003 : Bluetooth Specification 1.2

2003 : Bluetooth Specification 1.2

2005 :

2005 : Bluetooth Specification 2.0 (?)

Bluetooth Specification 2.0 (?)

2.2 BLEUTOOTH GOALS & VISION

2.2 BLEUTOOTH GOALS & VISION



Originally conceived as a cable replacement technology

Originally conceived as a cable replacement technology

Short-Range Wireless Solutions

Short-Range Wireless Solutions

Open Specification

Open Specification

Voice and Data Capability

Voice and Data Capability

Worldwide Usability

Worldwide Usability

Other usage models began to develop:

Other usage models began to develop:

Personal Area Network (PAN)

Personal Area Network (PAN)

Ad-hoc networks

Ad-hoc networks

Data/voice access
Data/voice accesspointS

pointS

Wireless

Wirelesste le matics

telematics

2.3 CORE BLUETOOTH PRODUCTS

2.3 CORE BLUETOOTH PRODUCTS

•Notebook PCs & Desktop computers

Notebook PCs & Desktop computers

•Printers

Printers

•PDAs

PDAs

•Other handheld devices

Other handheld devices

•Cell phones

Cell phones

•Wireless peripherals:

Wireless peripherals:

•Headsets
Headsets

•Came

Cameras

ras

•CD Player

CD Player

•TV/VCR/DVD

TV/VCR/DVD

•Access Points

Access Points

•Telephone Answering Devices

Telephone Answering Devices

•Cordless Phones

Cordless Phones

•Cars

Cars

Example :

Example : The Networked Home

The Networked Home

2.4 . ADVANTAGES

➢ S i m p l e t o i n s t a l l a n d e x p a n d

➢ N e e d n o t b e i n l i n e o f s i g h t
➢ L o w C o s t

➢ P e r f e c t f o r F i l e t r a n s f e r a n d

p r i n t i n g a p p l i c a t i o n

➢ S i m u l t a n e o u s h a n d l i n g o f

d a t a a n d v o i c e o n t h e s a m e

c h a n n e l

➢ E a s y t o h a n d l e
2.5 APPLICATIONS OF BLUETOOTH

1. PC and Peripheral networking.

2. Hidden Computing.

3. Data synchronization for Address book and calendars.

4. Cell phone acting as a modem for PDA or Laptop.

5. Personal Area Networking (PAN).

6. Enabling a collection of YOUR personal devices to cooperatively work together

2.6 TECHNICAL FEATURES
Connection Type

Spread Spectrum (Frequency Hopping) &

Time Division Duplex (1600 hops/sec)

Spectrum

2.4 GHz ISM Open Band (79 MHz of

spectrum = 79 channels)

Modulation

Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying

Transmission Power

1 mw – 100 mw

Data Rate

1 Mbps

Range

30 ft

Supported Stations

8 devices

Data Security –Authentication Key

128 bit key

Data Security –Encryption Key

8-128 bits (configurable)

Module size

9 x 9 mm

2.7 A Comparison`

3. ABOUT THE NAME

For those who know little about the technology, and even for those who are more than a little acquainted with

it, the name Bluetooth may seem odd. You may wonder, in fact, how it relates to wireless technology, or
speculate that perhaps it’s derived somehow from the founding members of the SIG. Neither of these ideas is

correct.

The name is a romantic gesture that in some sense indicates the excitement the technology generates as well as

the belief in its value as a revolutionary concept. To combine these qualities in a name required ingenuity and

delving into the past. The name Bluetooth comes from Danish history. Harald Blatand, who was called

Bluetooth, was the son of King Gorm the Old, who ruled Jutland, the main peninsula of Denmark. By the time

Harald became king, he was a skilled Viking warrior. So, when his sister asked for help to secure control in

Norway after her husband died, Harald quickly seized the opportunity to unite the countries and expand his

kingdom. By 960 A.D. according to the story, Harald was at the height of his powers, and ruled both Denmark

and Norway. He was later credited with bringing Christianity to his Viking realm.

Although it’s popularly believed that King Harald had a blue tooth, and various stories explain how this came

about, it’s more likely that the Bluetooth name is the English derivative of the original Viking word, Blâtand.

The Bluetooth name was chosen for the

wireless technology because its developers and promoters hope it will unite the mobile

world, just as King Harald united his world

4.

4.BLUETOOTH CONNECTION & OPERATION

BLUETOOTH CONNECTION & OPERATION

4.1 HOW

4.1 HOWBLUETOOTH CREATE A CONNECTION

BLUETOOTH CREATE A CONNECTION

Bluetooth takes small-area networking to the next level by removing the need for user

intervention and keeping transmission power extremely low to savebatter y power.

Picture this: You're on your Bluetooth-enabled cell phone, standing outside the door to

your house. You tell the person on the other end of the line to call you back in five

minutes so you can get in the house and put your stuff away. As soon as you walk in the
house, the map you received on your cell phone from your car's Bluetooth-enabledGPS

system is automatically sent to your Bluetooth-enabled computer, because your cell

phone picked up a Bluetooth signal from yourPC and automatically sent the data you

designated for transfer. Five minutes later, when your friend calls you back, your

Bluetooth-enabled home phone rings instead of your cell phone. The person called the

same number, but your home phone picked up the Bluetooth signal from your cell phone

and automatically re-routed the call because it realized you were home. And each

transmission signal to and from your cell phone consumes just 1 milliwatt of power, so

your cell phone charge is virtually unaffected by all of this activity.

Bluetooth is essentially a networking standard that works at two levels:
•

It provides agreement at thephy sical level -- Bluetooth is aradio- frequenc y

standard.
•

It provides agreement at theprotocol level, where products have to agree on

when bits are sent, how many will be sent at a time, and how the parties in a

conversation can be sure that the message received is the same as the message

sent.
The big draws of Bluetooth are that it is wireless, inexpensive and automatic. There are other ways to get

around using wires, including infrared communication.Infrared (IR) refers to light waves of a lower frequency

than human eyes can receive and interpret. Infrared is used in most television remote control systems. Infrared

communications are fairly reliable and don't cost very much to build into a device, but there are a couple of

drawbacks. First, infrared is a "line of sight" technology. For example, you have to point
Fig Photo courtesy Bluetooth SIG

Bluetooth wireless PC card

the remote control at thete levision or DVD player to make things happen. The second

drawback is that infrared is almost always a "one to one" technology. You can send data

between your desktop computer and your laptop computer, but not your laptop computer

and yourPDA at the same time. (See How Remote Controls Work to learn more about

qualities of infrared are actually advantageous in some regards. Because infrared

transmitters and receivers have to be lined up with each other, interference between

devices is uncommon. The one-to-one nature of infrared communications is useful in that

you can make sure a message goes only to the intended recipient, even in a room full of

infrared receivers.
Bluetooth is intended to get around the problems that come with infrared systems. The

older Bluetooth 1.0 standard has a maximum transfer speed of 1 megabit per second
(Mbps), while Bluetooth 2.0 can manage up to 3 Mbps. Bluetooth 2.0 is backward-

compatible with 1.0 devices.

