CHAPTER 5

Exercises

E5.1 (a) We are given v (t ) = 150 cos(200πt − 30 o ) . The angular frequency is

the coefficient of t so we have ω = 200π radian/s . Then
f = ω / 2π = 100 Hz T = 1 / f = 10 ms
Vrms = Vm / 2 = 150 / 2 = 106.1 V
Furthermore, v(t) attains a positive peak when the argument of the
cosine function is zero. Thus keeping in mind that ωt has units of
radians, the positive peak occurs when
π
ωtmax = 30 × ⇒ tmax = 0.8333 ms
180

(b) Pavg = Vrms

2
/ R = 225 W

(c) A plot of v(t) is shown in Figure 5.4 in the book.

E5.2 We use the trigonometric identity sin(z ) = cos(z − 90 o ). Thus

100 sin(300πt + 60 o ) = 100 cos(300πt − 30 o )

E5.3 ω = 2πf ≅ 377 radian/s T = 1 / f ≅ 16.67 ms Vm = Vrms 2 ≅ 155.6 V

The period corresponds to 360 therefore 5 ms corresponds to a phase
o

angle of (5 / 16.67) × 360 o = 108o . Thus the voltage is

v (t ) = 155.6 cos(377t − 108o )

E5.4 (a) V1 = 10∠0 o + 10∠ − 90 o = 10 − j 10 ≅ 14.14∠ − 45 o

10 cos(ωt ) + 10 sin(ωt ) = 14.14 cos(ωt − 45 o )

(b) I1 = 10∠30 o + 5∠ − 60 o ≅ 8.660 + j 5 + 2.5 − j 4.330

≅ 11.16 + j 0.670 ≅ 11.18∠3.44 o
10 cos(ωt + 30 o ) + 5 sin(ωt + 30 o ) = 11.18 cos(ωt + 3.44 o )

(c) I2 = 20∠0 o + 15∠ − 60 o ≅ 20 + j 0 + 7.5 − j 12.99

≅ 27.5 − j 12.99 ≅ 30.41∠ − 25.28o
20 sin(ωt + 90 o ) + 15 cos(ωt − 60 o ) = 30.41 cos(ωt − 25.28o )

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E5.5 The phasors are V1 = 10∠ − 30 o V2 = 10∠ + 30 o and V3 = 10∠ − 45 o

v1 lags v2 by 60 o (or we could say v2

leads v1 by 60 o )

v1 leads v3 by 15 o (or we could say v3

lags v1 by 15 o )

v2 leads v3 by 75 o (or we could say v3

lags v2 by 75 o )

E5.6 (a) Z L = jωL = j 50 = 50∠90 o VL = 100∠0 o

IL = VL / Z L = 100 / j 50 = 2∠ − 90 o
(b) The phasor diagram is shown in Figure 5.11a in the book.

E5.7 (a) Z C = 1 / jωC = − j 50 = 50∠ − 90 o VC = 100∠0 o

IC = VC / Z C = 100 /( − j 50) = 2∠90 o
(b) The phasor diagram is shown in Figure 5.11b in the book.

E5.8 (a) Z R = R = 50 = 50∠0 o VR = 100∠0 o IR = VR / R = 100 /(50) = 2∠0 o

(b) The phasor diagram is shown in Figure 5.11c in the book.

E5.9 (a) The transformed network is:

Vs10∠ − 90 o
I= = = 28.28∠ − 135 o mA
Z 250 + j 250

2
 i (t ) = 28.28 cos(500t − 135 o ) mA
VR = RI = 7.07∠ − 135 o VL = jωLI = 7.07∠ − 45 o
(b) The phasor diagram is shown in Figure 5.17b in the book.
(c) i(t) lags vs(t) by 45 o.

E5.10 The transformed network is:

1
Z = = 55.47∠ − 56.31 o Ω
1 / 100 + 1 /( − j 50) + 1 /( + j 200)
V = ZI = 277.4∠ − 56.31 o V IC = V /( − j 50) = 5.547 ∠33.69 o A
IL = V /( j 200) = 1.387∠ − 146.31 o A
IR = V /(100) = 2.774∠ − 56.31 o A

E5.11 The transformed network is:

We write KVL equations for each of the meshes:

j 100I1 + 100( I1 − I2 ) = 100
− j 200 I2 + j 100I2 + 100( I2 − I1 ) = 0
Simplifying, we have
(100 + j 100) I1 − 100I2 = 100
− 100 I1 + (100 − j 100) I2 = 0
Solving we find I1 = 1.414∠ − 45 o A and I2 = 1∠0 o A. Thus we have
i1 (t ) = 1.414 cos(1000t − 45 o ) A and i2 (t ) = cos(1000t ).

