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Michael Elfick

Geodata Information Systems


Outline

y The Cadastral Framework

y The Geodetic Framework

y Coordinating the Cadastre


.
y NT Digital Cadastre
The Cadastral Boundary Framework

y Land Ownership is an essential part of a LIS

y Titles are defined by Metes and Bounds

y Survey marks are an opinion of physical location

y Cadastral survey plans show boundary information

y Framework subject to continual change


Content of Subdivision Plans

y Lot layouts.
y The outline of physical objects such as buildings,
walls etc.
y Symbolic information illustrating fences etc.
y Notations in text form.
y Dimensions of polygons, traverse lines, offsets to
structures etc.
Structure of Subdivision Plans
y Each parcel is a closed entity.
y Dimensions are often “as measured ” and figures may
not be mathematically exact.
y Each plan may be on a different orientation.
y “Connections” may be shown to the corners of nearby
parcels and to reference marks.
y Certain dimensions may be implied such as road and
easement widths.
y Some dimensions may be compiled from previous
plans and not derived from survey.
Day to day issues
y Methods of boundary definition have not really
changed for a hundred years.
y Currently labour intensive and requires skilled people.
y Must properly address the use of GPS as CORS
becomes stablished
y The complexities of current land ownership systems
(strata, stratum, community schemes etc.,) may need
a new approach to what is a “Land Title”.
y Many issues which can affect a title are stored in GIS
systems
Boundary Data in a GIS

The system must:


y Be based on the measurements
y Allow for multiple measurements between points.
y Manage data of different ages and accuracies
y Handle parcel connectivity (“point to point” and “point
to line”)
y Provide an adjustment process to compute point
coordinates from all of the dimensions
Cadastral Data
Plan

Parcel Parcel Parcel Parcel

Lines Lines Lines Lines

Line Points Line Points Line Points Line Points

Points Control
Parcel- Spatial Information
Parcel – Non Spatial Information
Connectivity between parcels
y Connectivity is by points and by line points

Point connection

Lot B
Lot A

Line point
connection
Cadastral Model
y Has plans, parcels, lines, points and control points
y A parcel has the dimensions for its surround and all
the associated connections.
y Points are initially created from parcel dimensions
y Control points are entered as “fixed” points.
y A least squares adjustment is used to update point
coordinates .
y The LSA uses control points as “fixed points” and
treats parcel dimensions as ”observations”
Geodetic Framework

y Marks are “Permanent”

y Based on a world wide framework

y Coordinates subject to regular revision

y Because of plate movements, datum fixed to a date


Coordinating the Cadastre

y System should be based on geodetic framework

y Should be generated from title dimensions.

y Management should be “survey” methods.

y The coordinates are an ”opinion” of the location of


boundary points at a particular date..
Why build a NCDB?

y The cadastral layer is the fundamental layer


underpinning most GIS systems.
y It should be a precision at least equal to that of
the data in the other layers.

y Provides a basis for the reformation of cadastral


surveying.
y Coordinates are compatible with GPS data.
Benefits from an NCDB
• Completeness and accuracy of the data .
• New additions can be fitted without the need to
adjust the surrounding cadastre.
• Ease in updating.
• Can automate many of the checking and charting
processes for new plans.
• Automatically fits with orthophoto maps and other
geographically correct data.
Town of Katherine
255 Plans 2173 Parcels 16435 Lines 10100 points
Town of Katherine
using 8 control points and 289 check points
Job has 255 Plans, 2173 Parcels, 16435 Lines, 10100 points

Katherine

0.3
0.25
0.2
Metres

0.15 Distance
0.1
0.05
0
1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 217 241 265 289
Points
Digital Cadastral Development in NT
y 1990 – Need to coordinate Pastoral Leases

y 1990’s Development of DOS based cadastral system

y 2000 - Windows based cadastral software

y Development of SPICAD

y GIS – ArcMap cadastral system


SPICAD
SPICAD provides a graphic interface to the cadastral
survey data held in the NT Oracle database.

y Data is entered and extracted as “packets”.


y SPICAD checks the validity of all packets.
y Data extracted for a packet can be locked.
y A packet can be modified by Geocadastre.
y An edited packet can be replaced as an update.
y If the update is successful, the data is unlocked.
Cadastral Editor in a GIS
y A separate system below the GIS Layers
y Managed by “survey” procedures
y It generates the base cadastral layer in the GIS
y Cadastral updates are reflected in the base layer.
y The dependent layers can be automatically realigned to
changes in the base layer.

The cadastral framework manages


the geographic position for all objects
Ideal NCDB Work Flow
y Survey Plan together with digital file lodged on line.
y Initial checks automatic with report back to surveyor
y Plan checked and title issued.
y Survey plan posted on net.
y Cadastral framework updated.
y Amended part of cadastral network posted on the net
y Correction file generated
y Correction file posted on the net
Conclusion
y The concepts behind the digital cadastral
system which was pioneered in the NT are
now being adopted world wide.
y Future GIS cadastral systems will be built and
managed from real data rather than being
pictorial representations from derived data of
dubious quality.
y Surveyors will have to adapt and embrace
GIS technology as it will be a key component
in the Land Titling System.

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