4.2 HOW BLUETOOTH OPERATES

4.2 HOW BLUETOOTH OPERATES

Bluetooth networking transmits data via low-power radio waves. It communicates on a frequency of 2.45

gigahertz (actually between 2.402 GHz and 2.480 GHz, to be exact). This frequency band has been set aside by

international agreement for the use of industrial, scientific and medical devices (ISM).
A number of devices that you may already use take advantage of this sameradio-
frequency band. Baby monitors, garage-door openers and the newest generation of

cordless phones all make use of frequencies in the ISM band. Making sure that
Bluetooth

and these other devices don't interfere with one another has been a crucial part of the

design process.

One of the ways Bluetooth devices avoid interfering with other systems is by sending out very weak signals of

about 1 milliwatt. By comparison, the most powerful cell phones can transmit a signal of 3 watts. The low

power limits the range of a Bluetooth device to about 10 meters (32 feet), cutting the chances of interference

between your computer system and your portable telephone or television. Even with the low power, Bluetooth

doesn't require line of sight between communicating devices. The walls in your house won't stop a Bluetooth

signal, making the standard useful for controlling several devices in different rooms.
Bluetooth can connect up to

Bluetooth can connect up to eight devices

eight devices simultaneously. With all of those devices in

simultaneously. With all of those devices in

the same 10-meter (32-foot) radius, you might think they'd interfere with one another,
but

the same 10-meter (32-foot) radius, you might think they'd interfere with one another,
but
it's unlikely. Bluetooth uses a technique called

it's unlikely. Bluetooth uses a technique called spread-spectrum frequency hopping

spread-spectrum frequency hoppingtha t

that

makes it rare for more than one device to be transmitting on the same frequency at the

makes it rare for more than one device to be transmitting on the same frequency at the

same time. In this technique, a device will use 79 individual, randomly chosen

same time. In this technique, a device will use 79 individual, randomly chosen

frequencies within a designated range, changing from one to another on a regular basis.

frequencies within a designated range, changing from one to another on a regular basis.

In the case of Bluetooth, the transmitters change frequencies 1,600 times every second,

In the case of Bluetooth, the transmitters change frequencies 1,600 times every second,

meaning that more devices can make full use of a limited slice of the

meaning that more devices can make full use of a limited slice of the radio spectrum

radio s

pectrum.

Since every Bluetooth transmitter uses spread-spectrum transmitting automatically, it’s

Since every Bluetooth transmitter uses spread-spectrum transmitting automatically, it’s

unlikely that two transmitters will be on the same frequency at the same time. This
same

unlikely that two transmitters will be on the same frequency at the same time. This
same

technique minimizes the risk that portable phones or baby monitors will disrupt
Bluetooth

technique minimizes the risk that portable phones or baby monitors will disrupt
Bluetooth

devices, since any interference on a particular frequency will last only a tiny fraction of
a
devices, since any interference on a particular frequency will last only a tiny fraction of
a

second

second

When Bluetooth-capable devices come within range of one another, an electronic conversation takes place to

determine whether they have data to share or whether one needs to control the other. The user doesn't have to

press a button or give a command -- the electronic conversation happens automatically. Once the conversation

has occurred, the devices -- whether they're part of a computer system or a stereo -- form a network. Bluetooth

systems create a personal-area network (PAN), orpiconet, that may fill a room or may encompass no more

distance than that between the cell phone on a belt-clip and

the headset on your head. Once a piconet is established, the members randomly hop frequencies in unison so

they stay in touch with one another and avoid other piconets that may be operating in the same room
5. THE PROMISE OF BLUETOOTH – WHAT IT CAN DO

The promise of Bluetooth is extremely ambitious. If Bluetooth lives up to its potential, it will revolutionize the

way people interact with information technology. Originally conceived as a low-power short-range radio

technology designed to replace cables for interconnecting devices such as printers, keyboards, and mice, its

perceived potential has evolved into much more. It has given rise to the concept of the Personal Area Network

(PAN), a technology of convenience where everything within the Personal Operating Space (POS) of an

individual that is related to communicating information (both voice and data) is automatically tied into a

seamless peer-to-peer network that self-configures to make information easily accessible. Scenarios for its

usage are many and diverse and are only limited by the imaginations of the companies that create the products.
5.1 COMPARED WITH WIRELESS LANS

There is even talk of Bluetooth competing with WLANs, but Bluetooth products work

over shorter distances and are designed to solve different problems. While the

functionality of a WLAN device stands alone as a network component, the functionality

of a Bluetooth component requires a host. The host can be any number of Bluetooth

enabled devices such as cell phones, headsets, keyboards, PDAs, vending machines,

cameras, and bar code readers.

5.2 USAGE MODEL EXAMPLES.
Following are examples of some usage models for Bluetooth devices.

5.2.1 Wireless Headset

The leading adoption of Bluetooth will initially be in the arena of mobile phones. Nearly every major

mobile phone manufacturer has already released Bluetooth- enabled models of their popular phones. The

driver for this adoption is the ability to use a wireless headset with the phone. The impact of mobile phone

radiation on health has been under scrutiny for some time, especially since the phone is usually held near the

head. The radio frequency energy emitted by a Bluetooth wireless headset is a fraction of that emitted by a

mobile phone. Additionally, the convenience

of being cordless

means the phone can be used even if it is in a briefcase or the trunk.

5.2.2 Internet Bridge

Bluetooth wireless technology can be used to allow a mobile phone or cordless modem to provide Dial-

Up Networking (DUN) capabilities for a PC, allowing it to connect to the Internet without a physical phone

line. This enables a laptop to automatically utilize the user’s nearby cell phone to dial and connect to a dial-up

service. The user doesn’t need to touch the phone, which might be in a briefcase or coat pocket.
5.2.3 File Exchange

The ability to perform peer-to-peer file exchange without the presence of a network infrastructure has

many advantages. For example, a salesperson may choose to share the contents of an electronic slide

presentation (as well as datasheets, business cards, and other electronic collateral) with the audience. Bluetooth

enables the automatic detection of any Bluetooth devices in the room, enabling the transfer (with the receiver’s

permission) of all selected files. (This could also be done with a wireless LAN, but all parties involved would

have to configure their clients to use compatible network settings. This is not required for Bluetooth.)
5.2.4 Synchronization

Bluetooth allows for data synchronization between devices. For example, a desktop computer that is

Bluetooth enabled can wirelessly synchronize its contact list, task information, calendar, etc., to a user’s phone,

PDA, or notebook. Several Bluetooth- based synchronization models already exist for both Pocket PC and

Palm-based PDAs.
5.2.5 Printing
 HP is making printers and notebooks with embedded Bluetooth technology. Bluetooth-enabled devices

can automatically detect Bluetooth-enabled printers in their area and wirelessly send documents to the printer

without going through lengthy network and printing setup processes. Mobile users who frequently visit remote

offices will find Bluetooth printing a significant improvement in convenience to their current experience.
5.3 AN ENGINEERING CHALLENGE

 T h e d e m a n d s o f
c r e a t i n g B l u e t o o t h -
e n a b l e d p r o d u c t s a r e
v e r y c h a l l e n g i n g .

Consider the following:

 B l u e t o o t h m u s t h a v e a
v e r y f l e x i b l e
a p p l i c a t i o n t o p o l o g y .
F o r e x a m p l e , y o u m i g h t

want your PDA to be able to communicate with any nearby printer, but do you

want your cell phone to send its audio to any nearby hands-free headset?

