Performance of

DSB-AM With
Carrier(Normal DSB
AM) systems under
AWGN

Submitted by:

Solomon Gebru FST/UR0224/2000

Submitted to:

Instructor Assefa .K

27/06/2003 E.C
Introduction
Modulation is a process by which some
parameter of a carrier signal is varied in
accordance with a message signal. The
message signal is called a modulating
signal.

In this mini project, the properties & the

mathematical representation of the
normal DSB-AM are indicated.
Additionally, the generation of the
normal dsb-am modulated
signal,including the signal generator
circuit, & the transmitter analysis,are
discussed in this sub title.

In the sub title of recovery of the

message signal,focusing on the SNR &
figure of merit calculation, the
performance of the DSB-AM with
carrier is viewed.

Therefore, the discussion begins with

representing the normal DSB-AM of the
signal.
2. Mathematical representation 2.1 Spectrum of normal DSB AM
of the modulated signal For normal DSB AM, the spectral
form is represented first by Fourier
Suppose a carrier waveform is
transforming Sam(t).
represented by C(t)=Ec cos(2πfct)
And let a single frequency tone Sam(f)=f(Sam(t))
message is M(t)=Em cos(2πfmt)
=Ec/2[∂(f-fc) + ∂(f+fc)]
;where fc>>fm
A normal double sided band + mEc/4[∂(f-fc+f) + ∂(f+fc-fm)]
amplitude-modulated signal is given by
+mEc/4[∂(f-fc-fm)+∂(f+fc+fm)]
Sam(t)= C(t)*(1+M(t))
=Eccos(2πfct)+M(t)Ec cos(2πfct)
where Eccos(2πfct)=the mEc/2 mEc/2
carrier ,& M(t)Ec cos(2πfct)=side bands
= Eccos(2πfct) mEc/4 mEc/4
mEc/4 mEc/4
+ (E m cos(2πfmt))Ec cos(2πfct)
Sam(t) = Ec (1+ Em/Ec cos(2πfmt) )
cos(2πfct) -fc-fm -fc -fc+fm fc-fm fc fc+fm
;where Em/Ec =m=modulation index
Sam(t)= Ec (1+ m cos(2πf t) ) cos(2πf
Figure 1 mspectral ct)
representation of the normal DSB AM signal

= Eccos(2πfct)+mEc cos(2πfmt) cos(2πfct) Figure 1 shows the waveforms and

;cos(a)cos(b)=(cos(a-b)+cos(a+b))/2
spectra associated with a DSB
Hence signal. Clearly, the envelope of the
modulated signal does not have the
Sam(t) = Ec cos(2πfct) same shape as M(t). As with AM,
DSB modulation shifts the
+ mEc/2 cos2π(fc-fm)t
spectrum of m(t) to the carrier
+ mEc/2 cos2π(fc+fm)t frequency fc. The bandwidth of the
modulated signal is 2*fm Hz, where
where carrier= Ec cos(2πfct) fm is the bandwidth of the
modulating signal M(t).
LSB= cos2π(fc-fm)t
USB= cos2π(fc+fm)t
 PLSB= m2Ec2/16 + m2Ec2/16= m2Ec2/8
2.2 Normal DSB AM power theorem
Pm(t)= PUSB + PLSB= m2Ec2/4
Psam=P[Eccos(2πfct)+mEc/2 cos2π(fc-fm)t
Penvelope=Pc + Pm(t)=Ec2/2 (1 + m2/2)=
+ mEc/2 cos2π(fc+fm)t] = P[Ec/2(∂(f-fc)
Pc(1+ m2/2)
+ ∂(f+fc))] + P[mEc/4(∂(f-fc+fm)
The power txn efficiency is;
+ ∂(f+fc-fm))] +
Efficiency(%) =Pm(t)/Penvelope
P[mEc/4(∂(f-fc-fm) + ∂(f+fc+fm))]
=( m2Ec2/4)/( Ec2/2 (1 + m2/2))
Wherepower of carrier=
= m2/(m2+2)
P[Ec/2(∂(f-fc) + ∂(f+fc))]
Efficiencymax=0.33=33% ;when m=1
Power of LSB= P[mEc/4(∂(f-fc+fm)
Pm(t)=m2Pc/2= PUSB + PLSB
+ ∂(f+fc-fm))] Power of
PUSB = PLSB = m2Pc/4
USB= P[mEc/4(∂(f-fc-fm) + ∂(f+fc+fm))]
Even at maximum modulation index
Therefore, the power spectrum becomes;
(m=1), PUSB = PLSB = Pc/4

One of the most dis advantages of

normal DSB AM txn is the frequency
that information is contained in side band
Ec2/4 although most of the power is contained
in the carrier. Actually power in the
carrier is not wasted because it does
m2Ec2/16 m2Ec2/16 allow a relatively (non expensive)
demodulation circuits in the receiver,
which is predominant advantage of
normal DSB AM.

