Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Transatlantic Trends
Immigration
General Perceptions............................................................................................................................................. 5
Conclusion......................................................................................................................................................... 34
Methodology...................................................................................................................................................... 36
Chart Index....................................................................................................................................................... 37
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Immigration
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Key findings of the survey include: nn European Support for Healthcare Coverage: In
nn Immigration as a Problem or an Opportunity: continental Europe, where public healthcare is
Perceptions of immigration as a problem or the norm, majorities were in favor of granting
opportunity have showed little variance since both legal and illegal immigrants access to both
2008, the first year of the survey. Majorities emergency and general healthcare.
in the United States, the U.K., and Spain still nn Immigration Still Sways Votes: Compared to 2008,
saw immigration as a problem, while French, respondents answering that a political party’s
German, Dutch, and Italian respondents stance on immigration would impact their vote
remained divided. Canadians continued to see was down slightly to 45% from 50% in 2008. In
immigration as an opportunity. the U.K., however, 63% said immigration policy
nn Overestimation of Immigrant Numbers: would affect their vote, and 67% of Americans
Compared to 2009, even more respondents said likewise, up from 56% in 2008.
overestimated the percentage of population born nn Legalization of Illegal Immigrants: Respondents
abroad. Estimates rose in 2010 in the United remained divided in the 2010 survey as to
States, with respondents believing 39% of the whether to grant illegal immigrants legal status.
population was born abroad, up from 35% in Canada and the United States were split, whereas
2009. The real figure is less than 14%. majorities in the U.K. (67%) and Italy (55%) said
nn Discontent with Immigration Policies: Most that illegal immigrants should be made to return
countries showed disapproval with government to their country of origin.
management of immigration. Majorities in nn Immigrant Integration: Most in Europe held
the United States (73%), the U.K. (70%), Spain unfavorable views on the state of immigrant
(61%), France (58%), and the Netherlands (54%) integration. Spain was the only country with a
believed the government was doing a poor job slight majority (54%) saying that immigrants
in immigration management. Only Canada was are integrating well. North Americans held a
split, with 48% offering positive views and 43% more positive view, with 59% of Americans and
responding negatively. 65% of Canadians claiming that immigrants are
nn Contact with Immigrants Impacts Perception: Of integrating well.
Europeans claiming to have many immigrant nn Second-Generation Muslims: Integration of
friends, 68% in 2010 believed immigration the children of Muslim migrants was viewed
enriches national culture. Only 40% of Europeans favorably in Canada (66%), the United States
with no immigrant friends thought likewise. (62%), Italy (60%), the U.K. (59%), and the
nn Economic Hardship and Attitudes: Among Netherlands (56%). France was split, with 50%
unemployed Europeans, 43% believed answering likewise, while the Spanish (42%) and
immigrants take jobs from natives; the average Germans (36%) indicated that second-generation
in Europe was 35%. In the United States, 63% of Muslims were not integrating well.
those whose financial situation worsened in 2010 nn Immigrant Voting Rights: When asked whether
saw immigrants as a threat in the job market legal immigrants or only citizens should have the
jobs, more than the average of 56%. right to vote in municipal elections, majorities
nn Perceived Fiscal Burden: Overall, majorities or in Spain (62%), France (58%), the Netherlands
pluralities in all countries polled believed that (56%), and Italy (52%) voiced support for giving
immigrants benefit more from health and welfare the right to legal immigrants. Slight majorities
services than they contribute in taxes. Spain and in the U.K. and Canada (51%) said that only
the United States had the highest proportion citizens should have the right to vote, and a
agreeing with this statement (both 67%). majority in the United States (62%) also thought
that voting should be reserved for citizens.
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Immigration
General Perceptions
Chart 1:
Stable Perceptions: Respondents Saying Immigration is More of
A Problem than an Opportunity
70
44 44 45 45 45
40 43
Percent
42
39 39 39
36
30
27
25
20
10
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instead that immigration was the most important. respondents were asked the question without any
Unemployment came in third, with 20% of the British information, while other respondents were quoted the
claiming it is the top issue. official estimate of immigrants as a percentage of the
country’s population before being asked the ques-
On the availability of jobs, a plurality or majority in tion. It was found that those who heard the official
every country except Canada also said that there were estimate before answering were less likely, especially
“very few jobs” available in the area where respon- in France, the United Kingdom, and Italy, to say that
dents lived. This was especially true in Spain (85%), there were “too many” immigrants in the country.
Italy (75%), and the United Stated (60%). Overall, it is Also, information greatly increased the numbers of
clear that the respondents of TTI in all countries were respondents claiming that there were “not many”
aware of the economic problems facing their countries, immigrants in their country. In Europe, the average
regardless of whether they were personally affected. percentage answering “not many” was only 12%.
Among those who received information, however,
the figure more than doubled, to 26% answering that
POPULATIONS STILL OVERESTIMATE
there were “not many” immigrants in their countries.
IMMIGRANT NUMBERS
The United States and Canada saw similar shifts in
Respondents to Transatlantic Trends: Immigration
the “not many” category. They jumped from 17% in
2010 were asked to estimate, on a scale of 0 to 100,
both countries without information to 33% in the
the percentage of the population in their country that
United States and 35% in Canada with information
was born abroad. Just as in 2009, the public grossly
about the immigrant share of their country’s popu-
overestimated the percent share of immigrants in their
lation. Accordingly, the proportion of respondents
countries. In Italy, for instance, immigrants make
saying that there were “too many” immigrants in their
up nearly 7% of the country’s population, but Italian
countries dropped with information, especially in
respondents of the survey guessed, on average, that a
France, the United States, the United Kingdom, and
full quarter (25%) of the population of Italy was immi-
Italy, which saw a 20 percentage point drop when
grant. Spanish respondents were the most accurate in
quoted the official statistic of foreign-born residents.
their estimation, with a seven-point difference between
(See Chart 2.)