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E5.12 (a) For a power factor of 100%, we have cos(θ ) = 1, which implies that
the current and voltage are in phase and θ = 0. Thus, Q = P tan(θ ) = 0.
Also I rms = P /[Vrms cos(θ )] = 5000 /[500 cos(0)] = 10 A. Thus we have
I m = I rms 2 = 14.14 and I = 14.14∠40 o.

(b) For a power factor of 20% lagging, we have cos(θ ) = 0.2, which
implies that the current lags the voltage by θ = cos−1 (0.2) = 78.46o. Thus,
Q = P tan(θ ) = 24.49 kVAR. Also, we have I rms = P /[Vrms cos(θ )] = 50.0 A.
Thus we have I m = I rms 2 = 70.71 A and I = 70.71∠ − 38.46o.

(c) The current ratings would need to be five times higher for the load
of part (b) than for that of part (a). Wiring costs would be lower for the
load of part (a).

E5.13 The first load is a 10 µF capacitor for which we have

Z C = 1 /( jωC ) = 265.3∠ − 90 o Ω θ C = −90 o I Crms = Vrms / Z C = 3.770 A
PC = Vrms I Crms cos(θ C ) = 0 QC =Vrms I Crms sin(θ C ) = −3.770 kVAR

The second load absorbs an apparent power of Vrms I rms = 10 kVA with a
power factor of 80% lagging from which we have θ 2 = cos −1 (0.8) = 36.87 o.
Notice that we select a positive angle for θ 2 because the load has a
lagging power factor. Thus we have P2 = Vrms I 2rms cos(θ 2 ) = 8.0 kW
and Q2 = Vrms I 2rms sin(θ ) = 6 kVAR .

Now for the source we have:

Ps = PC + P2 = 8 kW Qs = QC + Q2 = 2.23 kVAR
Vrms I srms = Ps 2 + Qs2 = 8.305 kVA I srms = Vrms I srms /Vrms = 8.305 A
power factor = Ps /(Vrms I srms ) × 100% = 96.33%

E5.14 First, we zero the source and combine impedances in series and parallel
to determine the Thévenin impedance.

4
 1
Zt = 50 − j 25 + = 50 − j 25 + 50 + j 50
1 / 100 + 1 / j 100
= 100 + j25 = 103.1∠14.04 o

Then we analyze the circuit to determine the open-circuit voltage.

100
Vt = Voc = 100 × = 70.71∠ − 45 o
100 + j 100

In =Vt / Zt = 0.6858∠ − 59.04 o

E5.15 (a) For a complex load, maximum power is transferred for

Z L = Zt* = 100 − j 25 = RL + jX L . The Thévenin equivalent with the load
attached is:

The current is given by

70.71∠ − 45 o
I= = 0.3536∠ − 45 o
100 + j 25 + 100 − j 25
The load power is
PL = RL I rms
2
= 100(0.3536 / 2 ) 2 = 6.25 W

5
 (b) For a purely resistive load, maximum power is transferred
for RL = Zt = 100 2 + 252 = 103.1 Ω. The Thévenin equivalent with the
load attached is:

The current is given by

70.71∠ − 45 o
I= = 0.3456∠ − 37.98 o
103.1 + 100 − j 25
The load power is
PL = RL I rms
2
= 103.1(0.3456 / 2 ) 2 = 6.157 W

E5.16 The line-to-neutral voltage is 1000 / 3 = 577.4 V. No phase angle was

specified in the problem statement, so we will assume that the phase of
Van is zero. Then we have
Van = 577.4∠0 o Vbn = 577.4∠ − 120 o Vcn = 577.4∠120 o
The circuit for the a phase is shown below. (We can consider a neutral
connection to exist in a balanced Y-Y connection even if one is not
physically present.)