3. Generation of the normal

Figure 2 power spectrum of the modulated signal
DSB AM modulated signal
Taking an assumption that a normalized
power; 3.1 Signal generator circuit
Pc= Ec2/4 + Ec2/4= Ec2/2 A process of generating a normal
DSB AM signal is shown in
PUSB= m2Ec2/16 + m2Ec2/16= m2Ec2/8 Figure 6.3. This type of
 modulation can be achieved by
using a non-linear device, such as
a diode. This is shown in Figure
3.
Band
M(t) pass
Filt
Vi (t) Vo() V’o(t)
er
Cos(2fFigure
ct) 3 Diode modulator of DSB AM FC
3.2 Analysis of the transmitter
±f
c
Let the input-output characteristic
of a diode be approximated by a
power series
Vo(t) = a vi(t) + b vi2(t) ----------(i)
Where a, b are constants and
vi(t) = cos 2πfct + m(t) -------(ii)
;where Ec=1
Substituting equation (ii) into (i),
we have
Vo(t) = a[cos 2πfct + m(t)] + b[cos
2πfc t + m(t)]2
= a m(t) + bcos2 2πfct
+ b m(t)2 + acos 2πfct
+ 2b m(t) cos 2πfct
If we pass the signal vo(t) through
a band pass filter centered at + fc,
we obtain
v'o(t) = [a + 2b m(t)] cos 2πfc t
=Sam(t)= 2b[A + m(t)] cos 2πfc t
Where A =a/2b
We can use a passive LC tank to
filter out as a band pass filter.
Hence, we have generated here a
normal DSB AM signal. This
signal is then transmitted through
a channel to the receiver side.
During a transmission, the signal
is affected by different noises.
One of these noises is the AWGN
channel noise.
3.2.1 Transmission Efficiency
The transmission efficieny is
defined as the percentage of
useful signal power in the total
transmitting power. It indicates
the percentage of the total
transmitting power that is
converted to useful power. The
total transmitting power of a
DSB-FC transmitter ddepends on
the value of m(modulation index),
therefore, the transmission
efficiency also depends on the
value of m.
The transmission efficiency of
DSB-FC transmitter can be
calculated as follows:
If ηam=transmission efficiency of
the transmitter , then
ηam= (sideband power/total
transmitting power)*100%
= (psb/pt)*100%
= (m2Ec2/8 + m2Ec2/8)/
(pc(1+m2/2))*100%
= ( pc(m2/4
+ m2/4 ))/(pc(1+m2/2)) *100%
= ((m2/2)/( 2+m2)/2)
*100%
= (m2/( 2+m2))*100%
The above equation reveals that
the transmission efficiency of the
DSB-FC transmitter depends on
the value of the modulation
index,m. The maximum possible
value of m is 1 at 100%
modulation. Therefore, the
transmission efficiency of the
 transmitter will be maximum at during the course of its transmission over
100% modulation. It the communication channel & hence is in
proportionally reduces as the need of amplification. The input to the
value of m decreases. Therefore, system might be a signal furnished by a
receiving antenna which receives its
ηam(max)= 1/(1+2)*100% signal from a transmitting antenna. The
=33.33% carrier of the received signal is called
Only 33.33% of the total RF-carrier, & its frequency is the radio
transmitting power carries useful frequency,frf. The input signal is
information in the sidebands, & amplified in an RF-amplifier & then
the remaining 66.66% is wasted in passed on to a mixer. In the mixer the
the form of carrier power. modulated RF-carrier is mixed(i.e,
multiplied) with a sinusoidal waveform
4. Recovery of the message generated by a local oscillator which
operates at a frequency,fosc. The process
signal of mixing generates sum & difference
frequencies. Thus, the mixer output
consists of a carrier of frequency fosc+ frf
& a carrier fosc- frf. Each carrier is
4.1 The receiver side modulated by the baseband signal to the
same extent as was the input RF-carrier.