the average guess (21%) and the real share of immi-
grants in the country (14%). In North America, over-
estimates grew from 2009 to 2010. In 2009, Americans DISCUSSING WITH FRIENDS, BUT NOT NEWS,
thought that 35% of the population was immigrant; CORRELATED WITH PERCEPTIONS
in 2010, they thought that nearly two-in-five (39%) of In 2010, TTI asked North Americans and Europeans
the people in the United States were born in another whether they followed news on immigration matters
country. Canadian estimates of immigrant populations and how often they discussed such matters with
also rose. In 2009, the Canadian estimate was 37%; in friends. It was found that respondents who claimed
2010, it rose to 39%. The real immigrant proportion that they discuss immigration matters with friends
of the population in the United States and Canada is “frequently” were more likely to say that there are too
around 14% and 20%, respectively. many immigrants in the country. For instance, 62%
of Europeans who talk about immigration matters
frequently say that there are too many immigrants in
FACTS CHANGE PERCEPTION
the country, versus just 31% of Europeans who never
One question that Transatlantic Trends: Immigration
discuss immigration matters. Americans who discuss
has asked since 2008 is whether there are “too many,”
immigration with their friends frequently are also
“a lot but not too many,” or “not many” immigrants
more likely to say that illegal immigrants outnumber
in one’s country. The responses to this question in
legal immigrants in the United States by a margin of 13
each country remained relatively stable from 2008
points (69% vs. 56% among those who never discuss
to 2009, so in 2010 the survey tested whether infor-
immigration). These findings are merely correlated and
mation would change responses. To do this, some
do not necessarily cause each other. However, it is note-
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Chart 2:
“Too Many Immigrants?” Knowledge of Immigrant
Population Changes Perception
70
37 37
30 33
32
27 27
25
20 23
20
17
16
10 13
worthy that the highly-educated (who are generally positive perceptions of immigration in general. For
more immigrant-friendly) and the less-educated (who instance, a majority of Europeans and Americans
tend to be more skeptical, on average) are roughly as with many immigrant friends see immigration as
likely to say that they discuss immigration matters with an opportunity, whereas a majority of those with
friends frequently and thus to say that there are too no immigrant friends see immigration as more of a
many immigrants in the country. problem. The same correlation is seen when asked
about the cultural impact of immigration. Among
Europeans with many immigrant friends, 68%
CONTACT CORRELATED
said that immigration enriches culture. Only 40%
WITH POSITIVE ATTITUDES
of Europeans with no immigrant friends thought
As has been documented with other public opinion
likewise – more (50%) said that immigration instead
surveys, Transatlantic Trends: Immigration has shown
negatively affects national culture.
that contact with immigrants is correlated with more
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Immigration
Chart 3:
Differing Views of Labor-Market Competition
70
44
40
35
30
32
30
20
10
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COUNTRY PROFILE: Spain
Although new reports indicate that Spain’s busi- create jobs as they set up new businesses in Spain,
ness climate may improve, the past two years of which is significantly lower than the European
economic crisis have left a long road to recovery. average (43%), Canadian (67%), and American
Spain’s unemployment rate, which currently (58%) response. Though they are comparatively
stands at around 20%, is double the average across pessimistic about immigrants’ job-creating
the European Union. Immigrants have been hit potential, Spanish respondents in 2010 consider
particularly hard by the economic crisis in Spain, immigrants to be less of a threat in the labor
with unemployment rates currently at around market. Only 38% of Spanish respondents said
30% (the average unemployment rate for native that immigrants take jobs away from native born
Spaniards is 18%). The widening unemployment Spaniards (down from 43% in 2009) and 52% said
gap between native Spaniards and immigrants is that immigrants lower the wages of Spanish citi-
largely due to the fact that migrants have typically zens (down from 62% in 2009). Though causation
worked in areas that were the most vulnerable to is impossible to prove, these changing perceptions
the economic recession, including the construc- could be due to a recognition that immigrants
tion and manufacturing industries. have been disproportionally affected by Spain’s
economic and labor-market woes.
The data for Spain in this year’s Transatlantic
Trends: Immigration echoed many of the develop- IMMIGRATION STATISTICS
ments above. For example, 55% of respondents
Immigrant population
cited unemployment as the most important issue 5,708,940
in Spain
facing Spain, and in response to a question about
Immigrant share of
the availability of jobs where they live, 85% said 12.2%
overall population
there are very few available jobs. A low number Source: Spanish National Statistical Institute, Municipal Register,
(33%) of respondents agreed that immigrants help 2010.
AMERICANS AND BRITISH FEAR most consistently claim that immigrants make the
LABOR-MARKET COMPETITION employment situation worse for native-born workers.
In Canada and in all five continental European coun- (See Chart 3.)
tries surveyed, majorities disagreed that immigrants
take jobs away from the native-born. In contrast, 58%
FRENCH DOUBT THAT IMMIGRANTS
of British and 56% of American respondents claimed
FILL LABOR-MARKET GAPS
that immigrants do take jobs away from nationals.
Since the beginning of the Transatlantic Trends:
Similarly, 52% of American and British respondents
Immigration survey, majorities in all countries have
in 2010 thought that immigrants lower the wages of
agreed that immigrants generally help to fill jobs
citizens. This was an opinion that contrasted with
where there are shortages of workers. Even in the
Canadians and most other Europeans, who disagreed
United Kingdom, where respondents are typically
that immigrants lower wages for the native-born. The
skeptical of immigration’s impacts, 71% agree that
only exception was Spain, where 52% thought that
immigrants fill labor-market gaps. France, however, is
immigrants lower Spanish wages. It should be noted,
becoming increasingly skeptical of immigrants’ plug-
however, that this was down ten percentage points, as
ging of labor-market gaps. In 2008, an overwhelming
62% of the Spanish thought that immigrants lowered
majority (84%) of the French said that they agreed
wages in 2009. On labor-market competition overall, it
that immigrants fill labor shortages. In 2009, 74% said
seems that the United Kingdom and the United States
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COUNTRY PROFILE: FRANCE
Among the countries surveyed in Transatlantic true in the summer months immediately prior to
Trends: Immigration, France was one of the more the TTI fieldwork.