 B l u e t oo t h m u s t b e
a u t o m a t i c a l l y
c o n f i g u r a b l e . I f a
B l u e t o o t h p r o d u c t c a n ’ t
f i g u r e

out whom it should and shouldn’t talk to and how, the marketplace will consider it

too complicated to use.

 B l u e t o o t h m u s t h a v e
q u a l i t y o f s e r v i c e
( Q o S ) f e a t u r e s t o
s u p p o r t v o i c e .

 N o o n e w a
n t s c e l l
p h o n e s w i h t
s h o r t e r
b a t t e r y l i f e , s o t h e
p o w e r r e q u i r e d t o

support Bluetooth capability must be very low.

 N o o n e w a n t s P D A s
t h a t a r e l a r g e r , s o
a d d i n g B l u e t o o t h
c a p a b i l i t y t o a d e v i c e

should not noticeably increase its size.

 I n o r d e r t o r
p l a c e e
c a b l e s , B l u e t o o t h
c a n n o t c o s t m o r e t h a n
c a b l e s . T h i s m e a n s

that Bluetooth technology cannot add more than $5 to the cost of the host device.

The phrase “Wireless connections made easy,” which is printed on the cover page of the more than 1,500

pages of engineering specifications that define Bluetooth, means easy for the user, but hard for the engineers

designing the products. For the reasons outlined above, Bluetooth presents some of the most demanding

engineering challenges in the telecommunications arena, and products are only just now beginning to appear

on the market.
5.4 BLUETOOTH PRODUCT CERTIFICATION

The Bluetooth Special Interest Group1 (SIG) is a group of companies that cooperate to define Bluetooth

standards and qualify Bluetooth products. A product that has passed certain testing criteria can be stamped

with the Bluetooth logo, assuring a certain level of interoperability.

6. BLUETOOTH BASICS – HOW IT WORKS
6.1 NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Any Bluetooth device can be a master or a slave, depending on the application scenario. Bluetooth employs

frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) to communicate. So in order for multiple Bluetooth devices to

communicate, they must all synchronize to the same hopping sequence. The master sets the hopping sequence,

and the slaves synchronize to the Master. A piconet is formed by a master and up to seven active slaves. The

slaves in a piconet only communicate with the master. A scatter net can be formed by linking two or more

piconets. When a device is present in more than one piconet, it must time-share and synchronize to the master

of the piconet with which it is currently communicating.

While the topology and hierarchical structure of WLAN networks are relatively simple,

Bluetooth networks are far more diverse and dynamic. They are constantly being
formed,
modified, and dissolved, as Bluetooth devices move in and out of range of one another. And because different

Bluetooth devices can represent many different usage profiles, there are any different ways in which Bluetooth

devices can interact.

6.2 SERVICE DISCOVERY

The concept of service discovery is utilized to determine what kind of Bluetooth devices are present and what

services they desire or offer. When a Bluetooth device requires a service, it begins a discovery process by

sending out a query for other Bluetooth devices and the information needed to establish a connection with

them. Once other Bluetooth devices are found and communication is established, the Service Discovery

Protocol (SDP) is utilized to determine what services are supported and what kinds of connections should be

made. In order for the above to happen, devices willing to connect must be located. Some devices may be set

up so that they are invisible. In this case, they can scan for other Bluetooth devices, but will not respond if they

are likewise queried. Applications determine whether a device is connectable or discoverable, and thus

applications determine the topologies of networks and their internal hierarchies.

6.3 ACL AND SCO LINKS

Once a connection has been established between two devices an Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) link is

formed between them. An ACL link provides packet- switched communication and is the most common link

used to handle data traffic. A master has the option to change an ACL link to a Synchronous Connection

Oriented (SCO) link. An SCO link provides a Quos feature by reserving time slots for transmission of time-

critical Information such as voice. A piconet can have up to three full-duplex voice links.
6.4 STANDARD PROFILES TO ENABLE USAGE MODELS.

The number and variety of different Bluetooth usage models mean that Bluetooth devices must call from a

large collection of different protocols and functions to implement a specific usage model. In order to ensure

that all usage models will work among devices from many different manufacturers, this collection of protocols

and functions must be standardized. Bluetooth profiles are standardized definitions of protocols and functions

required for specific kinds of tasks. The current Bluetooth Standard 1.1 contains 13 profiles, with more being

continually added. One or more of these profiles are utilized when implementing various usage models. Some

profiles are dependent upon others. Some of the most basic are:
6.4.1 General Access Profile (Gap)
 This profile is required by all usage models and defines how Bluetooth devices discover and connect to

one another, as well as defines security protocols. All Bluetooth devices must conform to at least the GAP to

ensure basic interoperability

between

devices.

6.4.2 SERVICE DISCOVERY APPLICATION PROFILE (SDAP)

The SDAP uses parts of the GAP to define the discovery of services for Bluetooth

devices.

6.4.3 SERIAL PORT PROFILE

This profile defines how to set up and connect virtual serial ports between two devices. This serial cable

emulation can then be used for tasks such as data transfer and printing.
6.4.4 GENERIC OBJECT EXCHANGE PROFILE (GOEP)

GOEP is dependent on the Serial Port Profile and is used by applications to handle object exchanges. This

capability is then used, in turn, by other profiles to perform such functions as Object Push, File Transfer, and

Synchronization (see below).

6.4.5 OBJECT PUSH

This profile is used for the exchange of small objects, such as electronic calling cards.

6.4.6 FILE TRANSFER

This profile is used to transfer files between two Bluetooth devices.

6.4.7 SYNCHRONIZATION

This profile is used to synchronize calendars and address information between

devices.

New profiles not yet part of the standard include the following: a Basic Printing Profile to facilitate printing of

text emails, short messages, and formatted documents; a Hands Free Profile to enable a mobile phone to be

used with a hands-free device in a car; a Basic Imaging Profile enabling Bluetooth devices to negotiate the size

and encoding of exchanged images; and a Hardcopy Cable Replacement Profile, used by devices such as

laptops and desktop computers that utilize printer drivers.

6.5 POWER LEVELS AND RANGE
Most Bluetooth devices, dependent on batteries for power, are designated as class 3 devices and are designed

to operate at a power level of 0 dBm (1 mW), which provides a range of up to 10 m. Class 2 devices can utilize

as much as 4 dBm (2.5 mW) output power, and class 1 devices can utilize up to 20 dBm (100 mW) of output

power. Class 1 devices can have a range up to 100 m. Bluetooth class 2 and 3 devices can optionally

implement adaptive power control. Required for class 1 devices, this mechanism allows a Bluetooth radio to

reduce power to the minimum level required to maintain its link, thus saving power and reducing the potential

for interfering with other nearby networks.

3. THE EVOLVING BLUETOOTH STANDARD

THE BLUETOOTH SIG

Since the original Bluetooth specification was published in 1999, more than 2000 additional companies have

signed on as associate members, able to participate in development of future standards and extensions by

contributing efforts to various working groups.