The sum frequency is rejected by the
i/p Local filter(which is part of the mixer). The
mod
ulate
osc difference frequency carrier is called the
d
RFca
intermediate frequency(IF) carrier, that is
rrier fif= fosc- frf. The modulated IF-carrier is
+noi
RF-amp mixer IF-amp applied to an IF-amplifier. The IF-
amplifier output is passed, through an IF-
o/p Modulated IFcarrier P=Si +white noise, carrier filter, to the demodulator in which
bbsi Power spectral density= η /2
g,p= the baseband signal is recovered, &
So+n finnaly through the baseband filter. The
oise Baseband demod IF-carrier
o/p,p filter ulator
baseband filter may include an amplifier.
filter
=No If synchronous demodulation is used, a
synchronous signal source will be
Figure 4. the receiving system of the required.
amplitude-modulated signal The receiver figure is suitable for
the reception & demodulation of all
The above figure shows a system types of amplitude modulated signals.
for processing an amplitude modulated The only essential changes required to
carrier & recovering the baseband accommodate all type of signal or
modulating system. We assume that the another are in the demodulator & in the
signal has suffered great attenuation bandwidth of the IF-carrier filter. Hence,
from this point, the discussion of this
subtitle will focus on section of receiver
beginning with theIF-filter & through to
the output.
4.3 The receiver analysis
bb- So
Si IF- dem
filter, odul filter,
Noise Hif (f)
ator Hb(f)
Spectral
power
density=Gn= η/ 2
The signal input to the IF-filter is
a dsb modulated IF-carrier. Let the
normalized power of this signal is Si. The
signal arrives with noise. Added, is the
noise generated in the RF-amplifier &
amplified in RF-amp & IF-amp. The IF-
amp & the mixer are also sources of
noise, i.e, thermal noise, etc, but this
noise, lacking the gain of the RF-amp,
represents a second order effect. We
shall assume that the noise is Gaussian,
white, & of two sided power spectral
density, η/2. The IF-filter is assumed
rectangular & of bandwidth no more than
is necessary to accommodate the signal.
The output baseband signal has a power
So ,& is accompanied by noise of total
power No.
Calculation of signal power
When a baseband signal of
frequency range fM is transmitted over a
normal DSB system, the bandwidth of
the IF-filter must be 2*fM. Thus, the
input noise in the frequency range fc- fM
to fc+ fM will contribute to the output
noise. Let’s assume that the baseband
signal is a sinusoid of angular frequency
fm (fm<= fM). The carrier frequency is fc,
& suppose that the received signal is;
Si(t)=Ec(1+m(t))cos2πfct=
Eccos2πfct+ Ecm(t)cos2πfct
Where m(t) is the baseband signal which
amplitude modulates the carrier. The
carrier power is Ec2/2. We note that the
carrier increases the total input power but
makes no contribution to the output
signal power. The sidebands are
contained in the term Ecm(t)cos2πfct. the
power associated with this term is
(Ec2/2)*m’2(t), where m’2(t) is the time
average of the square of the modulating
signal. We then have that the total power
input is;
Si=Ec2/2 +Si(sb) ;where Si(sb)
is the power in the sidebands only
=Ec2/2[1+ m’2(t)] ;
Ec2/2=Si/(1+ m’2(t))
Si(sb)= m’2(t)/(1+ m’2(t))*Si
We can conclude that So=Si(sb)/2
If the modulation is sinusoidal,with
m(t)= m*cos2πfmt, then
Si(t)= Ec(1+ m*cos2πfmt)cos2πfct
;in this case, m’2(t)=m2/2
Si=Ec2/2 *[1+m2/2]
Si(sb)=(m2/2/[1+m2/2]) *Si=m2/
(2+m2)*Si
Calculation of noise power
To calculate the o/p noise power;