optimistic countries in terms of attitudes about
immigration in 2008 and 2009. In both 2008 Though the data from TTI do not necessarily
and 2009, half of French respondents (50%) said stem from these political developments, it was
that immigration was more of an opportunity clear that French respondents in 2010 had become
for France, rather than a problem. Accordingly, more skeptical about immigration. On the issue of
perceptions about immigrant groups were gener- crime, for instance, only 31% of French respon-
ally positive in the first two years of the survey. dents thought that illegal immigrants increased
In 2010, however, only 38% of the French said crime in 2009. By 2010, that number had increased
that immigration is an opportunity for France, to a majority of the French (55%) linking illegal
and their perceptions of immigrants’ impacts on immigration and crime rates. Even legal immi-
culture, labor markets, and crime has become grants were perceived more negatively in France in
more negative. 2010. From 2009 to 2010, the percentage of French
who said that legal immigrants are hard workers
There have been a number of political develop- fell 21 percentage points, from 74% to 53%. When
ments in France that may account for this change. asked about culture, 58% of the French in 2010
A ban on face-covering veils for Muslim women thought that immigration enriches French culture,
in public places was passed in 2010, and over down from 68% in 2009. Across questions in
the past few years, the government has made it the survey, the French were more negative about
easier to deport immigrants who threaten public immigration issues in 2010. This will be a trend to
order through theft or other petty crime. These watch in a country that was once among the most
laws and arguments about illegal residence were optimistic in Europe.
the basis for the expulsion of many Romanian
and Bulgarian Roma over the summer. The
dismantling of Roma camps in France sparked IMMIGRATION STATISTICS
fierce debates about migration and human rights
throughout the European Union and beyond. Immigrant population
5,261,700
Amid these developments, French President in France
Nicolas Sarkozy was very vocal, ensuring that Immigrant share of
8.4%
these immigration-related issues were frequently overall population
featured in the French media. This was especially Source: OECD International Migration Outlook 2010, data for 2008
the same. From 2009 to 2010, the picture changed such immigrants. In both 2009 and 2010, majorities
dramatically. After a drop of 22 percentage points, of Americans (58%) and Canadians (67%) agreed
only 52% of the French believe that immigrants fill that immigrants help create jobs as they set up new
jobs where there are shortages. businesses. In 2009, Italians (50%) were the only
Europeans who agreed. In 2010, Italians were no
DUTCH AND BRITISH ACKNOWLEDGE longer as optimistic about immigrants’ job creating
IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURSHIP ability – the proportion claiming that immigrants
create jobs with new businesses shifted to 44%. In
North Americans, whose countries have benefitted
2010, however, there is a new plurality of British
from immigrant entrepreneurs for decades, have
respondents (48%) and a slight majority of Dutch
shown that they recognize the job-creating ability of
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respondents (51%) who think that immigrants create The economic crisis may also have had an effect on
jobs by starting new businesses. attitudes about job competition. Among Europeans
whose household financial situation got worse over
Labor-market VIEWS CORRELATED WITH the 12 months before the survey, 39% said that immi-
PERSONAL ECONOMIC FACTORS grants take jobs away from natives. This compares
Perception of whether immigrants take jobs away to European respondents whose personal economic
from natives was correlated with other personal vari- situation stayed the same or got better, only 32% of
ables among TTI respondents. In Europe, the United whom thought that immigrants take jobs. These find-
States, and Canada, respondents who thought there ings were consistent across European countries except
were “very few available jobs” in their immediate area for in France and Italy, where there was no effect of
were also more likely to say that immigrants take personal economic situation on attitudes. The most
jobs away than respondents who said that there were striking difference, however, was found in the United
“plenty of available jobs” or “some available jobs.” States, where 63% of those whose situation got worse
Respondents who were unemployed themselves were feared immigrant job competition. Of those whose
also more likely to see immigrants as a threat to jobs. situation got better or stayed the same, only 49%
Among unemployed Europeans, 43% agreed that thought likewise. (See Chart 4.)
immigrants take jobs away from natives, while the
overall average in Europe who said the same was 35%.
Chart 4:
Labor Market Competition and the Economy:
Those Saying “Immigrants Take Jobs Away from Native-Born”
70
50 Got better or
stayed the same 49
40
Percent
39
35
30 32
30
20
10
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COUNTRY PROFILE: ITALY
Transatlantic Trends: Immigration has shown that Though Italians are often skeptical of migra-
Italians are among the most consistently skeptical tion’s effects on society, there has long been a
when it comes to immigration. Since 2008, over recognition in Italian policy circles that there is
50% of Italians have said that there are too many an economic demand for labor migration. With
immigrants in Italy, and over 80% have said that the birth rate at just over 1.4 children per woman
they were worried about illegal immigration. In and over 20% of the population over 65 years of
2010, the perception of legal immigrants in Italy age, there are often not enough Italian workers
also became more negative. In 2009, only 34% of to fill available jobs in the services, agriculture,
Italians thought that legal immigrants increase and manufacturing sectors. Accordingly, the
crime in society, but in 2010 that figure rose to a government has issued hundreds of thousands
clear majority of Italians (56%). This number is of visas for work purposes in the past few years.
now on par with the percentage of Italians who The Italian public seems to assume that immi-
say that illegal immigrants increase crime (57%). grants are complimentary in the labor market.
TTI has shown that Italians are among the least
When considering specific segments of the concerned with job competition from immi-
immigrant population, however, in some impor- grants: over two-thirds (69%) do not think that
tant cases Italian attitudes were marked by lower immigrants take jobs away from Italians, and
degrees of anxiety than other national samples. three-fourths (76%) say that immigrants gener-
In particular, Islam as such seemed to represent ally help to fill jobs where there are shortages
less of a threat for Italians than for most other of workers. When thinking long-term, however,
Europeans. Thirty-seven percent of respondents Italians are unsure as to whether they want immi-
thought that Muslim immigrants are “inte- gration as a solution to shortages in the workforce.
grating well” or “very well” into Italian society, as A plurality of 49% would be against encouraging
opposed to 25% of Germans or 21% of Spaniards. immigration to Italy for employment purposes as
Moreover, only 22% of Italian respondents the population continues to age.