The a-phase line current is

V 577.4∠0 o
IaA = an = = 4.610∠ − 37.02o
Z L 100 + j 75.40
The currents for phases b and c are the same except for phase.
IbB = 4.610∠ − 157.02o IcC = 4.610∠82.98o

V I 577.4 × 4.610
P = 3 Y L cos(θ ) = 3 cos(37.02 o ) = 3.188 kW
2 2

6
 VI 577.4 × 4.610
Q = 3 Y L sin(θ ) = 3 sin(37.02o ) = 2.404 kVAR
2 2

E5.17 The a-phase line-to-neutral voltage is

Van = 1000 / 3 ∠ 0 o = 577 . 4 ∠ 0 o

The phase impedance of the equivalent Y is ZY = Z ∆ / 3 = 50 / 3 = 16.67 Ω.

Thus the line current is

V 577.4∠0 o
IaA = an = = 34.63∠0 o A
ZY 16.67

Similarly, IbB = 34.63∠ − 120 o A and IcC = 34.63∠120 o A.

Finally, the power is

P = 3(I aA / 2 ) 2 Ry = 30.00 kW

E5.18 Writing KCL equations at nodes 1 and 2 we obtain

V1 V − V2
+ 1 = 1∠60 o
100 + j 30 50 − j 80
V2 V − V1
+ 2 = 2∠30 o
j 50 50 − j 80
In matrix form, these become
 1 1  1 
 +  − 
 100 + j 30 50 − j 80  50 − j 80   V1  = 1∠60° 
 1  1 1  V2  2∠30°
 −  + 
 50 − j 80  j 50 50 − j 80 
The MATLAB commands are
Y = [(1/(100+j*30)+1/(50-j*80)) (-1/(50-j*80));...
(-1/(50-j*80)) (1/(j*50)+1/(50-j*80))];
I = [pin(1,60); pin(2,30)];
V = inv(Y)*I;
pout(V(1))
pout(V(2))

The results are

V1 = 79.98∠106.21o and V2 = 124.13∠116.30 o

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 Answers for Selected Problems

P5.4* ω = 1000π rad/s

f = 500 Hz
phase angle = θ = −60 o = − π 3 radians
T = 2 ms
Vrms = 7.071 V
P =1W
t peak = 0.3333 ms

P5.6* v (t ) = 28.28 cos(2π10 4t − 72o ) V

P5.12* Vrms = 10.61 V

P5.13* Vrms = 3.808 A

P5.23* 5 cos(ωt + 75 o ) − 3 cos(ωt − 75 o ) + 4 sin(ωt ) = 3.763 cos(ωt + 82.09 o )

P5.24* v s (t ) = 141.4 cos (ωt − 45 o )

V2 lags V1 by 90 o
Vs lags V1 by 45o
Vs leads V2 by 45o

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P5.25* v 1 (t ) = 10 cos (400πt + 30 o )
v 2 (t ) = 5 cos( 400πt + 150 o )
v 3 (t ) = 10 cos (400πt + 90 o )
v 1 (t ) lags v 2 (t ) by 120 o
v 1 (t ) lags v 3 (t ) by 60 o
v 2 (t ) leads v 3 (t ) by 60 o

P5.35* Z L = 200 π∠90 o

VL = 10∠0 o
IL = (1 20 π )∠ − 90 o
iL (t ) = (1 20 π) cos(2000 πt − 90 o ) = (1 20 π) sin(2000 πt )

iL (t ) lags v L (t ) by 90 o

P5.37* Z C = 15.92∠ − 90 o Ω
VC = 10∠0 o
IC = VC Z C = 0.6283∠90 o
iC (t ) = 0.6283 cos(2000πt + 90 o ) = −0.6283 sin(2000πt )
iC (t ) leads v C (t ) by 90 o

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P5.42*
I = 70.71∠ − 45 o mA
VR = 7.071∠ − 45 o V
VL = 7.071∠45 o V

I lags Vs by 45 o

P5.44* I = 4.472∠63.43 o mA
VR = 4.472∠63.43 o V
VC = 8.944 ∠ − 26.57 o V

I leads Vs by 63.43o

P5.46* ω = 500 : Z = 158.1∠ − 71.57 o

ω = 1000 : Z = 50∠0 o

ω = 2000 : Z = 158.1∠71.57 o

P5.49* IR = 10∠0 o mA
IL = 50∠ − 90 o mA
IC = 50∠90 o mA

The peak value of iL (t ) is five times larger than the source current!