Let n(t)=nc(t) cos2πfct - ns(t) sin2πfct,
the power spectral density of nc(t) &ns(t)
are; Gnc(f)= Gns(f)= Gn1(fc+f)+ Gn1(fc-f),
where Gn1(fc+-f)=psd of noise before
entered to the demodulator
In the frequency range |f|<=fM, Gn1(fc+f)=
Gn1(fc-f)= η/2. Thus, Gnc(f)=Gns(f)= η ;|f|
<=fM.
The result of multiplying n(t) by cos2πfct
yields
n(t)= nc(t)/2
+1/2nc(t) cos2πfct-1/2ns(t) sin2πfct
baseband filtering eliminates the second
& third terms,leaving no(t)=1/2 nc(t)
the psd of no(t) is then, Gno(f)=1/4 Gnc(f)=
η/4 ; -fM<=f<=fM
The o/p noise power is therefore, No= η/4
*2fM= ηfM/2
We have the i/p noise power as, Ni= η/2
*2fM= ηfM
Calculation of signal-to-
noise ratio (SNR)
SNRi=Si/Ni=(Ec2/2 [1+m2/2])/ ηfM=Si/ ηfM
SNRo=So/No=(m2/(2+m2))/(Si/ ηfM)
When m=1,the carrier is 100%
modulated. In this case,m2/(2+m2)=1/3,
so that of the power transmitted,only
one-third is in the sidebands which
contributes to the signal power o/p.
A figure of merit
γ=(So/No)/(Si/Ni)
=( m2/(2+m2)( Si/ ηfM))/( Si/ ηfM)
= m2/(2+m2)
4.3 The envelope detector
The process of recovering the
message signal from the modulated
signal is called demodulation
or detection. One of the demodulation
methods of the baseband message
signal is envelope detection.
In this method, an envelope
detector is used to recover the message
signal. An envelope detector consists of
a diode and a resistor-capacitor
combination. This is shown in the Figure
below.
So(t)
Si(t))
Figure a simple diode demodulator
circuit diagram
During the positive half-cycle
peaks of the modulated signal, the diode
is forward biased, and the capacitor
charges up to the peak value of the
modulated signal. As the modulated
signal falls from its maximum, the diode
turns off and the capacitor discharges
through the resistor. The process repeats
in this way. For proper operation, the
discharge time constant RC must be
chosen properly.
In the analysis of the receiver, we
are taking an assumption that except the
Additive White Gaussian Noise
(AWGN), the rest noises are eliminated.
Hence, we are required to take the signal
analysis in channel only with AWGN
noise.
Let’s see the figure of merit for this
synchronous envelope detector;
At the demodulator i/p; the i/p signal +
noise is,
S1(t)+ n1(t)=Ec[1+m(t)]coswct
+nc(t)coswct-ns(t)sinwct
= {Ec[1+m(t)]+nc(t)}coswct-
ns(t)sinwct
In a phasor diagram, the first term would 1. Principles of
be represented by a phasor of amplitude communication
Ec[1+m(t)]+nc(t), while the second term systems; taub-shilling
would be represented by a phasor
perpendicular to the first & of amplitude 2. Dijital communications-
ns(t). the phasor sum of the two terms is 2ndedition-sklar
then represented by a phasor of
amplitude equal to the square root of the 3. From internet in related
sum of the squares of the amplitudes of sites
the two terms. Thus, the o/p signal +
noise just prior to baseband filtering is
the envelope(phasor sum);
S2(t)+n2(t)={(Ec[1+m(t)]
2 2 1/2
+nc(t)) ns(t) }
={Ec2[1+m(t)]2
+ 2Ec[1+m(t)]nc(t)+nc2(t)+ns2(t)}1/2
Let’s take assumptions that; |nc(t)|=|
ns(t)|<<Ec
S2(t)+n2(t)={Ec2[1+m(t)]2
+2Ec[1+m(t)]nc(t)}1/2
=Ec[1+m(t)]{1+2nc(t)/
1/2
(1+m(t))}
Now using the further assumption that
(1+x)1/2=1+x/2, therefore, we have
S2(t)+n2(t)=Ec[1+m(t)]+nc(t)
The o/p signal measured after the
baseband filter, & neglecting dc terms, is
So=Ec2m’2(t). Since the spectral density
of nc(t)= η, the o/p noise power after
baseband filtering is;
No=2 ηfM
We have at the receiver i/p Ni= ηfM
Therefore, γ=(So/No)/(Si/Ni)
=m’2(t)/[1+m’2(t)]

1. Bibliography