(against a 40% European average) believed that
children of Muslim immigrants are integrating
poorly into their society. Such comparatively
low degrees of preoccupation emerge also with IMMIGRATION STATISTICS
a more general question on the level of integra-
Immigrant population
tion of children of immigrants as a whole: while 4,235,059
in Italy
large shares of the French and German samples
Immigrant share of
believed that so-called second generation immi- 7%
overall population
grants are “poorly” or “very poorly” integrated
Source: Isituto Nazionale di Statistica 2010, data for 2010
(respectively 42% and 44% of the total in each
country), only 24% of Italians shared this view.
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Immigration
Chart 5:
Access to State-Sponsored Healthcare Should be Available to…
90
Citizens only
80
Citizens and all
70 legal immigrants
Citizens and all immigrants,
both legal and illegal
60 64
58 58 60
56
50 53
Percent
50
40 42
38 38 38
36
30
30
20 25
21
10
6 33 3
0 5 1 1 4
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Similarly, continental Europeans were also in favor of legal immigrants only, thereby excluding illegal
giving general “access to healthcare” to both legal and immigrants. Twenty-two percent of British respon-
illegal immigrants. Eighty-three percent of Germans, dents even thought that legal immigrants should not
64% of the French, 60% of Italians, 58% of the Dutch, have access to state schools. The Netherlands, Italy,
and 56% of the Spanish supported making healthcare Germany, and Spain were all fairly split on whether
access available to national citizens, as well as legal legal immigrants or all immigrants should have
and illegal immigrants. (See Chart 5.) schooling access, and in France, a large majority was
in favor of giving both legal and illegal immigrants
access to public schools. (See Chart 6.)
BRITISH WOULD EXCLUDE ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS
FROM GENERAL HEALTHCARE, SOCIAL HOUSING
A plurality (45%) of British respondents in 2010 MAJORITIES IN ALL COUNTRIES THINK
thought that illegal immigrants, along with legal IMMIGRANTS ARE FISCAL BURDEN
immigrants and citizens, should have access to Overall, large majorities in all countries polled
emergency healthcare. It is clear that the British believed that immigrants benefit more from health
differentiate between emergency and general health- and welfare services than they contribute in taxes.
care, however, as 53% thought that only citizens and Spain and the United States had the highest propor-
legal immigrants should have access to healthcare tion agreeing with this statement (both 67%),
more generally. (See Chart 5.) In a similar vein, a followed by France, Germany, and the U.K. (all 60%),
majority of British respondents also thought that the Italy (51%), and Canada (50%). The Netherlands was
state benefit of social housing should be reserved for the country with the greatest split on this question; a
citizens and legal immigrants only. 41% plurality of the Dutch believed that immigrants
are a fiscal drain, 24% thought that they are a fiscal
benefit, and 25% responded that they did not know
NORTH AMERICANS AND BRITISH PREFER
immigrants’ fiscal impact.
RESTRICTIONS ON SCHOOLING FOR ILLEGAL
IMMIGRANTS
When asked about access to public or state schools,
British (60%), Canadian (59%), and American (50%)
respondents preferred to give access to citizens and
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Chart 6:
Access to Public Schools Should be Available to…
80
Citizens only
70
Citizens and all
legal immigrants
60 Citizens and all immigrants, 62
60 59 both legal and illegal
50
52 51
50 49
48 48
46 46
Percent
40 42
30 33 33 33
20 22
17
15
10
6 2
0 4 1 4 4
United United Canada Netherlands Italy Germany Spain France
Kingdom States
Source: Q14.1; see Chart Index
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Immigration
Chart 7:
Approval of Governments...
60
30
31 31 31
29 29 30
26
24 25
20 23 23
19
10
11
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In order to gauge whether these poor ratings were but in the opposite direction: respondents were 19
due to a general government disapproval, TTI asked percentage points more likely to say that the govern-
respondents to rate how their governments were ment was doing a good job in general (48%) than on
doing more generally. Though government approval integrating migrants (29%). (See Chart 7.)
levels tended to match views on immigration manage-
ment in Spain, Italy, Germany, and France, the other APPROVAL RATINGS VARY
countries had major differences in opinion between BY POLITICAL AFFILIATION
the two questions. For example, 87% of Dutch respon- Examining individuals’ views on immigration
dents thought that their government was doing a poor management according to political affiliation yielded
job in general, but only 54% thought that the govern- interesting results in this year’s Transatlantic Trends:
ment was doing a poor job of managing immigration. Immigration. Respondents in Europe were asked to
Moving in the opposite direction, a minority (45%) of identify their political orientation along a left-center-
the British disapproved of the government in general, right scale, and those in the United States and Canada
while a full 70% disapproved of the government’s were asked to self-identify as liberal, moderate, or
immigration management. American respondents are conservative. In France, 78% of those identifying as
also more pessimistic about their immigration poli- left believed the government was doing a poor job on
cies, as 73% disapproved of immigration management immigration management, and 47% on the right gave
while only 59% disapproved of the government in the government good marks. A majority of Germans
general. (See Chart 7.) on the political left believed the government was doing
a poor job (62%) and a slight majority of those on
POOR GOVERNMENT RATINGS the political right shared this sentiment (50%). In the
ALSO ON INTEGRATION MEASURES Netherlands, 64% on the political right believed that
Overall, respondents in Europe and in the United the government was doing a poor job in this regard and
States also felt that their governments were doing a a plurality on the left (47%) shared this sentiment.
poor or a very poor job at integrating immigrants
into national society. Sixty percent of Europeans, on SETTING IMMIGRATION LEVELS: NOT AN EU JOB
average, and 62% of Americans gave their govern- In the 2010 Transatlantic Trends: Immigration survey,
ments bad marks. The Dutch were the most dissatis- European respondents were asked whether national
fied, with 78% claiming that the government was governments or the European Union should dictate
doing a poor job at integration. Canadians, on the the number of immigrants allowed into their country
other hand, were again outliers. Fifty-one percent of each year. A majority of Europeans (62%) felt such
them said that the Canadian government was doing decisions should be made on the national, rather than
either a good or very good job at integrating New the EU level. Respondents in the United Kingdom
Canadians. showed the strongest support for national gover-
nance, with 85% saying that the British government
Comparing these sentiments to general government should make decisions about immigration numbers.
approval ratings, respondents in Germany and Spain Germany and the Netherlands agreed, with 68% and
were more positive about integration efforts. Though 66%, respectively, saying that their national govern-
the general government approval in those coun- ments should make those decisions. Italy was the
tries was very low (only 31% and 29%, respectively, only European country that might be willing to cede
thought that the government had been doing a good such responsibilities to the EU, as a plurality (47%)
job over the preceding six months), on integration, of Italians answered that the EU should decide how
only 38% of the Germans and 43% of the Spanish many immigrants are admitted to Italy and 45%
thought their government was doing a good job, a preferred that the Italian government dictate those
difference of 14 and 7 percentage points, respectively. policies. (See Chart 8.)