THE CURRENT SPECIFICATION
The current specification, Ver. 1.12, defines a radio which operates in the

unregulated Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band as follows:

2.4 GHz, FHSS w/1600 hops/s over 79 channels: 1 Mbps

The fundamental elements of a Bluetooth product are defined in the two lowest

protocol layers, the radio layer and the baseband layer. Included in these layers

are hardware tasks such as frequency hopping control and clock synchronization,

as well as packet assembly with associated FEC (Forward Error Correction) and

ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request).

The link manager layer is responsible for searching for other Bluetooth devices,

creating and tearing down piconets, as well as authentication and encryption.

Higher layer definitions include the Bluetooth profiles.

ENHANCING THE SPECIFICATION

The Bluetooth SIG is currently working on a new specification, due for publication sometime in 2002. In the

interest of maintaining backwards compatibility, most of this work is confined to describing new profiles.

One of the most intriguing is a car profile that describes the use of personal devices like pagers, cell phones,

and laptops in an automotive environment. Envisioned usages include the automatic adjustment of various

settings in an automobile, such as seat and mirror positions and radio tuning, based on personal preferences

stored in a Bluetooth device. Another profile would link a cell phone, car radio, and text-to-speech software on

a laptop, to allow email to be spoken audibly over the car radio.

In addition to developing new profiles, other working groups are developing

extensions to enhance Bluetooth operations. The radio working group is

developing optional extensions to the current Bluetooth standard that include higher data rates and handoff

capability to support roaming, and the coexistence working group is collaborating with the IEEE 802.11 and
802.15 working groups to address interference concerns and ensure that Bluetooth can coexist in the same

environment with WLANs.

4. SECURITY ISSUES AND ATTACKS

In November 2003, it was. discovered that there are serious flaws in the authentication and/or data transfer

mechanisms on some bluetooth enabled devices. Specifically, three vulnerabilities have been found:

Firstly, confidential data can be obtained, anonymously, and without the owner's knowledge or consent, from

some bluetooth enabled mobile phones. This data includes, at least, the entire phonebook and calendar, and the

phone's IMEI.

Secondly, it has been found that the complete memory contents of some mobile phones can be accessed by a

previously trusted ("paired") device that has since been removed from the trusted list. This data includes not

only the phonebook and calendar, but media files such as pictures and text messages. In essence, the entire

device can be "backed up" to an attacker's own system.

Thirdly, access can be gained to the AT command set of the device, giving full access to the higher level

commands and channels, such as data, voice and messaging. This third vulnerability was identified by Martin

Herfurt, and they have since started working together on finding additional possible exploits resulting from this

vulnerability.
Finally, the current trend for "Bluejacking" is promoting an environment which puts

consumer devices at greater risk from the above attacks.

Vulnerabilities

8.1 The SNARF attack:

It is possible, on some makes of device, to connect to the device without alerting the

owner of the target device of the request, and gain access to restricted portions of the

stored data therein, including the entire phonebook (and any images or other data

associated with the entries), calendar, realtime clock, business card, properties, change

log, IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity [6], which uniquely identifies the

phone to the mobile network, and is used in illegal phone 'cloning'). This is normally only

possible if the device is in "discoverable" or "visible" mode, but there are tools available

on the Internet that allow even this safety net to be bypassed[4]. Further details will not
be released at this time (see below for more on this), but the attack can and will be

demonstrated to manufacturers and press if required.

8.2 The BACKDOOR attack:

The backdoor attack involves establishing a trust relationship through the "pairing"

mechanism, but ensuring that it no longer appears in the target's register of paired

devices. In this way, unless the owner is actually observing their device at the precise

moment a connection is established, they are unlikely to notice anything untoward, and

the attacker may be free to continue to use any resource that a trusted relationship with

that device grants access to (but note that so far we have only tested file transfers). This

means that not only can data be retrieved from the phone, but other services, such as

modems or Internet, WAP and GPRS gateways may be accessed without the owner's

knowledge or consent. Indications are that once the backdoor is installed, the above

SNARF attack will function on devices that previously denied access, and without the

restrictions of a plain SNARF attack, so we strongly suspect that the other services will

prove to be available also.

8.3 The BLUEBUG attack:

The bluebug attack creates a serial profile connection to the device, thereby giving full

access to the AT command set, which can then be exploited using standard off the shelf

tools, such as PPP for networking and gnokii for messaging, contact management, diverts

and initiating calls. With this facility, it is possible to use the phone to initiate calls to

premium rate numbers, send sms messages, read sms messages, connect to data services

such as the Internet, and even monitor conversations in the vicinity of the phone. This

latter is done via a voice call over the GSM network, so the listening post can be

anywhere in the world. Bluetooth access is only required for a few seconds in order to set

up the call. Call forwarding diverts can be set up, allowing the owner's incoming calls to

be intercepted, either to provide a channel for calls to more expensive destinations, or for

identity theft by impersonation of the victim.

8.4 Bluejacking
Although known to the technical community and early adopters for some time, the process now known as

"Bluejacking"[1] has recently come to the fore in the consumer arena, and is becoming a popular mechanism

for exchanging anonymous messages in public places. The technique involves abusing the bluetooth

"pairing"[2] protocol, the system by which bluetooth devices authenticate each other, to pass a message during

the initial "handshake" phase. This is possible because the "name" of the initiating bluetooth device is

displayed on the target device as part of the handshake exchange, and, as the protocal allows a large user

defined name field - up to 248 characters - the field itself can be used to pass the message. This is all well and

good, and, on the face of it, fairly harmless, but, unfortunately, there is a down side. There is a potential

security problem with this, and the more the practice grows and is accepted by the user community, and

leveraged as a marketing tool by the vendors, the worse it will get. The problem lies in the fact that the

protocol being abused is designed for information exchange. The ability to interface with other devices and

exchange, update and synchronise data, is the raison d'être of bluetooth. The bluejacking technique is using the

first part of a process that allows that exchange to take place, and is therefore open to further abuse if the

handshake completes and the "bluejacker" successfully pairs with the target device. If such an event occurs,

then all data on the target device bacomes available to the initiator, including such things as phone books,

calendars, pictures and text messages. As the current wave of PDA and telephony integration progresses, the

volume and quality of such data will increase with the devices' capabilities, leading to far more serious

potential compromise. Given the furore that errupted when a second-hand Blackberry PDA was sold without

the previous owner's data having been wiped[3], it is alarming to think of the consequences of a single

bluejacker gathering an entire corporate staff's contact details by simply attending a conference or camping

outside their building or in their foyer with a bluetooth capable device and evil intent. Of course, corporates are

not the only potential targets - a bluejacking expedition to, say, The House of Commons, or The US Senate,

could provide some interesting, valuable and, who's to say, potentially damaging or compromising data. The

above may sound alarmist and far fetched, and the general reaction would probably be that most users would

not be duped into allowing the connection to complete, so the risk is small. However, in today's society of

instant messaging, the average consumer is under a constant barrage of unsolicted messages in one form or

another, whether it be by

SPAM email, or "You have won!" style SMS text messages, and do not tend to treat them with much suspicion

(although they may well be sceptical about the veracity of the offers). Another message popping up on their

'phone saying something along the lines of "You have won 10,000 pounds! Enter this 4 digit PIN number and
then dial 0900- SUCKER to collect your prize!" is unlikely to cause much alarm, and is more than likely to

succeed in many cases.

