Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Of
Statistical
Data.
Index
1) Origin & Growth of Statistics.
4) Advantages of Sampling.
5) Disadvantages of Sampling.
a) Direct inquiry.
b) Indirect inquiry.
c) Questionnaire method.
Population survey.
Better accuracy can be achieved if information
is on all units covered under the field of inquiry. The
totality of all units covered under the field of inquiry
or investigation is called a Population. The total
number of units contained in the population inquiry or
investigation is called the size of the population. If
the number of units in the population is finite, then
the population is called finite population with size
N. If the number of units in the population is infinite,
then the population is called infinite population
with size N. In real life situation we deal with we think
of only finite population. If we take group of students
as population then the unit of population is student. If
we take group of family as population then the unit of
population is family. If we take group of Electric bulb
manufactured by a factory as population then the unit
of population is Electric bulb. Thus interpretation of a
population and its unit can be made according to
context.
An inquiry in which information on each &
every unit of the population is obtained for
inspection is called a Population inquiry or
Census inquiry. For example, the population census
conducted for every ten years in the country is the
example of population inquiry. Inquiry of all citizens of
the country is the example of population census and
the total number of citizens of the country is called
the size of the population.
If the field of inquiry or survey is very
extensive and wide, conducting a population inquiry
or survey becomes difficult, if not impossible. The
total inquiry of all units of population requires lot of
money, time and energy. Moreover we require more
number of enumerators to collect information on each
and every unit of the population. It is rather difficult to
get sufficient number of experienced, honest, diligent
and clever enumerators. In some circumstances
population inquiry is not practically feasible the
requires another inquiry that is sample inquiry.
In particular, a population inquiry proves
worthless if all the units of the population after the
inspection are to be destroyed. For example, if an
inquiry of electric bulbs involves recording the life of
the bulb till they fuse out then complete inquiry of all
bulbs leaves no bulb for use. So we require sample
inquiry.
Sample survey.
The remedy of overcoming the practical
difficulty encountered in population survey lies in
selecting representative units in a scientific or random
manner and inquiry is made on these selected units
only. A group of such selected units is called a
sample, and total number of each selected units is
called the sample size or size of the sample. A unit
selected in the sample is called a sample unit. An
inquiry made on each unit of the sample is called a
sample inquiry or sample survey.
In our day to day life we, knowingly or
unknowingly, resort to sample inquiry. For example a
pathologist takes a few drops of blood for medical
examination. A housewife, while cooking, examines a
few cooked grains to check whether the grains are
cooked or not. A candidate appearing for personal
interview for job is asked a few questions to judge his
suitability for the job.
Sample inquiry compared to population inquiry
is simple, less expensive, speedy and more practical.
But the selection of a sample for this purpose requires
meticulous care. Such a sample should be the
representative of the population. In other words, its
selection should be done at random; size of the
sample should not be unduly small or unduly large.
For example, a sample of size 100 from a population
of 1000 families of the labour area of a city on city on
10% basis can be called representative sample for
conducting a socio-economic status of these 1000
families of the labour area is same a large extent,
populatation of 1000 families of the labour area can
be called a homogeneous population. A population
of 1000 100 watt electric bulbs produced by a factory
on daily basis can also be called a homogeneous
population. Suppose we want to undertake a socio-
economic survey of families of an industrial city is
called a non-homogeneous population. In order to
make this population homogenous, we require
dividing the families of the city on the basis of socio-
economic status into three classes such as labour
class families, middle class families and upper class
families. We can take each of these classes as
homogeneous and each class may be called the sub
population of the original population. We can conduct
the socio economic inquiry by taking a sample of
appropriate size from each of these sub population.
Sample inquiry can be either of without
replacement or with replacement.
It can be as follows:
While selecting a sample for a sample
inquiry, if a unit selected at any draw is not
replaced in the population before the next
draw, then such a sample is called sample
without replacement and inquiry is called
sampling without replacement. If a unit
selected at any draw is replaced in the
population before the next draw, then such a
sample is called sample with replacement and
inquiry is called sampling with replacement.
Diff. Population & Sample Survey.
Population survey Sample Survey
In population survey all the In sample survey fewer
units are examined. So it units are examined. So it
requires more time. requires less time.
The cost of survey is more. The cost of survey is
less.
As more units are to be Accuracy can be
examined proper accuracy maintained as few units
cannot be maintained. are to be examined.
Population study is not Sample study is possible
possible when the units when the units are to be
are to be destroyed destroyed during the
during the study. study.
As more persons are As few persons are to be
employed to the work employed experts may
experts may not be be available.
available.
As more units are to be As few units are to be
studied the work becomes studied the work
tedious. becomes relatively
easy
As all units are examined Limited number of the
complete information is units are examined hence
available. complete information
is not available.
As more units are to be As fewer units are to be
examined It occupies more examined It occupies
time. relatively less time.
Example: population census Example: selection of
coach.