The United Kingdom was also a country in which
integration policy was perceived quite differently,
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NORTH AMERICANS FAVOR FEDERAL IMMIGRATION CONTINUES TO SWAY VOTES
CONTROL on KEY ISSUES In the first year of the Transatlantic Trends:
In the 2010 Transatlantic Trends: Immigration survey, Immigration survey, 50% of Europeans and 56% of
respondents in Canada and the United States were Americans believed that a political party’s agenda
polled on the role federal and local officials should would influence their vote in the next election. Such
play in the formation and enforcement of immigra- sentiments have changed slightly since 2008, however.
tion policy. In Canada, 56% of those polled believed In 2010, only 45% of Europeans, on average, said that
primary responsibility for determining who is their votes would be affected by candidates’ immigra-
admitted to Canada should rest with federal authori- tion agendas. While the issue seems to have declined
ties, whereas a considerable minority (38%) answered in political salience in continental Europe, British
that such decisions should be made by provincial or respondents consistently say that immigration policy
local authorities. (See Chart 9.) Likewise, respondents will affect their vote. A full 63% made this claim in
in the United States were asked whether the federal 2010. Of all countries surveyed, the United States has
government or state and local officials should have seen the largest change in the proportion of respon-
primary responsibility for enforcing immigration dents who said that candidates’ agendas on immigra-
laws. At a time when select states and municipali- tion will affect their vote. In 2008, 56% said that it
ties are taking steps to implement local immigration was a salient issue for their voting decision. By 2010,
policies, the views of Americans were somewhat split. that number had risen to 67% of Americans polled.
Though 44% thought that state or local authorities Americans have given consistently poor ratings of
should have primary responsibility for enforcement of their government’s immigration management, and it
immigration policies, more (50%) believed the federal seems that they will take into account such criticism
government should take the lead. (See Chart 10.) when making their own political decisions.
Chart 8:
Who Should Decide How Many Immigrants Are
Admitted to your Country?
90
80 National Government 85
70 European Union
68
66
60
60
50
Percent
51
47
40 45
43
30 34
30
27
20
10 12
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COUNTRY PROFILE: UNITED KINGDOM
The U.K.’s general elections in May 2010 resulted agreed that immigrants take jobs away from the
in a coalition government between David native-born, and 48% thought immigration nega-
Cameron’s Conservatives and Nick Clegg’s tively affects British culture. Support for allowing
Liberal Democrats. With the goal of reducing more legal immigration to the U.K. as a measure
net migration from the hundreds of thousands to reduce illegal immigration has steadily lost
to the tens of thousands, the coalition govern- support since 2008. In the 2010 survey, 70% of
ment introduced a temporary cap on the number British respondents said that the British govern-
of highly skilled immigrants from outside the ment had been doing a poor or very poor job at
EU, has plans to implement stricter controls on managing migration. Whether this sentiment
foreign students, and would like to restrict the reflects discontent with policies of the outgoing
number of family visas available. The temporary Labour party or the current Coalition govern-
cap will reduce the number of skilled migrant ment remains to be seen.
visas by 1,300 to a total of 24,100, and a perma-
nent cap will be set in place by April 2011.
IMMIGRATION STATISTICS
56
50 50
50
44
40 40
38
Percent
Percent
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
Provincial or Federal Government State or Local Federal Government
Local Authorities Authorities
Source: Q18; see Chart Index Source: Q18; see Chart Index
T R A N S A T L A N T I C T R E N D S : I M M I G R A T I O N 2 0 1 0 | 19
COUNTRY PROFILE: Canada
In Transatlantic Trends: Immigration 2010, labor-market needs, also recognizes the unique
respondents were asked to assess their govern- skill needs of specific provinces. In order to make
ment’s management of immigration, an often the process of obtaining the most-skilled and
contentious topic. Of all the countries polled, best-educated workforce more efficient, Canada
Canadian respondents were the most supportive introduced the Pan-Canadian Framework for
of the steps their government had taken to the Assessment and Recognition of Foreign
manage immigration. A plurality (48%) of Qualifications. Under the new framework,
Canadians thought that the government had governments across Canada work to ensure
been doing a good or a very good job in this area, that foreign qualifications and credentials are
by far the highest level of support in the survey. assessed in a fair and timely manner. This will
A majority (56%) of Canadians also supported allow foreign workers to join the labor market as
federal, rather than provincial, responsibility in soon as possible, thereby helping them to attain
deciding who should be able to immigrate to their professional potential in Canada and avoid
Canada for work. “brain waste.” Native Canadians, 67% of whom
believe that immigrants help create jobs as they
However, cooperation between the federal and set up new businesses, will likely continue to
provincial governments in managing immigra- benefit from the entrepreneurial spirit of New
tion has a long-standing history in Canada. For Canadians.
years, the Provincial Nomination Program and a
special agreement with the province of Quebec
IMMIGRATION STATISTICS
has allowed provinces to nominate specific
immigrants for entry into Canada. New federal Immigrant population
6,471,900
immigration policies continue to take into in Canada
account provincial needs. The Action Plan for Immigrant share of
20.2%
Faster Immigration, with a focus on making the overall population
immigration system more responsive to Canada’s Source: OECD International Migration Outlook 2010, data for 2008
20 | T R A N S A T L A N T I C T R E N D S : I M M I G R A T I O N 2 0 1 0
Immigration
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Chart 11:
Legal Immigrants Increase Crime in Society
60
2009 2010 56
54
50
47 46
45
40
40
Percent Agreeing
35 36
33 34
30 32
29 29
25 24
20 23
10
policy preferences are fairly stable. In the three years Canada and the United States. It seems that Europeans,
that Transatlantic Trends: Immigration has been in particular, are beginning to lean toward differentia-
asking respondents whether they favor permanent or tion of labor migration policies. (See Chart 12.)