8.5 VARIOUS OTHER ATTACKS

BLUEBUG is the name of a bluetooth security loophole on some bluetooth-enabled cell phones. Exploiting

this loophole allows the unauthorized downloading phone books and call lists, the sending and reading of SMS

messages from the attacked phone and many more things.

LONG DISTANCE SNARF- An eye-opener to those who believe that the range of the wireless technology

Bluetooth is 100 meter maximum. The Long-Distance-Snarf Experiment that took place in the early morning

of proofs this assumption wrong

BLUETONE--The information on this page is intended to help people that want to modify their bluetooth

equipment in order to connect an external (directional) antenna to their Bluetooth dongle. This Bluetooth

tuning makes it possible to concentrate the emission of bluetooth signals to one direction instead of any

direction. This direction of signals enhances the range of bluetooth radios

BLUEPRINTING--Blueprinting is a method to remotely find out details about bluetooth- enabled devices.

Blueprinting can be used for generating statistics about manufacturers and models and to find out whether

there are devices in range that have issues with Bluetooth security

BLOOVER--Since Adam Laurie's BlueSnarf experiment and the subsequent BlueBug experiment it is proven

that some Bluetooth-enabled phones have security issues. Until now, attackers need laptops for the snarfing of

other people's information. Unless attackers do a long-distance-snarf, people would see that there is somebody

with a laptop trying to do strange things. Blooover is a proof-of-concept tool that is intended to run on BT

AUDIT--The Bluetooth architecture consists out of two main protocols, L2CAP and RFCOMM which is

layered on top of L2CAP. Since these protocols utilize ports (as they are named in the popular TCP/IP UDP/IP

architecture). It makes sense to have the ability

to scan these in order to find so called open ports and possible vulnerable applications

bound to them.

BLUESMACK- BlueSmack is a Bluetooth attack that knocks out some Bluetooth- enabled devices

immediately. This Denial of Service attack can be conducted using standard tools that ship with the official

Linux Bluez utils package

BT CLASS-Each Bluetooth device has a device class (type of device and services it provides) which is part of

the responds to an inquiry. The device class has a total length of 24 bits and is separated in three parts
9. BLUETOOTH SECURITY

Bluetooth security, when compared with WLAN security, is both more complex and simpler. It is more

complex in the sense that there are many different options for security based on different application scenarios.

It is simpler in the sense that, for the most part, they are transparent to the user. With WLANs it is up to the

network administrator to add security at higher levels. With Bluetooth, since the Bluetooth spec includes all

levels, higher-level security features are already built into the devices when appropriate. Bluetooth security

includes both authentication and confidentiality, and is based around the SAFER+ encryption algorithm.

SAFER+ is a block cipher, but in this application is implemented as a stream cipher. SAFER+ was thoroughly

analyzed and tested during the

NIST’s search for a national encryption standard. Although some versions were found to have very minor

weaknesses, the 128-bit version as used in Bluetooth is considered very strong.

9.1 LINK LAYER SECURITY – KEYS AND MORE KEYS

The Bluetooth Baseband (link layer) specification defines methods for both

authentication and encryption that are subsequently utilized by higher layers.

These methods utilize a number of keys generated by a process that begins with three basic device entities: a

public 48-bit device address, a random number generator, and a secret PIN which is either built into the unit by

the manufacturer or programmed by the user. A typical PIN may consist of just four decimal digits. However,

for applications
requiring more security a PIN code up to 128-bits long can be entered. The first of many

keys is created the first time the Bluetooth device is installed on the host

and is typically never changed. This is referred to as the unit key.

9.1.1 Authentication

When a Bluetooth session (defined as the time interval for which the device is part of a piconet) is initiated, a

series of additional keys is generated. One of these keys, referred to as the link key or authentication key, is a
one-time 128-bit secret key that is used only during that session. The process of authentication employs the

encryption of a random number by each device to verify that each is sharing the same secret link key.
9.1.2 Encryption

If encryption is required by the application, an encryption key is further derived

from the

link key, a ciphering offset number, and a random number. While the authentication key is always 128-bits, the

encryption key may be shorter to accommodate government restrictions on encryption, which vary from

country to country. A new encryption key is generated each time the device enters encryption mode. The

authentication key, however, is used during the entire session.

9.2 APPLICATION LAYER SECURITY

The Bluetooth General Access Profile defines three security modes:

Mode 1 is non-secure. Authentication is optional.

Mode 2 gives service-level enforced security. The service provided by the

application decides whether or not authentication or encryption is required. The

Bluetooth SIG has published the Bluetooth Security Architecture white paper5 that defines a suitable

architecture for implementing service-level enforced security on Bluetooth devices. The white paper splits

devices into different categories and trust levels, as well as suggesting three security levels for services. The

utilization of a database is suggested for enabling the user to authorize devices to utilize only particular

services. Because the implementation of security at this level does not affect interoperability, this white paper

is advisory only, and is not part of the Bluetooth specification.

Mode 3 is link-level enforced security. Both devices must implement security

procedures in order for a connection to be established. In addition to the above modes, a device can be

configured to not respond to paging, so that other devices cannot connect to it. Or it can be configured so that

only devices that already know its address can connect to it. Such numerous and complex levels of security are

necessary to accommodate the large variety of different usage scenarios. It falls on the designers of Bluetooth

products to ensure that the complexity of Bluetooth is hidden from the user, while still providing the user with

necessary security options.

10. WORKAROUNDS AND FIXES
We are not aware of any workarounds for the SNARF or BLUEBUG attacks at this time,

other than to switch off Bluetooth.

To permanently remove a pairing, and protect against future BACKDOOR attacks, it seems you must perform

a factory reset, but this will, of course, erase all your personal data. To avoid Blue jacking, "just say no”. The

above methods work to the best of our knowledge, but, as the devices affected are running closed-source

proprietory software, it not possible to verify that without the collaboration of the manufacturers. We therefore

make no claims as to the level of protection they provide, and you must continue to use Bluetooth at your own

risk.
11. Device Authentication In Bluetooth Technology

Bluetooth technology provides a method for authenticating devices. Device authentication is provided using a

shared secret between the two devices. The common shared secret is called a link key. This link key is

established in a special communications session called pairing. All paired devices (devices that have had a

previous connection to establish security procedures) share a common link key. There are two types of link

keys defined in the unit keys and combination keys.

A device using a unit key uses the same secret for all of its connections. Unit keys are appropriate for devices

with limited memory or a limited user interface. During the pairing procedure the unit key is transferred

(encrypted) to the other unit. Note that only one of the two paired units is allowed to use a unit key.

Combination keys are link keys that are unique to a particular pair of devices.

The combination key is only used to protect the communication between these two devices. Clearly a device

that uses a unit key is not as secure as a device that uses a combination key. Since the unit key is common to

all devices with which the device has been paired, all such devices have knowledge of the unit key.

Consequently they are able to eavesdrop on any traffic based on this key. In addition, they could, in theory, be

modified to impersonate other devices using the key. Thus, when using a unit key there is no protection against

attacks from other devices with which the device has been paired.

As a result, the Bluetooth SIG discourages the use of unit keys in secure applications. Authentication is

performed with a challenge response scheme utilizing the E1 algorithm. E1 is a modification of the block

cipher SAFER+. The scheme operates as follows: The verifier issues a 128 bit long challenge. The claimant
then applies E1 using the challenge, its 48-bit Bluetooth address, and the current link key. He then returns the

32 most significant bits of the128 bit result2.

