GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF

ENGINNERING AND
TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING

A PAPER PRESENTION ON
IMAGE PROCESSING
BY

P.S.D ALEKHYA G.V.ALEKHYA

4/4CSE 4/4 CSE

alekhya.pinninti@gmail.com
 techniques that can
identify shades,
colors and
relationships that
cannot be perceived
by the human eye.
ABSTRACT
Image processing is 2. Any image

a technique to enhance improvement, such as

raw images received from refining a picture in a

cameras/sensors placed paint program that

on satellites, space probes has been scanned or

and aircrafts or pictures entered from a video

taken in normal day-to- source.

day life in various 3. A set of

applications. The data computational techniques

from an image is for analyzing, enhancing,

digitized and various compressing, and

mathematical operations reconstructing images

are applied to the data, 4. Used to solve

generally with a digital identification

computer, in order to problems, such as in

create an enhanced image forensic medicine or in

that is more useful or creating weather maps

pleasing to a human from satellite pictures. It

observer, or to perform deals with images in

some of the interpretation bitmapped graphics

recognition tasks usually format that have been

performed by humans.. scanned in or captured

with digital camera.
It is
Various
1. The analysis of a
techniques have been
picture using
developed in image  May remove
processing during the last noise,
 Improve the
four to five decades.
contrast of the
Most of the techniques image,
are developed for  Remove blurring
caused by
enhancing images movement of the
obtained from unmanned camera during
image acquisition
aircrafts, space probes It may correct for
and military geometric
reconnaissance flights. A few decades ago,
Image processing systems image processing was
are becoming popular due done largely in the analog
to easy availability of domain, chiefly by
powerful personal optical devices. Analog
computers, large size image processing refers
memory devices, graphic to the alteration of image
software’s etc through electrical means.
These optical methods
INTRODUCTION
Image processing is in are still essential to
many cases concerned applications such as
with taking one array of
pixels as input and holography because they
producing another array are inherently parallel;
of pixels as output, which
in some way represents however, due to the
an improvement to the significant increase in
original array. Most
image processing computer speed, these
techniques involve techniques are
treating the image as a
two-dimensional signal increasingly being
and applying standard replaced by digital image
signal processing
techniques to it. processing methods.
For example, this
processing Digital image processing
techniques are generally
more versatile, reliable,  Resolution
and accurate; they have
 Dynamic range
the additional benefit of
being easier to implement  Bandwidth
than their analog  Filtering
counterparts. Digital  Differential
computers are used to operators
process the image. The
 Edge detection
image will be converted
to digital form using a  Domain
digitizer and then process modulation.
it. Today, hardware
solutions are commonly Two-dimensional
used in video processing techniques
systems. However,  Image
commercial image representation
processing tasks are more  Image
commonly done by preprocessing
software running on
 Image
conventional personal
enhancement
computers.
 Image restoration
Commonly used signal  Image analysis
processing techniques:  Image
Most of the signal reconstruction
processing concepts that  Image data
apply to one-dimensional
compression
signals also extend to the
Image Reresentation :
two-dimensional image
image defined in the to
signal. Some of these
be a function of two real
one-dimensional signal
variables, for example, f
processing concepts
(x, y) with f as he
become significantly
amplitude (e.g.
more complicated in two-
brightness) of the image
dimensional processing.
at the real coordinate
Image
position (x, y).
processing brings some
new concepts, such as
connectivity and
rotational invariance that
are meaningful only for
two-dimensional signals.