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P5.52* V = 8.944 ∠ − 26.56o V
IR = 89.44 ∠ − 26.56o mA
IC = 44.72∠63.44 o mA

V lags Is by 26.56o

P5.67* I = 15.11∠20.66 o
P = 10 kW
Q = −3.770 kVAR
Apparent power = 10.68 kVA
Power factor = 93.57% leading

P5.69* This is a capacitive load.

P = 22.5 kW
Q = −11.25 kVAR
power factor = 89.44%
apparent power = P 2 + Q 2 = 25.16 KVA

P5.78* Ps = 22 kW
Qs = 13.84 kVAR
Apparent power = 26 kVA
Power factor = 84.62% lagging

P5.83* (a) I = 400 2∠ − 75.52 o

(b) C = 1027 µF

The capacitor must be rated for at least 387.3 kVAR.

I = 100∠0 o

(c) The line current is smaller by a factor of 4 with the capacitor in

place, reducing I 2R losses in the line by a factor of 16.

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P5.87* (a) In = 1.789∠ − 26.57 o

(b) Pload = 50 W

(c) Pload = 47.21 W

P5.91* Rload = 12.5 Ω

C load = 106.1 µF

P5.95* Z ∆ = 70.29∠ − 62.05 o Ω

P5.96* VL = 762.1 V rms

I L = 14.67 A rms
P = 19.36 kW

P5.99* IaA = 59.87 ∠0 o

VAn = 322.44∠ − 21.80 o
VAB = 558∠8.20 o
IAB = 34.56∠30 o
Pload = 26.89 kW
Pline = 5.38 kW

P5.105* V1 = 9.402∠29.58o
V2 = 4.986∠111.45 o

P5.107* I1 = 1.372∠120.96o
I2 = 1.955∠136.22o

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 Practice Test

T 2
1 1 2
T5.1 I rms = ∫ i (t )dt = ∫ (3t ) 2 dt = t 3 = 8 = 2.828 A
2

T 0
30 0

P = I rms R = 8(50) = 400 W

2

T5.2 V = 5∠ − 45° + 5∠ − 30° = 3.5355 − j 3.5355 + 4.3301 − j 2.5000

V = 7.8657 − j 6.0355 = 9.9144∠ − 37.50°
v (t ) = 9.914 cos(ωt − 37.50°)

15
T5.3 (a) V1rms = = 10.61 V
2
V2
(b) f = 200 Hz
(c) ω = 400π radians/s
(d) T = 1 / f = 5 ms
(e) V1 = 15∠ − 45° and V2 = 5∠ − 30°
V1 lags V2 by 15° or V2 leads V1 by 15°
V1

Vs 10∠0° 10∠0°
T5.4 I= = = = 0.7071∠ − 45° A
R + jωL − j / ωC 10 + j 15 − j 5 14.14∠45°

VR = 10 I = 7.071∠ − 45° V VL = j 15I = 10.606∠45° V

VC = − j 5I = 5.303∠ − 135° V

T5.5 S = 21 VI* = 21 (440∠30°)(25∠10°) = 5500∠40° = 4213 + j 3535 VA

P = Re(S) = 4213 W
Q = Im(S) = 3535 VAR
Apparent power = S = 5500 VA
Power factor = cos(θv − θ I ) = cos(40°) = 76.6% lagging

T5.6 We convert the delta to a wye and connect the neutral points with an
ideal conductor.
ZY = Z ∆ / 3 = 2 + j 8 / 3
Ztotal = Z line + ZY = 0.3 + j 0.4 + 2 + j 2.667 = 2.3 + j 3.067

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 Ztotal = 3.833∠53.13°
Van 208∠30°
IaA = = = 54.26∠ − 23.13° A
Ztotal 3.833∠53.13°

T5.7 The mesh equations are:

j 10I1 + 15( I1 − I2 ) = 10∠45°
− j 5I2 + 15( I2 − I1 ) = −15
In matrix form these become
(15 + j 10) − 15   I1  10∠45°
 − 15 =
 (15 − j 5)  I2   − 15 
The commands are:

Z = [(15+j*10) -15; -15 (15-j*5)]

V = [pin(10,45); -15]
I = inv(Z)*V
pout(I(1))
pout(I(2))

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