IS c08

XIV MEUNARODNA NAUNA KONFERENCIJA INDUSTRIJSKI SISTEMI

XIV INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS

ZBORNIK RADOVA
PROCEEDINGS

NOVI SAD, 2-3. OKTOBAR 2008.

NOVI SAD, OCTOBER 2-3, 2008.
 Slobodan Dudi1, Dragan Šešlija1, Ivana Ignjatovi1
1
Faculty of Technical Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovia 6, Novi Sad, Serbia
ISTRAŽIVANJE UTICAJA
ZAPRLJANOSTI FILTERA NA PAD
PRITISKA U SISTEMU
VAZDUHA POD PRITISKOM
Abstrakt
Zahtevi za poveanje energetske efikasnosti dovode do
potrebe preispitivanja svih uzronika gubitka energije u
pneumatskom sistemu, a jedan od znaajnijih su
zaprljani filteri. U radu je dat pregled filtracije vazduha
pod pritiskom i izloženi su rezultati sopstvenih merenja
pada pritiska na razliitim vrstama filtera.
Kljune rei:
Pneumatski sistemi, Filteri, Pad pritiska
1. UVOD
Vazduh pod pritiskom je jedan od najrasprostranjenijih
oblika enrgije koji se koristi u mnogim oblastima
industrije, a pneumatski sistemi, pored industrije,
primenjuju se i u mnogim oblastima ljudskog
delovanja. Efikasan pneumatski sistem je rezultat
dobrog projektovanja, korišenja i održavanja koje ima
za cilj da obezbedi minimalan gubitak pritiska u
distributivnom sistemu i odstranjivanje najveeg dela
zagaivaa: prljavštine, re, estica koje nastaju
habanjem elemenata, vode, ulja, biološkog optereenja i
drugih kontaminanata. Opšta težnja ka poveanju
kvaliteta kako proizvoda tako i proizvodnih procesa,
poveana primena upravljakih sistema i and productive processes quality, as a commonly
automatizovanih mašina, izazvala je poveano
interesovanje u svetu za potrebu obezbeivanja boljeg
kvaliteta vazduha pod pritiskom. Posebnu važnost u
dostizanju željnog kvaliteta vazduha pod pritiskom ima
filtracija.
2. FILTRACIJA VAZDUHA POD
PRITISKOM
Filtracija ima znaajno mesto u pripremi vazduha pod
pritiskom. Filtracija je proces razdvajanja jedne vrste
supstance od druge uz pomo nekog medijuma.
Filtracija može biti: fizika - primenom fizikih izvora i
hemijska - doziranjem hemikalija.
Fizika filtracija može biti: mehanika - kod koje se uz
pomo nekog medijuma vrši razdvajanje jedne vrste
supstance od druge tako što se jedna od supstanci
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DETERMINATION OF INFLUENCE
OF DIRTY FILTERS ON
PRESSURE DROP IN
COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM
Abstract
Demands for increasing the energy efficiency lead to that
we have to analyse all the causes of energy loss in
pneumatic system, and certainly one of the most
significant are dirty filters. In this paper are given an
overview of filtration and shown the results of own
measurements of pressure drop on different types of
filters.
Key words:
Pneumatic Systems, Filters, Pressure Drop
1. INTRODUCTION
Compressed air is one of the most widely spread states of
energy which has been used in many industrial areas and
pneumatic systems. Besides industry, it has been used in
many other areas of human sphere of action. An effective
pneumatic system is a result of many factors, such as:
proper design, usage and maintenance, which has to
ensure a minimum of pressure drop through distributive
system and as much as possible, elimination of the
following main contaminants: dirt, rust, particles which
are result of wearing between elements, water, oil,
biological particles and other defilers. Both, a product
accepted tendency, as well as increased control systems
and automated machineries usage, have increased
interest about compressed air quality, all over the globe.
In achieving of a desirable compressed air quality level,
filtration has been considered as a key factor.
2. COMPRESSED AIR FILTRATION
Filtration has a very important role in preparation of
compressed air. Filtration is one substance separation
from another by using a medium. Filtration can be
divided into three following classes: physical – by
using physical sources and chemical - by dosing of
certain chemicals.
Physical filtration can be: mechanical – separation of
one substance from another by using a medium in a
way
zadržava na površini ili unutar filterskog medija,
elektrina - uz pomo elektrinih izvora i magnetna uz
pomo magnetnih izvora.
Postoje razliiti tipovi filtera za vazduh pod pritiskom.
Generalno gledano, njihova struktura treba da je takva
da poseduju: veliku poroznost, stabilnu geometriju
(nepromenjivost dimenzija pora) i strukturnu stabilnost
(nerazrušivost filterskog materijala).
Iz prethodnog neposredno proizilaze bitne