The verifier confirms the response, in which case the authentication has succeeded. In this case, the roles are

switched and the same procedure is applied again, thereby accomplishing mutual authentication.
The Bluetooth challenge response algorithm differs from that used in 802.11b in very

important ways. In 802.11b the challenge and response

form a plaintext/cipher text pair. This fact, combined with the simplicity of the encryption method (XOR),

allow an intruder to easily determine the authentication key string by listening to one authentication procedure.

In contrast, the Bluetooth authentication method never transmits the complete challenge response pair. In

addition, the E1 algorithm is not easily invertible. Thus even if an attacker has recorded an authentication

challenge response session, he cannot (directly) use this data to compute the authentication key.
12. BLUETOOTH PAIRING

Pairing is the procedure where a relationship (link key) is established between two previously unknown

devices. The link key is derived when the devices are initially paired (i.e. the link key does not exist before the

pairing procedure). Pairing is facilitated with yet another key, the initialization key. This key is computed by a

pair of devices using the Bluetooth addresses of each device, a random number, and a shared secret (PIN).

Since it

is only used in the initial pairing, the initialization key is only used once. The initial pairing is the most

profitable area of attack on a Bluetooth device. If the attacker can guess or steal the PIN during the initial

pairing, then he can perform a much more efficient search to derive the link key. This search is further

simplified if the communications occurring while the devices are paired is recorded. For this reason the

Bluetooth SIG strongly encourages the use of long, random PINs and suggests that pairing be performed only

in a private place. Assuming that both devices have a man- machine interface (such as a keypad) it is also

suggested that the PIN be manually entered into both devices or in any case communicated out-of-band (not

transmitted over the Bluetooth wireless link). Thus, long PINs provide improved security since the PIN cannot

be received over-the-air. To steal the PIN an attacker must guess or record it by some other means such as

direct observation of the user, a more difficult procedure if the PIN is long and the pairing is performed in

private.
As a communication standard, Bluetooth security focuses on the link level. It provides
both entity authentication and link privacy. Since these functions are focused at the lower network layers,

message authentication and secure end-to- end links are not provided. However, many applications, such as e-

mail and browser transactions require end-to-end security. As with other communication standards, this

function is expected to be provided at higher network layers by specific application providers.

Accordingly, the Bluetooth SIG encourages the reuse of existing transport, session and application layer

security. Accordingly the Bluetooth SIG strongly encourages pairing in a private place and the use of robust

PINs. In addition, simple devices that use unit keys should not be relied upon to communicate highly secure

data.
13. BLUESNARFING

SNARF and bluesnarfing are words that have been spooking through the Internet during the last months. These

words relate to a recently discovered security flaw in Bluetooth- enabled devices. This report is about a field-

trial that has evaluated this security loophole at the CeBIT 2004 in Hannover. As described in, the SNARF

attack enables access to restricted portions of the device. SNARF is a word coming from computer-hacker

jargon. To snarf something means “to grab a large document or file and use it without the author’s

permission”. So it is possible to, for example read out the affected devices’ phone books. These phone books

contain numbers and associated names of persons that are either stored in the device phone-book, on the SIM

card or in the lists of missed, received or dialed contacts. It is also possible to retrieve and send SMS messages

from the affected phone or to initiate phone calls to any existing number (this feature is of special interest if

you are the running a premium service number yourself.

In theory, all supported AT-commands could be issued to the respective device, but according to statements of

the manufacturers some of the commands are not permitted by means of this disallowed connection. But there

would be no reason of preventing commands from a connection that the firmware discloses by accident.
13.1 The BlueSnarf Field Trial

The environment was build up by open-source software ran on a laptop computer.

13.2 The Environment Setup

The hardware used for this trial was a COMPAQ Evo N600c with two low-cost MSI Bluetooth USB-dongles.

The software used with this hardware was linux-2.6.22together with Qualcomm’s Bluetooth stack

implementation Bluez (bluez-libs-2-.5, bluez-utils-2.4 and bluez-sdp-1.5). The actual application was
implemented in PERL and C. For better data-mining capabilities, an enterprise-level SQLDBMS (postgresql-

7.4.1) has been used in order to store and access the collected device-information.
13.3 Collected Data Samples and Results

In total, 1269 different devices have been discovered in the period from March 18th to 21st March 2004 at the

place described above. Due to the limited range of about ten meters, not all of the Bluetooth-enabled devices at

this place could have been detected. But still, the number of discovered devices is very high.
13.4 Discovered Device Vendors

The determination of the vendor is done by means of the Bluetooth address. Similar to the hardware-address

(MAC address) of Ethernet network interface cards, also the Bluetooth address refers to the manufacturer of

the Bluetooth chip-set. Table 1 shows the vendor and the three first bytes of the Bluetooth addresses that are

associated with the respective vendor. Also a value expressing the distribution among the vendors is provided

in this table.

The 70 percent of discovered Nokia handsets clearly represent Nokia’s market-leadership in Europe.

Interestingly, many companies use the Nokia 6310i as a company phone. One possible reason for this could be

the compatibility to the Nokiacar-kits that have been installed over years in many company cars.
13.5 Vendor Address-Bytes Percentage
Table 13.5.1 : Device Vendors

Nokia 00:02: EE, 00:60:57, 00:E0:03 70

SonyEricsson 00:0A:D9 11.35
Siemens 00:01:E3 8.2
Unknown miscellaneous 8.1
Other miscellaneous 2.1
13.6 Discovered Models

It cannot be determined from the device’s Bluetooth address which model of the respective vendor this is.

Therefore, the Bluetooth name that on many devices defaults to the model number has been used to identify

the model of the discovered device. The Bluetooth name of the devices can be set by the user and is therefore
not itself a reliable information to determine the model number. It is worth mentioning that many people use

their full name as identification for their device.

The tables 2, 3 and 4 show the numbers of models that could have been uniquely determined by their names.

So, this graph is not totally correct, but gives a coarse idea on the vendor/model distribution.
The graph displayed in table 2 supports the assumption that has been made before,
that

obviously many companies are using the Nokia 6310i phone for their employees.