temporary labor migration to their countries, opinion
has remained the same. In all countries, respondents
JOB OFFERS ARE MORE IMPORTANT
favor giving legal labor migrants the opportunity to
THAN EDUCATIONAL LEVELS
stay permanently in their countries. This preference is
TTI in 2010 asked respondents to weigh in on a
most striking in Canada, where 80% favor permanent
debate about labor immigration to see if they favored
over temporary migration.
labor market- or human capital-driven migration
schemes. The results indicate that labor-market
Only in Europe has support for permanent labor needs are more compelling than education levels.
migration weakened slightly. Of the five European Majorities or pluralities in all countries surveyed
countries that have been polled since 2008, 67% on think that their governments should give preference
average favored permanent labor migration in the to immigrants with a job offer, rather than those
first year of the survey. In 2009, that figure slipped with a higher education. The question was framed
very slightly, to 65%; in 2010, it dropped again to as a trade-off between admitting highly educated
62%. Rather than favoring temporary labor migra- immigrants with no job offer and immigrants with a
tion, however, respondents were more likely in 2010 lower level of education who have a job waiting for
to say that the decision for permanent versus tempo- them in the country. Opinion was strongest in Spain
rary migration “depends on the circumstances.” This (74%), France (66%), the Netherlands (63%), and the
spontaneous answer was chosen by 10% of European U.K. (58%) that immediate job placement was more
respondents in 2010, compared with 3% in both important than high educational levels. Germany and
22 | T R A N S A T L A N T I C T R E N D S : I M M I G R A T I O N 2 0 1 0
Chart 12:
Legal Immigrants Coming for Work Should Be Admitted…
90
80 Permanently
80
Temporarily
70
Depends on the
circumstances 67
60
62
50
Percent
40
30
26 27
20
10 14
10
3 3
0
the United States were the most split, with a plurality more negatively than are legal immigrants in Italy, the
of 47% in both countries favoring immigrants with gap in perception between these two groups has been
job offers. In Germany, however, over one-third cut dramatically. (See Chart 13.)
(36%) favored immigrants with high educational
levels. Given Germany’s history of importing low-
EXPLOITATION IN THE WORKFORCE MORE
skilled labor, it seems that many Germans would
LIKELY FOR ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS
prefer taking a different route in the future.
In all countries surveyed, large majorities agreed that
illegal immigrants are often exploited in the work-
MORE NEGATIVE VIEWS OF LEGAL force. The European average was 78% in agreement,
IMMIGRANTS IN ITALY while Americans (73%) and Canadians (76%) also
In contrast to the Transatlantic Trends: Immigration agreed that illegal immigrants were vulnerable. When
results from 2009, Italians in 2010 had a much more asked about legal immigrants being exploited in the
favorable view of illegal immigrants in their country. workforce, however, responses among the countries
Fewer Italians claimed that illegal immigrants increase surveyed was more mixed. A plurality of Germans
crime in Italian society, as the number tying illegal (48%) and Dutch (46%) said that they disagreed that
immigrants to crime dropped from 77% in 2009 to legal immigrants are often exploited in the workforce.
55% in 2010. Instead, more said that illegal immigrants It is notable that the perception gap between legal and
are hard workers (from 44% in 2009 to a majority of illegal immigrants was very narrow on this indicator
56% in 2010) and nearly three-quarters (74%) said in Italy, where 84% said that illegal immigrants face
that illegal immigrants help to fill the jobs that Italians exploitation in the workplace and 79% thought that
do not want. This proportion is up from 69% in 2009. legal immigrants are also vulnerable. By contrast,
Though illegal immigrants are still perceived slightly Germans sharply distinguished the two groups. They
T R A N S A T L A N T I C T R E N D S : I M M I G R A T I O N 2 0 1 0 | 23
Chart 13:
Less Differentiation between Legal and Illegal Immigrants in Italy
90
Legal immigrants 84
80
Illegal immigrants 79 78
70
60
61
59 59
56 57
50
Percent
47
40 45
42
40
30
20
10
Are a Burden on Increase Crime Are Exploited Are a Burden on Increase Crime Are Exploited
Social Services in Society in the Workplace Social Services in Society in the Workplace
Italy European Average
Source: Q7a.1, Q7a.2, Q7a.5, Q7b.1, Q7b.2, Q7b.5; see Chart Index
perceived exploitation of illegal immigrants (80%) grant populations to leave the country. The results in
much more than legal immigrants (45%), a gap of 35%. France and the Netherlands are inconclusive as 19%
and 17%, respectively, spontaneously responded that
LEGALIZATION OR RETURN the decision should depend on the circumstances.
FOR ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS?
Since 2008, TTI has asked respondents in Europe and STRONG SUPPORT FOR TRADITIONAL CONTROLS
North America about their preference for dealing ON ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION
with immigrants who are living in their countries The countries in TTI that most struggle with illegal
illegally. Presented with the options of requiring such immigration are the United States, the United
immigrants to return to their country of origin or Kingdom, Italy, and Spain. When respondents in
giving them the opportunity to obtain legal status, these countries were asked about various poli-
respondents are often split. In the United States, for cies designed to reduce illegal immigration, large
instance, 47% want illegal immigrants to be made majorities were in favor of all of them. For instance,
to return home, while 45% would prefer to legalize reinforcing border controls was the most-supported
them. Since the beginning of the survey, there has policy option with at least 85% expressing their favor
never been an outright majority of Americans for the policy in all four countries. Notably, 66% of
favoring either option. (See Chart 14.) Americans, 73% of the British, 65% of Italians, and
58% of the Spanish strongly supported this policy.
In Europe, half of Germans (50%) want to give illegal Imposing tougher penalties on employers who hire
immigrants legal status, but the British (67%), Italians illegal immigrants was also a popular policy, with
(55%), and Spanish (49%) want their illegal immi- over 70% support in all four countries.