One-dimensional
techniques

The 2D continuous
image f (x, y) is divided
into N rows and M
columns. The intersection
of a row and a column is
called s pixel. The value
assigned to the integer
coordinates [m, n] with
{m=0,1,2,.........M-1} and
{n=0,1,2,.............N-1} is
f {m, n}. In fact in most
cases f (x, y) -- we might
consider to be the
physical signal that
impinges on the face of
the sensor. Typically an
image file such as BMP,
JPEG, TIFF etc., has
some picture and header
information. A header
usually includes details
like format identifier
(typically first
information), resolution,
number of bits/pixel,
compression type etc.
Image resolution
Image resolution
describes the detail an
image holds. The term
applies equally to digital
images, film images, and
other types of images.
Higher resolution means
more image detail. It is
illustrated by following
image.
Image resolution can be
measured in various
ways. Basically,
resolution quantifies how
close lines can be to each
other and still be visibly
resolved. Resolution units
can be tied to physical
sizes (e.g. lines per mm,
lines per inch) or to the
overall size of a picture
(lines per picture height,
also known simply as
lines, or TV lines).
Furthermore, line pairs
are often used instead of
lines. A line pair is a pair
of adjacent dark and light
lines, while lines count
both dark lines and light
lines. A resolution of 10
lines per mm means 5
dark lines alternating
with 5 light lines, or 5
line pairs per mm.
Photographic lens and
film resolution are most
often quoted in line pairs
per mm.
Scaling:
Scaling is defined as the row, mth column of the
increase or original imagery is
reduction of image selected and displayed.
size by a fixed Another way of
ratio. The theme of accomplishing the same
the technique of is by taking the average
magnification is to in ‘m x m’ block and
have a closer view displaying this average
by magnifying or after proper rounding of
zooming the the resultant value.
interested part in
the imagery. By
reduction, we can
bring the
unmanageable size
of data to a
manageable limit.
Image
Preprocessing

1. Magnification
This is usually done to
improve the scale of
display for visual 2-dimensional image
interpretation or scaling
sometimes to match the
scale of one image to In the above signal, the
other. To magnify an image is magnified
image by a factor 2, each vertically and reduced
pixel of the original horizontally.
image is replaced by Rotation
block of 2 x 2 pixels, all Image rotation is
with the same brightness performed by computing
value as the original the inverse
pixel. transformation for every
destination pixel.
2. Reduction Rotation is used in image
Image reduction increases mosaic, image
the incidence of high registration etc. One of
frequencies and causes the techniques of rotation
several pixels to collapse is 3-pass shear rotation,
into one. To reduce a where rotation matrix can
digital image of the be decomposed into three
original data, every mth separable matrices.
 Image rotation

