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Residential electric power service consists of a 3-wires AC system is supplied by the local power
company.
The 3-wires come from a utility pole and consist of a neutral wire connected to earth ground and two
“hot” wires.
Each hot line supplies 120V r.m.s to the residential circuits.
The two lines are 1800 out of phase.
The voltage between the hot wires is actually 240V r.m.s.
Applications such as (i) electric stoves
(ii) Air co0nditioners
(iii) Heaters are powered by 240V r.m.s arrangement.
Lighting and all the electric outlets in the house which are used for small applications are powered by a
single 120V r.m.s. line.
Limiting the I2R losses is important for efficiency besides reducing the amount of heat generated in the
Wiring for safety consideration.
Now a days home have 3-wires connections to their outlets.
Why both the ground and neutral connections needed in the outlet?-----SAFETY.
The ground connection is used to connect the chassis (body) of the appliances to the earth ground.
Thus, poorly grounded appliances are hazardous.
Particularly hazardous conditions are easy to occur when ever the natural resistance to current flows
provided by the skin brakes down.(as in H2O).
Thus the danger presented to humans by unsafe electric ckts. is very much dependent on the particular
conditions .whenever the H2O or moisture is present, natural electricity resistance of dry skin or dry
shoe soles, even low voltages can lead to fatal currents.
So, proper grounding procedures should be follower to prevent from electric shock.
The ground fault circuit interrupts (GFCI) is a special safety circuit used primarily with outdoor circuit
and in bathrooms where risk of death by electric shock is greatest.
Electric generates will be introduced as a means of producing electric power from a variety of energy
conversion process.
The choice of a gain source (hydro – electric, thermo electric, geothermal, wind, solar, nuclear sources)
is used as per the power requirement for the given application, by economic & environmental factors.
A typical generator will produce electric power at 18KV.
To minimize losses along the conductors, the output of generators is processed through a step-up
transformer to get line voltages of hundreds of kilovolts (345KV).
Without this transformation the majority of the power generated would be lost in the transmission lines
that carry the electric current from the power station.
The local electric company operates a power generating plant that is capable of supplying hundred of
mega-volt amperes (MVA) on a 3- basis.
For this reason, Power Company uses a 3- step-up transformer at the generation plant to increase
the line voltage to around 345KV.
GENERATION & TRANSMISSION OF AC POWER:-
Electrical energy is generated in large hydroelectric, thermal and nuclear power stations.
These stations are mostly situated away from load centers.
So, an extensive power supply network is necessary between the generating points
consumers loads.
Transmission & distribution of electric power means conveyance from the central station where
it is generated to the places where it is demanded by the consumers.(like pumping stations,
residential & commercial buildings, mills, factories etc).
Beyond the generation plant, on electric power network distribution energy to several substations.
This network is usually referred to as the power grid.
At the substations, voltage is stepped down to a lower level (10 to 150KV).
Very large load (e.g industries) may be served directly from the power grid.
At the local substations, the voltage is stepped down by a 3-PHASE step-down transformer to 4800V.
These substations distribute the energy to residential and industrial customers.
Industrial and commercial customers receive 460V or 280V 3-phase services.