karakteristike filterskog materijala a to su mehanika
vrstoa, termika stabilnost i hemijska otpornost.
Zavisno od stepena zadržavanja filteri se mogu podeliti
na: apsolutne i nominalne.
Apsolutni filteri su oni kod kojih je najvea pora od
svih pora filtera manja od najmanje estice u medijumu
koji se filtrira. Postoji više definiciija nominalnih
filtera, a najkraa je ona po kojoj su nominalni filteri
svi oni koji nisu apsolutni.
Zavisno od konstruktivnih karakteristika filteri se mogu
podeliti na: dubinske, membranske i kombinovane.
Dubinski filteri poseduju veliki kapacitet zaprljanja i
vrlo esto poseduju nekoliko sekcija koje su
rasporeene od onih koje imaju vee pore do onih sa
manjom veliinom pora. Koriste se kao predfilteri i ree
kao završni filteri u sluaju manje kritinih primena.
Membranski filteri su veoma male debljine.
Omoguavaju veoma efikasnu filtraciju i koriste se
naješe kao završni filteri u sluaju kritinih primena.
Kombinovani filteri predstavljaju kombinaciju više
razliitih membranskih filtera ili dubinskog i
membranskog filtera. esto predstavljaju uspešno i
efikasno rešenje za predfiltraciju i filtraciju na jednom
mestu.
Prema svojstvima koje poseduju filteri se mogu podeliti
i na: hidrofilne, one koji imaju mogunost da primaju
vodu i hidrofobne, one koji odbijaju vodu.
Filteri se koriste kao bi odstranjivali samo estice,
estice i tene aerosole, pare i mirise, mikroorganizme.
Za uklanjenje samo estica koriste se obini ili estini
filteri. Ovakvi filterski elementi mogu biti razliitog
stepena zadržavanja i koriste se uglavnom za
predfiltraciju. estice i tene aerosole uklanjaju iz
vazduha filteri koji se nazivaju koalescentni.
Mehanizam rada ovih filtera sastoji se u ukrupnjavanju
malih, tenih estica aerosola u vee unutar filterskog
materijala i njihovom odstranjivanju pomou
gravitacije. Vazduh u koalescentni filterski element, za
razliku od estinih, ulazi sa unutrašnje strane.Za
uklanjanje para i mirisa u vazduhu pod pritiskom
koriste se apsorpcioni filteri. Filterski medijum ovakvih
filtera je obino aktivni ugalj koji je u stanju da
apsorbuje hidrokarbonske aerosole i pare. Sva tri ova
filtera spadaju u grupu dubinskih filtera.
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in which one substance remains on a surface or inside
the filtration media, electrical – by using electrical
sources and magnetic by using magnetic sources.
There are several different types of compressed air
filters. Generally, all of them have to have a structure
which is able to provide: high porosity, firm geometry
(pores dimension constancy) and structural stability
(compactness of filtering material).
From the above mentioned have been derived the main
characteristics of filtering material: mechanical
strength, thermal stability and chemical resistance.
Based on the level of retaining, filters can be defined as
either absolute or nominal.
Absolute filters are filters with their biggest pore
among all their pores, is being smaller than the smallest
particle in the filtrated media. There are many various
definitions of nominal filters, but the shortest one says
that nominal filters are all the filters which are not
absolute ones.
Based on their structural characteristics, all filters can
be defined as: deep, membrane or combined filters.
Deep filters possess high capacity to get contaminated
and very often they are designed with several sections,
from sections with bigger pores towards those with
smaller size. They have been used mostly as pre-filters or
very rarely as final filters (only in case of less demanding
applications). Membrane filters have very small
thickness. They provide a very effective filtration and are
used mostly as final filters in critical applications.
Combined filters are combination of few different
membrane filters or a combination of a deep and
membrane filter. They are, very often, an effective
solution for pre-filtration and filtration, at the same place.
According to their characteristics, all the filters can be
defined as: hydrophilic, those who have affinity for
water or hydrophobic, those who lack affinity for
water.
Filters are used to remove particles only, particles and
liquid aerosols, vapours and odours or micro-organisms
For particles elimination only, regular or particle filters
are used. These filtering elements can be designed with
a diversity of retaining levels and are used mostly for
pre-filtration. Particles and liquid aerosols are being