13.7 Device Number Percentage

Table 13.7.1: Recognized Nokia Models

Unrecognized 669 75.1

Nokia 6310/6310i 135 15.2
Nokia 6600 48 5.4
Nokia 3650 28 3.1
Nokia 7650 11 1.2

Characteristic for the German/European market was the relatively high presence

Unrecognized

T610

P900

P800
13.8 Device Number Percentage

Table 13.8.1: Recognized SonyEricsson Models

Unrecognized 106 72.1

SonyEricsson T610 33 22.5
SonyEricsson P900 7 4.8
SonyEricsson P800 1 0.6
of Siemens phones. At the moment, only the phones belonging to the 55 series and the

new SX1 are supporting Bluetooth. Unrecognized S55/SL55, SX1

13.9 Device Number Percentage

Unrecognized 69 66.3, Siemens S55/SL55 30 28.9, Siemens SX1 5 4.8

13.10 Discovered Vulnerable Devices

As written in, there are a number of devices that are vulnerable to the SNARF attack. According to this

document there is the Ericsson phone T68/T68i, the SonyEricsson phones R520m, T610 and Z1010 and the

Nokia phones 6310/6310i, 8910/8910i and 7650. Adam Laurie also provides information, whether the

respective devices are attackable in invisible or visible mode, only. Since the setup used for this field trial did

not use a brute-force approach (as presented by @stake) for detecting also invisible devices, this study only

confirms the vulnerability of visible devices. Due to limited market take-up and the resulting low penetration-

rate of some devices, the vulnerability of some of the listed devices cannot be confirmed by this study.
As displayed in figures 2 and 3, the two top-selling Bluetooth-enabled models of

SonyEricsson and Nokia are vulnerable to the SNARF attack. Experiments with the

SonyEricsson T610 showed that this model is generally not vulnerable to the SNARF attack. During an earlier

presentation of the SNARF attacking February it happened that T610 phones with recent versions of the T610

firmware were disclosing personal information. Obviously, newer versions of the T610 firmware do allow

SNARF attacks.
Nokia 6310/6310i as mentioned above, this study confirms that the Nokia 6310 and the

more enhanced Nokia 6310i are very vulnerable to the SNARF attack. About 33 percent of all discovered

devices of this type were disclosing personal phone book entries without requiring user-interaction. Since the

snarf-process takes an average Time of 30 seconds (from the discovery to the end of the attack), it is very

likely that a lot more devices could have been read out. Too many people were just passing the location so that

they left the Bluetooth-covered area too early to be snarfed. SonyEricsson T610 In future when the newer

firmware is running on an increased number of T610-devices the success rate of the SNARF attack will also

increase. In the CeBIT 2004 field trail only 6 percent of all discovered T610 devices could be read out.

Siemens Phones As far as it has been observed in the CeBIT field trial, Siemens phones are not vulnerable to

the SNARF attack. Bluetooth-enabled Siemens phones like the S55 merely seem to be rather paranoid. Every

time a usual scan-request is received by these phones they cowardly ask for the user’s confirmation. Actually,

this behavior is quite annoying.

13.11 Other Experiences
In preparation for the trial-setup, the Ericsson T68i (which is also on the list of vulnerable devices) has been

checked. It can be confirmed, that this phone is vulnerable. Total Snarfed 50, SonyEricsson T61033 to the

SNARF attack but switches into the hidden mode automatically (three minutes after activation of the Bluetooth

interface). In hidden mode this phone is not vulnerable.

13.12 What Has Been Done?

The SNARF attack used at the CeBIT was intended to finish as fast as possible. That is why only the first 10

entries of each phone book were read out. About 50 numbers from each snarfed phone have been retrieved.
13.13 What Could Have Been Done?

As mentioned in the introduction there could have been done a variety of different things with an unauthorized

Bluetooth connection to the phone. The following paragraphs give some ideas on the things this security flaw

would also allow the attacker to do.

13.13.1 Sending a SMS

The only good way to get to know the number of the snarfed phone is to send an SMS from the attacked phone

to another device. Depending on the manufacturer of the phone, SMS messages can either be provided in 7bit

encoded ASCII-text and/or have to be provided as a SMS-PDU which is rather tricky to generate. For the

creation of SMS- PDUs there is a tool called PDUSpy in the download section of Nokia phones allow to issue

text-mode and PDU-mode messages to the device, while SonyEricsson phones (and also Siemens phones) only

accept PDU-encoded SMS messages. The sending of an SMS is not visible to the user. Usually, the issued

SMS is not stored in the sent-box of the snarfed phone. In rare cases, the SMS settings of the snarfed phone are

set to require a report that is generated at the receiving phone. In this case the sender that was not aware of

having sent a message would receive a reception-report from the attacker’s phone (which includes a phone

number). By sending PDU encoded messages, it can be controlled by setting a flag whether a reception report

is generated or not.

This method to get the victim’s phone number is causing costs to the holder of the phone. That is why it has

not been done in the CeBIT field-trial. But it works for sure (at least on Nokia devices).

It would also be possible to get the device’s phone number by initiating a phone call to the number of a phone

that is able to display the caller’s number. However, this method would disclose the number of the dialed
phone to the owner of the attacked phone, because every call initiation is writing an entry into the dialed

contacts list (DC phone book).

13.13.2 Initiating a Phone Call

It is possible to initiate phone calls to virtually any other number. It would be very lucrative to initiate calls to a

premium service number that is ran by the attacker. As mentioned before, dialed numbers are usually stored in

the phone’s calling lists and are also stored at the provider-site for billing purposes. Therefore, this kind of

abuse is rather unlikely. It would also be very easy to find out and sue the person being responsible for this

premium service.
13.13.3 Writing a Phone Book Entry

As mentioned before, every phone call is writing an entry into the “dialed contacts” or DC phone book of the

respective device. By writing a phone book entry into the DC phone book, the traces on the device that

evidence that a call has been made can be replaced by any number. Since the operator also stores dialed

numbers for billing purposes, this kind of obfuscation would only delay the process of finding the responsible

person. Of course it is also possible to do some nasty phone book entries. Just imagine an entry that has

’Darling’ as a name and the number of a person you dislike. This owner of the phone could then get into some

trouble with his/her spouse. In the CeBIT-trial no phone book entries have been done. Such entries would most

likely overwrite existing ones.

13.13.4 Future Work

Ongoing experiments include a SNARF application on Java/J2ME phones. As a Requirement for this, the

respective phones would have to have the MIDP 2.0 API Implemented together with the optionally provided

Bluetooth-API. The only phone that has these features at the moment is the Nokia 6600.
13.13.5 Blueprinting

Blueprinting aims to set a standard for Bluetooth fingerprinting devices. The idea is similar to IP fingerprinting

techniques as used in tools like an map where it is possible to determine a hosts operating system by specific

behavior of the IP stack. With Blueprinting it is possible to determine the manufacturer, the device model and

the firmware version of the respective device. The complexity of the introduced method is

intentionally simple so that this procedure can be executed on constrained devices that are not capable of

calculating common hashes such as MD5: the J2ME Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC)
Version 1.0 (as used in many mobile handsets) can perform it. There are many different reasons that justify a

method that allows the identification of Bluetooth-enabled devices by the characteristics of their radio

interface.
13.13.6 Device Statistics

One of the purposes that Blueprinting could be used for is statistical examination of different environments.

This way, it is possible to create statistics over manufacturer and device models in special places as it was done

in the CeBIT field trial report. There are more scenarios where the determination of Bluetooth device

properties is making sense.

13.13.7 Automated Application Distribution

There are many different mobile handsets that all have different operating system platforms running. One of

the most popular platforms is Symbian but there is a number of other platforms Mobile device manufacturers

are developing applications for many different purposes. In order to deliver the application for the right

platform, the application distributor needs to know about the requesting device model, so that the application

that is pushed to the device might be a version that supports e.g. the bigger display of a certain device.

Unfortunately, there are also malicious applications like the proof-of-concept virus CIBER that could profit

from an identification method like Blueprinting.

