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LGEC016: MICROCONTROLLER BASED DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROLLER.

EXAMPLE: CONTROLLING SPEED OF INDUSTRIAL ROTORS
1. Scope of work/research and key features
 Understanding of ‘Microcontroller’
 Understanding of ‘Interfacing’.
 Basic Concept used in C-language programming.
 Introduction to the concept used for controlling the speed of motor.
 PCB designing and Circuit designing of circuit.
 PCB development, Component mounting and soldering.
 Testing of the circuit.

2. Introduction
Now a days DC motor plays a vital role in most of the industrial areas, it can be seen in most of the
electronic devices. They are mainly used for the mechanical movements of physical applications
such as rolling the bundle of sheets or CD drives, lifts etc.
Many methods evolved to control the revolution of a motor. DC motors can be controlled either
by software or directly by hardware. Software controlling needs computers which are bulky and
common man cannot afford for it, so hardware controls are in use. Even in hardware if it is
programmable device then it is preferred because it can be modeled according to the requirements
of the user.
There are two types of DC motors, unidirectional and bidirectional. Unidirectional rotates in only
one direction and it is specially meant for some specific applications while the bidirectional can be
rotated in the clock-wise or the anti-clockwise direction. This the most widely used for industrial
applications. There are two parameters to be considered in controlling the movements of a DC
motor.
 DIRECTION
 SPEED
The first thing that can be controlled in a motor is its direction of rotation. Direction of the motor
can be controlled by controlling the polarity of the current flowing through it. Usually a DC
motors are driven by famous H-Bridge circuits made up of either transistors or the buffers or any
other suitable methods.
Controlling the speed of the motor is another important area to be considered. The speed of motor
is directly proportional to the DC voltage applied across its terminals. Hence, if we control the
voltage applied across its terminal we actually control its speed.

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 A PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) wave can be used to control the speed of the motor. Here the
average voltage given or the average current flowing through the motor will change depending on
the ON and OFF time of the pulses controlling the speed of the motor i.e. the duty cycle of the
wave controls its speed.

3. Motivation
PWM is a common technique for speed control. A good analogy is bicycle riding. You peddle
(exert energy) and then coast (relax) using your momentum to carry you forward. As you slow
down (due to wind resistance, friction, and road shape) you peddle to speed up and then coast
again. The duty cycle is the ratio of peddling time to the total time (peddle +coast time). A 100% duty
cycle means you are peddling all the time, and 50% only half the time.
PWM for motor speed control works in a very similar way. Instead of peddling, your motor is given
a fixed voltage value (say +5 V) and starts spinning. The voltage is then removed and the motor
"coasts". By continuing this voltage on-off duty cycle, motor speed is controlled.
The concept of PWM inherently requires timing. The classic 555 timer chip and some
potentiometers can be used to generate PWM. The pots are manually adjusted for the desired duty
cycle. However, if you use a microcontroller, you can automatically change the duty cycle and
have your microcontroller control your motor's speed.
One potential application of automatic motor speed is regulating room fan. Microcontroller can
sense the current temperature (using an analog-to-digital converter) and then automatically
increase/decrease the fan's speed accordingly. By using microcontroller you are no longer burdened
to manually adjust the fan's speed as the room heats or cools.
There are many commercial motor speed controllers however they tend to be very expensive
(hundreds of dollars). This project shows how to design controls for motor using microcontroller
with ease.

4. Objective(s)
The aim of objective of this project is to control the speed of DC motor using microcontroller.
The other fundamental objectives of the system include:
 Correct programming of microcontroller.
 Proper interfacing of motor drive and microcontroller.

5. Project Overview
This circuit allows you to control the speed of a DC motor from microcontroller. Basically, there are
three ways to vary the speed of DC motors:
 Use a gear-box.

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  Use a series resistor. Measure the current drawn by the motor and then calculate the value of a
series resistor needed to drop the voltage applied to the motor. Less voltage means the motor
will slow down. The problem with this method is that the current drawn by the motor
increases as the load on the motor increases. More current means a larger voltage drop across
the series resistor and therefore less voltage to the motor. The motor now tries to draw even
more current, resulting in the motor stalling.
 By applying the supply voltage to the motor for a variable amount of time. This is the method
used in this project.
The cardinal components of this system are:
 DC motors
 Microcontroller
 Motor driver
 Micro-switch
 LCD
In this we are controlling the speed of DC motor using microcontroller. And to control the speed
the main concept that is used is ‘variation in voltage’. Like in case the voltage is 12V at that time
the speed will be really good, lets made it to 6V you will notice that the speed of DC motor became
half of its earlier speed .So, to perform this task i.e. ’to vary the voltage or to provide different
voltage to dc motor, microcontroller is used in which pulse width modulation is actually taking
place.
Basically, four switches are provided in this system. In which one is for forward motion ,second is
for backward motion and remaining two are for making the speed high or low. As the button is
pressed, suppose to speed up the dc motor. The signals get generated at the switch and were sent to
the microcontroller as an input signal. Now on the basis of these signals execution is done and
signals were sent to the motor driver where motor driver use it to drive the motor with high speed.
LCD is also interfaced with the microcontroller, to display the output.
This project is also introducing the use of embedded technology and its importance in electronics.
An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated
functions often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device
often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as
a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs.
Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.
Embedded systems are controlled by one or more main processing cores that are typically
either microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP). The key characteristic, however, is being
dedicated to handle a particular task, which may require very powerful processors. The cardinal
characteristics of this system are as follows:
 Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose
computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must be

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 met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance
requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.
 Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems consist of
small, computerized parts within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For
example, the Gibson Robot Guitar features an embedded system for tuning the strings, but the
overall purpose of the Robot Guitar is, of course, to play music. Similarly, an embedded system
in an automobile provides a specific function as a subsystem of the car itself.
 The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as firmware, and are
stored in read-only memory or Flash memory chips. They run with limited computer hardware
resources: little memory, small or non-existent keyboard and/or screen.
We will be using 8 bit ATMEL microcontroller AT89S8253. It is a low-power, high-performance
CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 12K bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) flash program
memory and 2K bytes of EEPROM data memory. It has 32 programmable input output lines. The
resulting architecture is more code efficient. Outputs from port pins of the microcontroller are fed
input pins of relay.

6. Description of working
To operate this system following steps will be involve:
STEP 1: Press any of the four buttons provided on the control panel
STEP 2: As the button will be pressed, the signals in response of that will be send to the
microcontroller and that particular task will take place. Like:
 If first one is pressed then motor will move in forward direction
 If second is pressed then in backward direction
 If third is pressed then speed of the motor will increase
 And if fourth is pressed then the speed of the motor will slow down.

7. Applications
This project is built with the Atmel IC, Hence become more compact. Here the speed and direction
are controlled digitally. Hence wireless communication between the controller and the dc driver is
possible by adopting suitable methods. This project can be used wherever there is a DC motor. The
controlling becomes very easy because a very small circuitry is sufficient.
This can be used in any industrial applications and in electronic devices, where a DC motor control is
significant.

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Lucknow Branch: 3rd floor, Vaibhav Complex, Maruti Puram, Opposite Lekhraj Khazana, Faizabad Road, Lucknow-226
016, Phone: 09793202258 / 0522 4026611,
Mumbai Branch: Mobile: 09793202258
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