eliminated from air with coalescent filters. Those filters
work on a principle of aglomeration of aerosol particles
and then are being eliminated by gravity. Air has been
introduced into the coalescent filtering element from the
inside, as a distinction to particle filters. For vapours
and odours elimination from compressed air absorbing
filters are being used. Active carbon is being used
usually as a filtering media in this type of filters,
because of its capability to absorb hydrocarbon aerosols
and vapours. All three type of filters mentioned above,
belong to deep filters group.
Neki od tipova filterskih elemenata su prikazani na sl. 1.
estini - 40Pm / 5Pm Koalescentni - 1Pm
Particle - 40Pm / 5Pm Coalescent - 1Pm
Slika 1.Tipovi filtera
Fig 1.Types of filters
Za uklanjanje ili redukciju mikroorganizama u
vazduhu koriste se mikrobiološki filteri. Ovi filteri su
mebranski i zaslužuju posebnu pažnju.
Dobro dimenzionisanje filtera je preduslov za
energetski efikasno fukcionisanje pneumatskog
sistema. Filterski sistem ne sme da bude
poddimenzionisan, ali ne treba da bude ni
predimenzionisan. Poddimenzionisani sistem nee
moi da odgovori na postavljeni zadatak ili e, u
najboljem sluaju, moi da radi vrlo kratko vreme –
brzo e doi do zaprljanja. Predimenzionisani sistem
je esto samo delimino iskorišen i retko se dešava
da ceo njegov kapacitet bude ravnomerno iskorišen.
Pri tome troši i više energije. Pored toga, ovakve
sisteme po pravilu prate i veliki, nepotrebni,
investicioni troškovi. Svaki filtracioni sistem treba
dimenzionisati sa odreenom rezervom (safety
margin), ali do nje treba doi na osnovu dobro
definisanih poetnih, eksploatacionih i krajnjih
uslova filtracije.
Kad je re o izboru filterskih elemenata, generalno,
od njih se oekuje da poseduju:
x veliki protok,
x veliku filtracionu površinu,
x veliku mehaniku vrstou,
x veliku termiku otpornost,
x veliki kapacitet zaprljanja,
x dug period rada izmedju dva servisa,
x nisku cenu i niske troškove eksploatacije,
x odgovarajue sertifikate, mogunost
ispunjavanja normi, standarda i propisa koji
vaze u oblasti u kojoj se primenjuju.
3. UTICAJ NIVOA PRIPREME VAZDUHA
I ZAPRLJANOSTI FILTERA NA PAD
PRITISKA U SISTEMU
Visoki kvalitet vazduha pod pritiskom podrazumeva
korišenje sušaa i filtera povišenih performansi, što
Some of the filter types are shown in Fig. 1.
Apsorcioni – sa aktivnim ugljem /
Absorbing- with active carbon
For micro-organisms elimination or reduction from
compressed air, microbiological filters are being used.
Those filters are membrane type of filters and they
deserve a special attention.
Proper filter dimensioning is a precondition for an energy
effective pneumatic system. Filtering system must not be
sub dimensioned, neither to be over dimensioned. A sub
dimensioned system will not be able to respond to
required task or, at best, it will be able to work for a short
period of time-it will become contaminated quickly. An
over dimensioned system is just partially used in most
cases and very rarely it has been used equally throughout
its full capacities. More energy has also been used in this
case. Besides that, these systems are usually related with
high and unnecessary investment costs. Each single
filtering system has to be designed with a certain reserve
(safety margin) which has to be based on well defined
starting points, exploiting and final filtering conditions.
Speaking about proper filtering elements chooses, in
general, they are expected to have:
x high flow rate,
x big filtration area,
x high mechanical strength,
x high thermal resistance,
x high contaminating capacity,
x long duration between servicing,
x low initial cost and low exploitation costs,
x proper certificates, compliancy to required norms,
standards and regulations which are in effect in
their area of usage.
3. EFFECT OF AIR PREPARATION LEVEL
AND FILTER CONTAMINATION ONTO
PRESSURE DROP IN THE SYSTEM
High compressed air quality is directly related to use of
dryers and high performance filters, which causes
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dovodi do poveanog pada pritiska u sistemu, a time
do smanjenja ukupne energetske efikasnosti itavog
sistema.
Na slici 2. je prikazan eksperimentalno utvren pad
pritiska u sistemu za razliite vrste filtera.
unneeded pressure drop in the system and lowering total
energetic effectiveness of the entire system.
Fig 2. shows experimentally measured pressure drop in the
system depending on various types of filters