Image mosaicking
Image enhancement:
Mosaic Image enhancement is
the improvement of
digital image quality,
without knowledge about
the source of degradation.
In Image enhancement,
the goal is to accentuate
certain image features for
subsequent analysis or for
image display. If the
source of degradation is
known, one calls the
process image
restoration. Both are
iconical processes, viz.
input and output are
images. It is quite
easy, for example, to
make an image lighter or
darker, or to increase or
decrease contrast, pseudo
colouring, noise filtering,
sharpening and
magnifying. Advanced
image enhancement
software also supports
many filters for altering
images in various ways.
Programs specialized for
image enhancements are
sometimes called image
editors.
The aim of image
enhancement is to
improve the
interpretability or
perception of information
in images for human
viewers or to provide
`better' input for other
automated image
processing techniques. It
is illustrated as follows:
Image
enhancement
An image is enhanced
when it is modified so
that the information it
contains is more clearly
evident, but enhancement
can also include making
the image more visually
appealing. An example is
noise smoothing.
Another example of
enhancement is contrast
manipulation, where each
pixel's value in the new
image depends solely on
that pixel's value in the
old image; in other
words, this is a point
operation. Contrast
manipulation is
commonly performed by
adjusting the brightness
and contrast
Image noise reduction:
Images taken with both
digital cameras and
conventional film
cameras will pick up
noise from a variety of
(partially) removed - for
aesthetic purposes as in
artistic work or
marketing, or for
practical purposes such as
computer vision
Noise filtering is used to
filter the unnecessary
information from an
image. It is also used to
remove various types of
noises from the images.
Noise reduction
Image restoration:
Images typically suffer
from a range of
imperfections including
geometric distortion, non-
uniform contrast, and
noise. Image restoration
removes or minimizes
some known degradations
in an image. It can be
seen as a special kind of
image enhancement.
Image restoration is to
"compensate for" or
"undo" defects, which
degrade an image.
Degradation comes in
many forms such as
motion blur, noise, and
camera misfocus. In cases
like motion blur, it is
possible to come up with
a very good estimate of
the actual blurring
function and "undo" the
blur to restore the original
image. In cases where the
image is corrupted by
noise, the best we may
hope to do is to
compensate for the
degradation it caused.
The most common
degradations have their
origin in imperfections of
the sensors, or in
transmission.
Image restoration
The aim of restoration is
also to improve the
image, but unlike
enhancement, knowledge
of how the image was
formed is used in an
attempt to retrieve the
ideal (uncorrupted)
image. Any image-
forming system is not
perfect, and will
introduce artifacts (for
example, blurring,
aberrations) into the final
image that would not be
present in an ideal image.
A point-spread function,
called a filter, can be
constructed that undoes
the blurring. By imaging
the blurred image with
the filter point spread
function, the restored
image results. The filter
point spread function is systems measure
spread out more than the quantitative information
blurring point spread and use it to make a
function, bringing more sophisticated decision,
pixels into the averaging such as controlling the
process. This is an arm of a robot to move an
example of a global object after identifying i
operation, since perhaps or navigating an aircraft
all of the pixels of the with he aid of images
blurred image can acquired along its
contribute to the value of trajectory.
a single pixel in the
restored image. This type Image Reconstruction:
of deblurring is called Image reconstruction is a
inverse filtering, and is special class of image
sensitive to the presence restoration, where a two-
of noise in the blurred dimensional object is
image. By modifying the reconstructed from
deblurring filter several One-dimensional
according to the projections. Each
properties of the noise, projection is obtained by
performance can be projecting a parallel X-
improved. An example of ray (or other penetrating
the need to deblur images radiation) beam through
from an optical system is the object. Planar
the Hubble Space projections are thus
Telescope before its obtained by viewing the
spherical aberration was object from many
corrected with new different angles.
optics. Reconstruction
Image Analysis: algorithms derive an
Image analysis is image of a thin axial slice
concerned with making of the object, giving an
quantitative inside view otherwise
measurements from an unobtainable without
image to produce a performing extensive
description of it. In the surgery. Such techniques
simplest form, this ask are important in medical
could be reading a label imaging (ct scanners)
on a grocery item, sorting astronomy, radar
different pars on an imaging, geological
assembly line, or exploration, and non-
measuring he size ad destructive testing of
orientation of blood cells assemblies.
in medical image. More
advanced image analysis Image Compression:
Image Compression as three to four may be
(often known as Image acceptable.
Coding) is the art /
science of representing
images with the least
information (no. of bits)
consistent with achieving
an acceptable image
quality / usefulness.
Compression is a way of
representing an image by
fewer numbers, at the
same time minimizing the
degradation of the
information contained in
the image. Compression
is important because of
the large quantities of
digital imagery that are
sent electronically and
stored. Digital high-
definition television relies
heavily on image
compression to enable Image compression
transmission and display
of large-format color Image compression can
images. Once the image be lossy or lossless.
is compressed for storage Lossless compression is
or transmission, it must sometimes preferred for
be uncompressed for use, artificial images such as
by the inverse of the technical drawings, icons
compression operations. or comics. This is
There is a trade-off because lossy
between the amount of compression methods,
compression and the especially when used at
quality of the low bit rates, introduce
uncompressed image. compression artifacts.
High compression rates Lossless compression
are acceptable with methods may also be
television images, for preferred for high value
example. However, content, such as medical
where high image quality imagery or image scans
must be preserved (as in made for archival
diagnostic medical purposes. Lossy methods
images), only are especially suitable for
compression rates as low natural images such as
photos in applications term that covers the use
where minor (sometimes of digital image
imperceptible) loss of processing techniques to
fidelity is acceptable to process, analyze and
achieve a substantial present images obtained
reduction in bit rate. from a microscope.
The best image quality at
a given bit-rate (or Medical imaging:
compression rate) is the Medical imaging
main goal of image designates the ensemble
compression. of techniques and
processes used to create
APPLICATIONS: images of the human
 Photography and body for clinical purposes
printing or medical science.
 Satellite image
Morphing:
processing
Morphing is a special
 Medical image affect in motion pictures
processing and animations that
 Face detection, changes (or morphs) one
feature detection, image into another
face identification through a seamless
 Microscope image transition. Most often it is
processing used to depict one person
turning into another
 Car barrier
through some magical or
detection
technological means.
 Morphological
image processing

