Q.

Write short notes on Gibbs Donnan equilibrium

Definition
~ Distribution of diffusible ion species across a semi permeable membrane, in the
presence of a non-diffusible molecule, such that, at equilibrium, their concentration ratios are
equal.

Side A Side B

Na+ : Na+
Cl- : Cl-
Protein :

[ Na][Cl] in side A = [Na][ Cl] in side B

[Na]A = [Cl] B
[Na]B [Cl] A

For electro neutrality,

[Na+] in side B = [Cl-] in side B

Therefore [Na+]A > [Cl]A

• Net Effects

- increase in cations on the side of non diffusible ion species

- decrease in anions
- increase in number of osmotically active particles
- net charge difference across the membrane

• Gibbs Donnan factor

- univalent cations 0.95

- univalent anions 1.05
- for divalent cations 0.9 ( 0.95 X 0.95)
- for divalent anions 1.10
Importance of Gibbs Donnan effect

- stability of cell volume

GD equilibrium externally due to ‘non diffusible’ Na+

Water moves out of cell
GD equilibrium intracellularly due to colloids ( protein )
Water moves into cell.
( double donnan effect)

- Plasma oncotic pressure

Net negative charge retain increased Na+ in plasma

Donnan excess pressure

- small contribution to the resting membrane potential.

Q. What is temperature?
List how temperature can be measured.
Describe the principle of thermocouple.
What are the physiological effects of hypothermia.

Definition
~ thermal state of a substance

SI unit - Kelvin

- what is Celsius
- how it is converted to Kelvin

Methods of measuring temperature

Electrical
List tecniques
Based on changes of resistance
Elaborate on one technique eg wire platinum resistor

Non-electrical
List techniques eg mercury, alcohol
Based on expansion of liquid
Elaborate on one technique eg mercury thermometer

Thermocouple

Define/ describe

Diagram

Principle
Seebeck’s Effect

How it is calibrated

How it works. What happens if there is a change in temperature

 Clinical uses
Temperature probe in OT

Physiological effects of hypothermia

What is Thermoneutral Zone. Why is it important

Define
Mild
Moderate
Severe

What happens during normal thermoregulation

Reduce heat loss
Increase heat production
Brown fat usage

As temperature drops  to moderate and severe

Describe effects by systems

- CVS
- Resp
- CNS
- Plt
- Infection
- Others

Clinical applications
Eg cardiac bypass
ABG reading
Q.Write short notes on Cerebrospinal fluids (CSF)

Definition
~ transcellular fluid

Functions

Production
Choroid plexus 67%
Ependymal cells 33%

Volume 150 ml
500-600ml/day
3-4X daily

Description of how it is produced

Flow
Lateral 3rd - 4th cisterna magna …

Absorption

Contents ( and difference with plasma )

- PCO2 v pH
- Glucose
- Protein
- Cl-
- K+
- Cholesterol

Regulation

Rate of production
Rate of absorption : depending on pressure ICP
Graph
Clinical application
ICP in cerebral protection
hyrocephalus