Slika 2. Pad pritiska kod filtera razliitih karakteristika

Fig 2. Pressure drop for filters with different characteristics

Održavanje svih komponenti pneumatskog sistema
je, takoe, preduslov za njegovo energetski efikasno
funkcionisanje. Nepravilnost u radu neke od
komponenti sistema može uzrokovati nastanak novih
zagaenja koji su posledica trošenja, habanja
komponenti (ventili, klipovi razvodnika, zaptivke
itd.). U takvom sistemu filteri trpe dodatno
optereenje koje nije predvieno projektom filtracije.
To može izazvati njihovo ubrzano trošenje ili
zaepljenje. Na slici 3. je prikazan izgled potpuno i
delimino zaprljanih filterskih elemenata.
Proper maintenance of all pneumatic system components
is also a presumption for its operation. in energy efficient
way. A failure during the operation of some of the
components can initiate new contaminations, which are
results of abrasion, natural deterioration of the
components (valves, pistons, seals, etc.). In such system
filters operate with additional load which has not been a
part of the scope during initial filtering design. This can
lead to filters rapid deterioration or clogging. In Fig 3. are
shown partially and totally contaminated filtering
elements.

Slika 3. Potpuno i delimino zaprljani filterski elementi

Fig 3. Totally and partially contaminated filtering elements
Koliki je znaaj redovne zamene filterskih uložaka Fig 4. illustrates importance of replacing filter cartridges
može se ilustrovati dijagramom na slici 4. Ako se on a regular basis. If filter cartridges are not replaced in
filterski ulošci ne menjaju u predvienim intervalima recommended intervals, pressure drop at them increases

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pad pritiska na njima se u toku vremena sve više by the time, which directly leads to more energy
poveava što direktno poveava i utrošenu energiju. consumption.

Slika 4. Promena pada pritiska u zavisnosti od zamene filterskih uložaka

Fig 4. Pressure drop as a function of filter cartridge replacement

4. EKSPERIMENTALNI REZULTATI 4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Radi ilustracije kolike vrednosti, u stvarnim uslovima,
može da ima pad pritiska na filterima, prikazani su
rezultati ispitivanja na samo jednom tipu filtera. Za
ispitivanje je odabran estini filter FESTO LFR-1/8-
D-MICRO sa filterskim uloškom od 5 μm (slika 5a).
Radi što verodostojnijih podataka, merenja su vršena
na 4 filtera istog tipa koja su u isto vreme puštena u rad
ali su korišena nasumino tako da nisu imala u
potpunosti isto vreme korišenja, što u potpunosti
odgovara realnim uslovima rada. Filteri su ostavljeni
da rade višestruko vei period nego što je preporueni
period zamene tako da su u trenutku ispitivanja bili
veoma zaprljani.
Merenja pada pritiska su vršena pomou
diferencijalnog manometra FESTO SDE3-D10Z-B-
HQ4-2P-M8 (slika 5b), a merenje protoka je vršeno
pomou FESTO AirBOX-a (slika 5c).
Because of illustration of volume of pressure drop on
filters, some experimental results from one type of filter
cartridge are shown. For experiment is used particle
filter FESTO LFR-1/8-D-MICRO with size of filter
cartridge 5 μm (Fig. 5a). In order to obtain trustworthy
results as much as it is possible, experiment was carried
out on four filter cartridges same type which were used
in the same time but without any order. Because of that
they did not have the same period of usage, which totally
fits to real conditions. Filters were been in use more than
is recommended period of their change, so they were
dirty in the moment of experiment.
Pressure drop is measured with differential manometer
FESTO SDE3-D10Z-B-HQ4-2P-M8 (Fig. 5b) and flow
measurement is carried out with FESTO AirBOX (Fig.
5c).