24 | T R A N S A T L A N T I C T R E N D S : I M M I G R A T I O N 2 0 1 0
Chart 14:
Constant Split: Illegal Immigrants in the United States Should Be…
80
Required to Return
70
Given Legal Status
60
50
49
Percent
48 47
40 44 45
43
30
20
10
IMMIGRATION STATISTICS
In the past five years, much of the political
discourse about immigration issues has focused Immigrant population
41,799,500
on securing the United States’ southern border in the United States
with Mexico. In 2010, President Obama sent an Immigrant share of
13.7%
additional 1,200 National Guard troops to secure overall population
the border and mandated that an additional $500 Source: OECD International Migration Outlook 2010, data for 2008
T R A N S A T L A N T I C T R E N D S : I M M I G R A T I O N 2 0 1 0 | 25
Chart 15:
Support for More Avenues of Legal Immigration
as an Illegal Immigration Reduction Measure
90
80 2008
79
2009 75
70
71 72 72
2010
60
61 60
58 57
Percent
50
48
40
39
30
20
10
BRITISH DO NOT SUPPORT MORE asked about this option, Italians (72%), Spanish (71%),
LEGAL AVENUES FOR IMMIGRATION and Americans (57%) were in favor. By contrast, British
One policy option that could reduce illegal immigration respondents were opposed to this policy. A full 58%
to a given country is to make it easier for immigrants would not support easier routes of legal immigration to
to enter the country legally to work and study. When the United Kingdom. (See Chart 15.)
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Immigration
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SPANISH AND GERMANS PESSIMISTIC ABOUT integrating well into society when compared to those
MUSLIM INTEGRATION thinking immigrants in general are integrating well.
Comparing the perceptions of immigrant integra- (See Chart 16.)
tion in general versus the integration of Muslims
specifically, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and, to
HISPANIC INTEGRATION SEEN EQUALLY
a lesser extent, the United Kingdom, had numbers
IN UNITED STATES
that were very similar. It seems that in those coun-
While Americans viewed Muslim integration more
tries, there was not a large distinction made by the
negatively than immigrant integration in general,
public between immigrants in general and Muslims
Americans also think that Hispanic immigrants
in regards to integration. In Spain, Canada, Germany,
are integrating better. Generally speaking, 59% of
and the United States, however, it was clear that there
Americans thought that immigrants are integrating
are more pessimistic views of Muslim integration.
well into American society, while only 45% of them
In Spain and Germany, for instance, there were 33
said the same of Muslim integration. Hispanic inte-
and 16 percentage point differences, respectively,
gration, however, was seen more positively, as nearly
in respondents saying that Muslim immigrants are
two-thirds of Americans (65%) said that Hispanic
28 | T R A N S A T L A N T I C T R E N D S : I M M I G R A T I O N 2 0 1 0
Chart 16:
Integration of Muslim Immigrants Seen
Differently in Some Countries
70
50 54
44 45 45 45
40 43
41
Percent
36 36 37 37 37
30
25
20
21
10
immigrants were integrating well. Americans were most likely Europeans to see the children of immi-
also asked to rate the integration of the children of grants as well integrated (78%), followed by the British
Hispanic immigrants in the United States. Overall, the (68%), Dutch (66%), Italians (65%), French (54%), and
response was very positive; a full 78% of Americans the Germans (50%). North Americans were even more
thought they were integrating well. Over one-third positive in their views of second-generation integra-
(36%) said that second-generation Hispanics were tion. An overwhelming 87% of Canadians and 79% of
integrating very well. This perception is in line with Americans said that the children of immigrants born in
the general perception of second-generation inte- Canada and the United States, respectively, were well or
gration in the United States and indicates that the very well integrated.
perceived integration of America’s largest immigrant
group is largely positive. (See Chart 17.) Second-generation MUSLIMS GENERALLY
PERCEIVED TO BE INTEGRATING WELL
MORE POSITIVE VIEWS OF SECOND- Overall, the perception of second-generation Muslim
GENERATION INTEGRATION integration was positive in most countries, as
Transatlantic Trends: Immigration asked the public how Canadians (66%), Americans (62%), Italians (60%),
they perceived the integration of second-generation the British (59%), and the French (50%) thought that
immigrants in 2010. The children of immigrants born the children of Muslim immigrants were integrating
in the respondents’ countries were generally seen as well into society. The exceptions were in Spain and
better integrated than first-generation immigrants. Germany, where only 42% and 36%, respectively,
Sixty-one percent of Europeans, on average, thought thought that Muslim immigrants’ children were
that the children born to immigrants in their countries integrating well. While the Spanish were fairly split, a
were very well or well integrated. The Spanish were the clear majority of Germans thought that second-gener-
T R A N S A T L A N T I C T R E N D S : I M M I G R A T I O N 2 0 1 0 | 29
Chart 17:
American Perception of Hispanic Integration
on Par with Immigrant Integration in General
90
80 Immigrants in general
are integrating well
79 78
Hispanic immigrants
70 are integrating well
60 65
59
50
Percent
40
30
20
10
Chart 18:
General Perception of Successful Second-Generation Integration
100
90 Children of immigrants
are integrating well
87
80 Children of Muslim immigrants
are integrating well 79
78
70
66 68 66
60 65
62
60 59
Percent
50 56
54
50 50
40
42
36
30
20
10
Netherlands United
United
Germany France Italy Spain Canada
Kingdom States
Source: Q29a. Q29b; see Chart Index
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Chart 19:
The Most Important Precondition to Obtaining Citizenship
80
40
37 37 37
34 35
30 33 32
27
25 24
20
19
17
14 15
10 13 12
8
6 6
0
ation Muslims were integrating poorly or very poorly. tions and laws, while only 6% in both Italy and Spain
(See Chart 18.) thought that language fluency was the most important
precondition for citizenship. It seems that in Spain and
CITIZENSHIP PRECONDITIONS Italy, in particular, civic integration is the most impor-
VARY BY COUNTRY tant factor for citizenship acquisition. By contrast,
In 2010, TTI asked the public to name the most impor- a full 49% of Germans thought that being able to
tant precondition for obtaining citizenship in their speak German is the most important precondition for
country. Among the options — being able to speak becoming a German citizen. In the Netherlands, 37%
the national language(s), respecting national political said that speaking Dutch was important, but a further
institutions and laws, having lived in the country for one-third of respondents (33%) thought that sharing
most of one’s life, and sharing national cultural values Dutch cultural values was the most important factor
for citizenship. Respondents in none of the countries
— there were striking differences among the countries
surveyed thought that living in the country for most of
surveyed. Respondents in Italy (70%), Spain (63%),
one’s life was the most important precondition for an
and France (53%) thought it important that would-be
immigrant to obtain citizenship. (See Chart 19.)