Face detection:
Face detection is a
computer technology that
determines the locations
and sizes of human faces
in arbitrary (digital) Morphing
images. It detects facial
features and ignores
anything else, such as
buildings, trees and
bodies. RESEARCH:
Image processing is an
Microscope image active area of research in
processing: such diverse fields as
Microscope image medicine, astronomy,
processing is a broad
microscopy, seismology,
defense, industrial quality
control, and the
publication and
entertainment industries.
The concept of an image
has expanded to include
three-dimensional data
sets (volume images), and
even four-dimensional
volume-time data sets.
An example of the latter
is a volume image of a
beating heart, obtainable
with x-ray computed
tomography (CT),
ultrasound, confocal
microscopy, scanning
tunneling microscopy,
atomic force microscopy,
and other modalities have
been developed to
provide digitized images
directly. Digital images
are widely available from
the Internet, CD-ROMs,
and inexpensive charge-
coupled-device (CCD)
cameras, scanners, and
frame grabbers. Software
for manipulating images
is also widely available.
CONCLUSION:
We all know that new
technologies, at first
perceived as unwelcome,
subjected to some
modifications, usually
lead to better, more
productive situations for
everyone. In the case of
image processing, the
potential benefits are
many: refined images can
be obtained, faster report
turnaround, easing of
growing workload, etc...
By embracing the new
image processing
technologies and further
refinements in image
processing techniques,
users are likely to find it
more beneficial, not less,
in future, while more
refinements in image
processing techniques
will be appreciated at a
reduced cost. Overall,
Image processing is a
good option that deserves
a careful look.
RESULT:
In recent years there were
many improvements in
the areas of image
processing, more
specifically, the areas of
block artifact and
mosquito noise
reduction... Other typical
areas of image processing
improvements include
adaptive contrast
enhancement, sharpness
and texture enhancement,
and selective color
correction. The latest
advancements also
resulted in the
compression rate in
recent years there were
many improvements in
the areas of image
processing, more
specifically, the areas of
block artefact and
mosquito noise
reduction... Other typical
areas of image processing
improvements include
adaptive contrast
enhancement, sharpness
and texture enhancement,
and selective colour
correction. The latest
advancements also
resulted in the
compression rates, which
turned up to squeeze as
much video content as
possible in to available
distribution channels and
onto media.
Advanced compression
techniques are replacing
previous-generation
technology, offering
enhancements such as
better streaming
capability, higher
compression for a given
quality and lower latency.
As a result of all these
techniques image
processing is including
motion compensated
processing in itself. As it
is incorporating new
levels of processing
(based on motion
compensation) we will be
able to see a wide variety
of offerings and various
levels of quality and
capabilities.
References: -
Digital Image
Processing by Rafael
C.Gonzalez and Richard
E.Woods.
Hoose, N. : ‘Computer
Image Processing in
Traffic Engineering’.
Rourke, A., and Bell,
M.G.H.: ‘Queue detection
and congestion monito
ring using
mage processing’, Traffic
Engg. and Control.
Traffic Queue Length
Measurement Using an
Image Processing Sensor
by Masakatsu
Higashikobo, Toshio
Hinenoya and Kouhei
Takeouchi.
A Real-time Computer
Vision System for Vehicle
Tracking and Traffic
Surveillance by
Benjamin Coifman
(corresponding author).
A Real-time Computer
Vision System for
Measuring Traffic
Parameters by David
Beymer, Philip
McLauchlan, Benn
Coifman and Jitendra Ma