1. State three (3) major organ and two (2) organ systems in plants?

Three major organs in plants are root, stem and leaves and the two organ systems
in plants are root system and shoot system.

2. What are the three primary functions of root systems?

Three primary functions of root system is as absorption of water and miner from soil,
as anchorage in soil, and storage of energy resources.

3. Where is the vascular tissue located in roots? How is it arranged in dicots

and monocots?
When we make a cross section of the root we can see that the vascular tissue is
located in the center and surrounded by the ground tissue and dermal tissue.

Figure1: This diagram shows the arrangement of vascular tissue in monocot and
dicot.
Dicot and monocots have different arrangements of root tissues. Notice that
monocot roots have their xylem and phloem in a circular series around the root while
dicots have them in one central location in the centre of the root

4. Briefly explain what are dicots and monocots.

Dicots:
Dicots also know as dicotyledons. Its is aregroup in flowering plants where seed has
two embryonic cotyledon, comes with four or five flowers, concentric circle of
vascular bundle, has tap root and reticulate arranged of leaf veins.

Monocot:
Monocot also knows as monocotyledon. It has scattered vascular bundle, timorous
flower and non-tricolplate pollen also only one cotyledon, adventitious roots and
parallel arrangement of leaf veins.
5. Why are collenchyma and sclerenchyma more common in shoots than
roots?
Collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells are actually more common in shoot because
both of these cells function in providing mechanical support for the plant. Each of
these cells has their own characteristic where the sclerenchyma is much more rigid
then the collenchyma cell. The secondary cell walls of sclerenchyma are thick and
contain large amount of lignin.

6. Briefly explain the difference between primary and secondary growth.

There are some differences between the primary growth and the secondary growth.
The primary growth is occur at the tip of stems and roots in plant where there
present the active cell division in the apical meristems. The primary growth will help
to increase the length of the stems and roots.

While the secondary growth is usually occur in the gymnosperms, most eudicots and
woody magnoliids. It allowed the increase in diameter where the new tissues will
accumulates and results in the thicker branches and stems. The secondary growth
result from the production of the layer of secondary tissue by a lateral meristem the
cork cambium or vascular cambium.

7. How do the cells of sclerenchyma differ from those of parenchyma in

terms of structure?

Figure 2: This diagram shows the structure of parenchyma and sclerenchyma cells.

The parenchyma cell has tissues composed of large, thin walled cells having a single
large vacuole. While the Sclerenchyma is made up of thin, narrow and long cells
having very thick cell walls due to deposition of lignin
8. What is the specific function(s) of parenchyma tissue?

Parenchyma tissues function in storing the west products like tannin, gum and
resins. Besides, in root and stem it storage food and water. In epidermis, it is used
for light penetration and focusing of gas exchange. It has thin, permeable primary
walls enable the transportation of small molecule between them and their cytoplasm
responsible for a wide range of biochemical function such as nectar secretion.

9. What is the specific function(s) of sclerenchyma tissue?

The sclerenchymas are thick at the cell walls and thus these cells provide rigid
support for the plant as they are hard and supportive.

10. Why are collenchyma and sclerenchyma more common in shoots than
roots?
Collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells are actually more common in shoot because
both of these cells function in providing mechanical support for the plant. Each of
these cells has their own characteristic where the sclerenchyma is much more rigid
then the collenchyma cell. The secondary cell walls of sclerenchyma are thick and
contain large amount of lignin.
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (TB30203)

Assignment 1

NAME:
HAISAH BINTI KIMIN

MATRIX NO:
BT08110004

LECTURER’S NAME:
MDM NOR AZIZUN RUSDI