a) LFR-1/8-D-MICRO b) SDE3-D10Z-B-HQ4-2P-M8 c) AirBOX

Slika 5. Merna oprema
Fig 5. Instruments for measurement

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U tabeli 1 su prikazane vrednosti eksperimentalno In Table 1 is shown experimentally measured pressure
utvrenog pada pritiska u sistemu pri vrednosti protoka drop in the system with the flow of 85 Nl/min, and in
od 85 Nl/min, a u tabeli 2 vrednosti pada pritiska pri Table 2 pressure drop with air flow of 170 Nl/min.
vrednosti protoka od 170 Nl/min.
Used filter enables maximal flow of 210 Nl/min. In
Kako ispitivani filter ima maksimalni protok od 210 experiment are used two values of flow, first which is
Nl/min za ispitivanje su odabrane dve vrednosti the most common (80% load from the nominal capacity)
protoka. Jedna koja odgovara naješim uslovima rada and second which works with small load.
(optereenje oko 80% nominalnog kapaciteta) i druga
It can be notices that pressure drop became higher on
kada radi sa malim kapacitetom.
contaminated cartridge filter how air flow grows. In
Može se uoiti da pad pritiska na zaprljanom filteru other words pressure drop and air flow are in direct
znaajno raste sa poveanjem protoka odnosno sa proportion.
približavanjem maksimalnoj vrednosti protoka.
Srednja
Q=85 l/min Filter 1 Filter 2 Filter 3 Filter 4
vrednost
Pad pritiska 'p [bar] 0,07 0,09 0,06 0,06 0,07
Tabela 1. Pad pritiska na zaprljanom filteru pri vrednosti protoka od 85 Nl/min
Table 1. Pressure drop on dirty filter with flow of 85 Nl/min
Srednja
Q=170 l/min Filter 1 Filter 2 Filter 3 Filter 4
vrednost
Pad pritiska 'p [bar] 0,13 0,21 0,12 0,10 0,14
Tabela 2. Pad pritiska na zaprljanom filteru pri vrednosti protoka od 170 Nl/min
Table 2. Pressure drop on dirty filter with flow of 170 Nl/min

5. ZAKLJUAK 5. SUMMARY
Nivo pripreme vazduha pod pritiskom mora da bude Level of preparation of compressed air must correspond to
odgovarajui vrsti aplikacije. esto se, sa dobrom the kind of application. In many occasions, based on a
namerom, pravi greška tako da se zahteva nepotrebno good intention, an unneeded high level of compressed air
visok kvalitet vazduha, što dovodi do poveanog quality is required, which causes an additional pressure
pada pritiska u sistemu, a time i do smanjenja ukupne drop in the system and the level of energy efficiency of
energetske efikasnosti itavog sistema. overall system is decreasing.
Imajui u vidu da zaprljani filterski elementi, takoe, Keeping in mind that contaminated filtering elements also
smanjuju efikasnost rada itavog sistema potrebno je decrease effectiveness of the whole system, it is necessary
posebnu pažnju posvetiti redovnom održavanju i to pay a close attention to a regular maintenance and to
zameni zaprljanih filterskih uložaka. Redovnim contaminated filtering inserts replacing. By performing
išenjem i zamenom smanjuje se pad pritiska cleaning and replacing on a regular basis, the air pressure
vazduha u sistemu. Radi boljeg uvida u stanje drop in the system is decreasing. In order to have a better
filterskog elementa potrebno je koristiti filtere sa view of filtering element condition, it is recommended to
vidljivim indikatorom stanja filterskog elementa. use filters with visual indication of the filtering element
condition.
LITERATURA/REFERENCES
[1] Šešlija D., Proizvodnja, priprema i distribucija vazduha pod pritiskom, IKOS, Novi Sad, 2002.
[2] Mitrovi, ., Golubovi, Z., Šešlija, D., ''Implementacija, znaaj i efekti filtracije u privredi'', Nauno-struni
asopis Istraživanja i Projektovanja za Privredu, broj 12, , god. IV, (2006.) str. 13 – 20.
[3] Golubovi, Z., Šešlija, D., Milovanovi, B., Majstorovi, B., Vidovic, M., ''The Challenges in Sterile
Pressurised Air Preparation'', BAM-CX.2007, Nr. 2295-2315, Proceedings of PAMM – Conference,
Balaton Almadi, Hungary, June (2007) pp. C152-153/2007.
[4] Dudi, S., Golubovi, Z., Šešlija, D., Stojiljkovi, M., ''O filtraciji vazduha pod pritiskom energetski
efikasnog pneumatskog sistema'', 21. Meunarodni kongres o procesnoj industriji PROCESING 2008.
Subotica, 4-6. jun 2008.

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