citizens should respect their countries’ political institu-
T R A N S A T L A N T I C T R E N D S : I M M I G R A T I O N 2 0 1 0 | 31
Chart 20:
Legal Immigrants Should Have the Right to Vote in Local Elections
60
2009
50 52 53
2010
45
40 43
36 37
Percent
30
20
10
NON-CITIZEN VOTING RIGHTS FIND only citizens should be able to vote in local elections.
SUPPORT IN EUROPE The U.K. and Canada each had a slight majority of
On the question of whether legal immigrants or 51% saying that only citizens should have the vote,
only citizens should have the right to vote in local while a clear majority (62%) of Americans thought
government elections, Spain (62%), France (58%), the that only American citizens should vote in local
Netherlands (56%), and Italy (52%) all have majori- government elections. Overall, it is evident that giving
ties who support giving the vote to legal immigrants. local voting rights to migrants is more popular in
Germans, however, were split, with 48% supporting Europe. (See Chart 20.)
legal immigrant voting rights, while 49% think that
32 | T R A N S A T L A N T I C T R E N D S : I M M I G R A T I O N 2 0 1 0
COUNTRY PROFILE: THE NETHERLANDS
Along with other European countries, the It is clear, though, that the Dutch viewed cultural
Netherlands has witnessed a growing skepticism integration as important. Other countries in
toward immigration and a shift toward more the survey cited language acquisition or respect
restrictive immigration policies. In the June 2010 for political institutions and laws as the most
election, Geert Wilders’ Party for Freedom ran important preconditions to obtaining citizenship,
on an anti-immigrant and anti-Islam agenda. but the Netherlands was an outlier. Thirty-seven
Transatlantic Trends: Immigration 2010 found percent cited language as the most important,
that the Dutch public was very critical about how followed quickly by one-third (33%) of the Dutch
the government has handled integration issues: saying that sharing cultural values was the most
an overwhelming majority (78%) of the Dutch important precondition for citizenship. This
thought that the government has done a poor support for sharing cultural values was by far the
or very poor job in integrating immigrants into highest in the survey and suggests that cultural
Dutch society, the poorest government rating for adaptation is a top priority for full immigrant
integration among all countries surveyed. integration into Dutch society.
T R A N S A T L A N T I C T R E N D S : I M M I G R A T I O N 2 0 1 0 | 33
Immigration
Conclusion
34 | T R A N S A T L A N T I C T R E N D S : I M M I G R A T I O N 2 0 1 0
the general immigrant population and among the insight into people’s perceptions of their immi-
children of Muslim immigrants. In the United States, grant populations, their government’s capacity for
Hispanic first- and second-generation immigrants managing migration issues, and the extent to which
were seen to be integrating well and were not differ- various immigrant populations are integrated into
entiated from the general immigrant population. society. A number of specific policy trade-offs were
also covered in the survey, such as legalization or
Countries had divergent views about the most impor- return for illegal immigrants, permanent versus
tant precondition to becoming a national citizen. temporary labor migration, and labor-focused versus
Germans favored language, the Dutch emphasized education-focused admittance preferences. Though
language and cultural values, and Italians, Spaniards, each of the eight countries in Transatlantic Trends:
and the French thought that respecting political insti- Immigration has its own unique history and chal-
tutions and laws was the most important attribute for lenges when it comes to immigration, these percep-
immigrants to become citizens. These findings both tions and policy preferences were designed to feed
show the emphasis that each nationality places on into policy debates on both sides of the Atlantic, in
different qualities for full integration and could give order that future debates might be better informed
guidelines to policymakers who design the require- about public sentiments on these important issues.
ments for naturalization.
T R A N S A T L A N T I C T R E N D S : I M M I G R A T I O N 2 0 1 0 | 35
Immigration
Methodology
36 | T R A N S A T L A N T I C T R E N D S : I M M I G R A T I O N 2 0 1 0
Immigration
Chart Index
T R A N S A T L A N T I C T R E N D S : I M M I G R A T I O N 2 0 1 0 | 37
Available to NATIONALITY citizens only CHART 9
Q18: In Canada: In decisions about who should be
Available to NATIONALITY citizens and all able to immigrate to COUNTRY for work, do you
legal immigrants think that primary responsibility should be given
to…?
Available to NATIONALITY citizens and all
immigrants, both legal and illegal Provincial or local authorities
38 | T R A N S A T L A N T I C T R E N D S : I M M I G R A T I O N 2 0 1 0
CHART 13 CHART 17
Q7: Now I am going to read you a few statements that Q28: Generally speaking, how well do you think
are sometimes heard about legal immigrants. Can you that (SPLIT B: Immigrants / SPLIT C: Hispanic
please tell me to what extent you agree or disagree immigrants) are integrating into NATIONALITY
with the following statements? society?
1: (SPLIT A: Legal / SPLIT B: Illegal) immi- Q29: And what about the (SPLIT B: Children
grants are a burden on social services like of immigrants / SPLIT C: Children of Hispanic
schools and hospitals immigrants) who were born in COUNTRY?
How well do you think they are integrating into
2: (SPLIT A: Legal / SPLIT B: Illegal) immi- NATIONALITY society?
grants increase crime in our society
T R A N S A T L A N T I C T R E N D S : I M M I G R A T I O N 2 0 1 0 | 39
www.transatlantictrends.org
Transatlantic Trends: Immigration is a project of the German Marshall Fund of the United States,
the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, the Compagnia di San Paolo, and the Barrow Cadbury Trust,
with additional support from the Fundación BBVA.