Image formed by refraction

• Light rays are deflected by refraction through

4.3 Lenses
Images formed by refraction
Images formed by a thin lens
media with different refractive indexes.
• An image is formed by refraction across flat or
curved interfaces and by passage through
lenses.

Image formed by refraction through Image formed by refraction through

a refracting surface. a refracting surface.
Rotation
of the ray Light is caused
at the interface Light is to diverge in
caused to a different
Converge. direction.

Virtual Image formed by refraction.

Real image formed by refraction.

Why is the pencil bent? Converging Lenses

o
o
Fatter in the middle.
Cause light to converge toward the optic axis
Image of the tip

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 Parallel light though a converging
Diverging Lenses
lens is focused at the focal point.

Thinner in the middle

Cause light to diverge away from the optic axis

A real image is formed

Ray diagram for a converging

Ray tracing for lenses
lenses
• A line parallel to the lens axis passes
through the focal point
• A line through the center of the lens
passes through undeflected.
Object Image

Images formed by a converging

Question
lens
converging light Real
Inverted How will an object viewed through a
reduced converging lens appear as the lens is
brought closer to the object?
converging light
Real
Inverted
Enlarged

diverging light Virtual

Upright
Enlarged
At the focal point the image changes
from real to virtual

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 Real Image
Inverted
Real Image Magnified
Inverted

Virtual image
Virtual Image Upright
Upright
Magnified

Parallel light though a diverging

lens appears to go through the Image formed by a diverging lens
focal point.

Virtual
A virtual image is formed. Upright
Reduced

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 Question
How will the image of an object formed by a
diverging lens change as the lens is
brought closer to the object?

Virtual Image
Upright
Reduced

Virtual image
Upright Virtual image
Reduced Upright
Reduced

Thin lens equation. Magnification

1 1 1
+ = h' q
p q f M=− =−
h p

M positive- upright
p and q are positive if light passes through M negative- inverted
p is positive for real objects
f is positive for converging lenses for real image
f is negative for diverging lenses q is positive – image is inverted
q is positive for real images for virtual image
q is negative for virtual images. q is negative – image is upright

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 Example Example
An object is placed 30 cm in front of a converging An object is placed 30 cm in front of a converging
lens with focal length 10 cm. Find the object distance lens with focal length 10 cm. Find the object distance
and magnification. and magnification. Ray diagram.
1 1 1
+ =
p q f
1 1 1
= −
q f p
fp
Real image
(10)(30)
q= = = 15cm
p−f 30 − 10

M=−
q
=−
15
= −0.5 Inverted
p 30
Reduced

Example Projector lens

An object is placed 30 cm in front of a diverging
35 mm
lens with a focal length of -10 cm. Find the
image distance and magnification 1.5 m
1 1 1
+ =
p q f f=10cm
1 1 1
•
= − F
q f p 10 cm Suppose you want to project the image of a transparency 35
30 cm mm high on to a screen that is 1.5 m high using a lens with a
fp ( −10)(30)
q= = = −7.5cm focal length of 10 cm. Where would you position the film? How
p−f 30 − ( −10) Virtual image
far from the lens would you place the screen?
q −7.5
M=− =− = 0.25 Upright image .
p 30
reduced

Projector lens Lens aberrations

35 mm • Aberrations prevent the formation of a perfect image and limit the
magnification of a lens or mirror.
1.5 m • Spherical Aberration- due to deviation of spherical surface from
the ideal parabolic shape.
• Chromatic aberration – due to the difference in refractive index
and thus the focal length for different wavelengths of light.
f=10cm
Find p and q. h'
=−
1.5
= −42.8
h' q h 35x10−3
Use magnification M= =−
h p q = 42.8p
1 1 1 1 1 1
Thin lens eq. + = + =
p q f p 42.8p f
solve p = f ⎛⎜ 42.8 + 1 ⎞⎟ = 10 ⎛⎜ 43.8 ⎞⎟ = 10.23cm just outside of f
. ⎝ 42.8 ⎠ ⎝ 42.8 ⎠
Spherical aberration Chromatic aberration
q = 42.8p = 42.8(10.23) = 438cm