13.13.8 Security Audits

Early implementations of the Bluetooth standard in devices of various device manufacturers are subject to

more or less severe security issues. Attacks like the BlueSnarf attack, the Bluebug attack or the Blue Smack

attack, which enable the extraction of sensitive information, the abuse of telecommunications services or the

denial of service are subject to the firmware and the model of some phones. In order to communicate eventual

security issues to the respective manufacturers it is important to

know about the properties of the concerned device. Blueprinting contributes to the
efforts

done in order to make Bluetooth devices more secure.

13.13.9 Device Information

Blueprinting encapsulates the necessary information in order to determine device specific properties such as

the manufacturer, the model information and the firmware version. Since mobile phones and PDAs make up

the biggest group of Bluetooth enabled devices, Blueprinting mainly focuses on these devices. The method
relies on device specific information that has been collected in experiments such as the CeBIT experiment,

and, therefore, is not as detailed as it could be. Every Bluetooth enabled device has some characteristics that

are either unique (Bluetooth device address), manufacturer specific (the first part of the Bluetooth device

address) or model-specific (service description records). Blueprinting is combining the different information

that Bluetooth-enabled devices reveal in order to identify the manufacturer as well as the model of the device.

The firmware version that runs on certain devices can be derived based upon devices different characteristics.
13.13.10 Bluetooth Device Address

As mentioned above the Bluetooth device address (BD ADDR) is unique and globally refers to one single

device. This BD ADDR address consists out of 48 bits (6 bytes) that are usually notated like MAC addresses

(e.g. MM:MM:MM:XX:XX:XX). The address is programmed into the Bluetooth radio. The first three bytes of

this address (the bytes that are denoted by M’s above) refer to the manufacturer of the chipset. An actual list of

all these codes that refer to different manufacturers can be found in the OUI database hosted by IEEE.

Unfortunately, it is not possible to tell anything about the device model by interpretation of the remaining three

bytes. These bytes (denoted by X’s above) are used randomly in different models. Therefore, for identifying a

manufacturer’s model, Blueprinting takes the SDP profiles, which can be queried from devices that offer

services, into account.

13.13.11 SDP Profiles

Service Description Protocol (SDP) profiles are a concept that is used by Bluetooth in order to identify a

certain service to other devices. This is done for auto configuration purposes and to help a user setup a

connection to the specific device. SDP Profiles are served by the device’s sdp server and provide information
on how to access the offered profiles. Every SDP profile entry has some properties that can be used to identify

the device.
13.13.12 Blueprinting

Blueprinting uses specific information from SDP profiles of a device to create a hash for the respective device.

According to the standard, there is always a field that holds the Service.
Table 13.13.12.1 OPUSH Profile from a Nokia 6310i

Service Name: OBEX Object Push

Service RecHandle: 0x1000c
Service Class ID List:"OBEX Object Push" (0x1105)
Protocol Descriptor List:"L2CAP" (0x0100)
"RFCOMM" (0x0003)Channel: 9"OBEX" (0x0008)
Language Base Attr List: code ISO639: 0x656e
encoding: 0x6a
base offset: 0x100
Profile Descriptor List:"OBEX Object Push" (0x1105)
Version: 0x0100

Record Handle, which is a 32 bit number that is assigned by the SDP server when a service is registered during

startup of the device (e.g. 0x1000c in table 1). In the case of mobile phones, the Record Handles for the profile

entries at the SDP server are not dynamically assigned but statically coded in the phone’s firmware. The other

value that is taken into the hash is the RFCOMM channel or the L2CAP psm number that the service can be

accessed under. In the above profile, this would be RFCOMM channel 9. One part of a device’s Blueprinting

hash is the sum of the Rechanneled times the Channel for all running services. The following example shows

this by the example of a Nokia 6310i SDP profile export.

13.13.12.1 RecHandle Channel Product

0x1000b 2 131094

0x1000c 9 589932

0x1000d 1 65549

0x1000e 15 983250

0x1000f 3 196653

0x10010 13 852176
0x10011 12 786636

3605290
13.13.12.2 Blueprinting Software

The Blueprint software is a proof-of-concept implementation of the herein described Bluetooth fingerprinting

technique. For simplicity, it was implemented in Perl and reads the output of sdptool. Blueprint uses a simple

text based database which contains fingerprints and information about the associated device. The

implementation also combines the actual fingerprint with the manufacturer part of the BD ADDR to achieve a

higher matching rate.

version: V 5.22 15-11-02 NPL-1

date: n/a

type: mobile phone

note: vulnerable to Bluebug attack

13.14 RELATED WORK

13.14.1 Bluetooth Security Device Database

The Bluetooth Device Security Database was created after various security related bugs where found on

embedded Bluetooth devices. The btdsd projects goal is to collect information on (default) security settings of

Bluetooth enabled devices. The collection shows that nearly all manufacturers have different default security

settings and security features implemented. The database was used in the evaluation of the Blueprinting

technique.
13.14.2 Future Work

The work described here is the basis for ongoing work in this area. The trifinite.group is inviting everyone to

contribute in all future efforts. Continued progress relies on developing a more comprehensive set of SDP

profiles, which can be sent via email. For information on how to contribute, check the Bluetooth Device

Security Database page .

13.14.3 Non-SDP Fingerprinting
Blueprinting, so far, only uses the Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) information for identifying devices. In

the future, data from higher and lower level protocols should be used for identification as well. Examples could

be: Link Manager (LM) commands (when connecting to a specific service) or Obex behavior.
13.14.4 Conclusions

Blueprinting is a novel method for the identification of Bluetooth-enabled devices by means of their radio

interface and the Bluetooth stack of the operating system. The information gathered so far about the SDP

profiles demonstrates a decreasing diversity in mobile phone operating systems; the prevalent usage of e.g.

Symbian. The increasing uniformity is evident from similar Blueprinting hashes even when the hardware and

the manufacturer of the products differ. In the future, current trends dictate the variety of Blueprinting hashes

will most likely decrease. The fact that many phones have the same operating system could result in serious

trouble once a security flaw is discovered for a common operating system.

13.14.5 Blueprint Device Hashes

This section lists the hashes that have been collected so far. Some of the devices have multiple entries. The

explanation for this is that these devices have different firmware versions that result in a different Blueprinting

hash.
14. BLUETOOTH AND WINDOWS XP
Microsoft® has announced support for Bluetooth in the next release of Windows® XP as

follows:

Microsoft is creating native support in the Microsoft® Windows® operating system for Bluetooth wireless

technology. This support is entirely new and is not based on existing software from other companies. The

specific delivery vehicles are to be determined.

Microsoft supports the Bluetooth technology as a wireless bus, complementing USB and IEEE 1394. The goal

for Microsoft software support is to Windows work with several types of devices that implement Bluetooth

wireless technology, such as PC peripherals, PC companions, and devices bridged to network resources

through a PC.

Support for Bluetooth wireless technology is not in the first release of Windows XP, because there is not a

sufficient array of production-quality devices that conform to the Bluetooth specification for Microsoft to test.

However, Microsoft is actively developing support for Bluetooth technology and will ship this support in a
future release. Quality, reliability and compatibility are principal ship goals for Windows XP, and Microsoft

will not compromise on the customer experience

15. FUTURE OF BLUETOOTH
 Success of Bluetooth depends on how well it is integrated into consumer products

 Consumers are more interested in applications than the technology  Bluetooth must be successfully

integrated into consumer products  Must provide benefits for consumer

 Must not destroy current product benefits