ffi
lg
g
CHapren 1. ABUNDANcE Rr.ro DrveRstrv
g
F
E N. J. QutNttaruo B.L. Kotrs
H
New Guinea is the largest equatorial island and
lies adjacent to the northern tip of the Great
Barrier Reef. Coral reefs in Papua New Guhea
have never been properly sureveyed. Despite
previous inaccurate reports, it appears that over
one-half of the coastline and surrounding islands
are fronted by coral reefs. Papua New Guinea
coral reefs are arnong the most diverse in the
world and have a high percentage coral cover.
Although all reef types are represented, most
are fringing and barrier reefs. The low iatrtude of
these reefs places them mostly outside the
cyclone belt and, as a result, the reef crest arrd
upper reef slope are rarely impacted by
efireme high seas. Unlike the Great Barrier
Reef, which has seasonaL cyciones, there is a
conspicuous absence of coral rubble and large
boulder tracts.
Accr.:rate estimates of the coral reefs of PNG are
necessary for iocal resource assessment and
management. On the basis of \Mhitehouse's paper
MLrrrro (1975) made some generalized estimates of
the likeiy extent of coral reef fish resources in PNG
waters that are doubtlessiy rlcorrect. Proper
estimates of coral resources must be based on the
extent of the habitat itself. As PNG is endowed with
extensive reefs, much greater potential productivity
might be possible. Sateilite based remote sensing
tecturology can be used to map and monitor
shalLow water habitats (QuIm et al.1985, i 986),
Recent studi.es rn Bootless Bay, Kimbe Bay,
Madang, Hansa Bay and southern New Ireland
have increased the level of keowledge of the
richness of the reefs in PNG, but much more
v'rork is needed. The paucity of hrowledge
includes few taxonomic lists of coral species,
even though PNG lies near the center of biodlersity
of the hdo -Pacif,c hermatpic scleractinian
corals (I{oeksema I 992).
Papua and Milne Bay Reefs
Reefsurveys ofthe Papuan coast center around
Port Moresby and Bootless Bay (Iable l; Weber
or CoRal Popunnorus
1973;Ayling 1982;Maniwavie et aI. 199E; Quirxr
2000). Weber (1973) recorded 65 scleractinians,
including the ft'ee-iiving hermatpe
s ammia, fr om reels around Port,Moresby
IJ e te rop
and Bootless Bay. Weber noted that there was a
high drversity of coral species and that the reefs
were remarkable for the enormous, spectacular
gnowth forms of some species. Lobophyilia, for
example, was observed to form heads up to 3m
across. Tlt rb in ari a, Ac ro p or a, and D endro p hy JIi a
also attarred immense proportions, especially
alonq the sides of deep charurels where strong
water currents flowed @eber i973). Recently,
the Museum of Tropical Queensland identified
47 species oi Acropora in "Bootless Bay" and 2i
species at "Motupore" @arbara Done pers.
com.). No pub)ished dg{ail.s of the coll.ection
areas or relative abundance are available.
In many areas within the Papual }agoon, on the
steeper reef slopes below I - 2m, the coral
cover was almost i00% @eber 1973; Quirur
2000). Weber (i973) also found that the extreme
southern tip of the f ingrng reef surrounding
Motupore Island was "luxuriant" and had a high
diversity of coral species, Other sites like
Horseshoe Reef, Suzie's Bommie, Dice, Ghetto,
End Bommie and many unnamed reefs also had
a high diversity of coral and high percentage
coral cover (Ourrn 2000). Rhinopias aphanes
(Lacey scorpion fish) was first recorded in PNG
on these reefs and is now commor:.ly sighted on
them. These reefs are used by loca-l dive
operators and have a moorinq to protect the
corals from frequent aachoring. There was no
evidence of destructive fishrng practices, human
impact, or Acanthaster planci (COTS) hfestations
(Table 2).
The reefs around Lron Island, a 250m high
continental island in Bootless Bay, provtde
excellent, protected diving durbg rouqh seas
for tourists from a nearby resort. Seagrass
meadows are adjacent to the nofihern section of
the reef (Brouns l986) and are home to such
The statns of coral reefs in Papua New Gujnea
uncommon hsh as Flyrng Gurnards, Harlequin
ghost pipefish, and Pegasus fish as weLl as a
diverse range of more common reef fish.
Mi)Jeparais abundant to lOm depth. Of all the
sites ln Bootless Bay, Lion Island is the most
rmpacted by humans, as evidenced by the
number of dead corals and lrtter (Qutut 2000).
At neighboring Motupore Island a diverse
sponge commr:nity was documented by Kelly-
Borges and Bergquist (1988).
A Hug:r:n underwater temperature recorder on
the eastern side of Lion Island reef recordeci
water temperatures hourly from 26 August I99B
to I3 February 2000. A low temperature of
25.55"C on lB September 1999 and a high of
30.85'C on B February 2000 were based on
I 1246 readings (Fig. I).
A survey of the reefs of Joyce andWalter Bay,
near Port Moresby for a pla:raed sewerage
disposal pipeline observed a percentage }ive
coral cover ran$ng from 13% - 43% (Table i;
Maniwavie et al. 1998). The nature of the reefs
varies slgnihcantly at several spattal scales, so it
is diff,cr-r-lt to generalize and give a mean value to
any data collected (I\4aniwavie et al. 1998). The
common coral families were Acroporidae,
Alcyoniidae, DendrophylJ,iidae, Faviidae,
Lion lsland, Bootless Bay, WaterTemperature at 10 m
I tl ,rl,
I
-il| dffi rl
'tlt
h
()
o^^
a14
iltil
6
o
e--
o
F
W I
2GAus
Figure l. Water temperatures atLion Island August l99B to February 2000,
Milliporidae, Poritidae, Fungridae and
Pocilloporidae. The morphologrcal forms include
branching, tabuiate, massive, sub massive and
encrusting. The corals on the ft-inEng reefs are
distributed in a patchy marner. Branching
Acroporawere the most common representing
Ilokto ZAok of.the live coral cover. The number
of coraL families and coral ak cover increased
towards the west away from the city centre.
There was some evidence of COTS, human
interference, and destructive fi shing practices
(I'able 2;Maniwavie et al. 1998).In 1994,
Motupore Isiand Res e arch Department initiated
a long-term coral reef monitoring prograrnme,
specificatly devoted to the condition of coral
reefs. Their results are included in several of the
studies cited.
Milne Bay to Cape Ward llunt
Mrh:e Bay is the largest maritime province and is
the province that contains the most coral reefs.
There are a few mining and oil palm projects tn
the area, but most of the people are subsistence
farmers and fishers. Repeated use of expiosives
in some areas has resulted in reefs that contain
few livlng corals and are almost devoid of
topographic structure (Ha-lstead et al. i99B;
Table 2), although these eflects appear to be
localized (Werner andAllen 1998).
lit
l,,rrl hd'l
r il
hr I
il
lF
lll't'f
|l,
rffi1
rl
27-Jun 27-Nr€ 271>:t n-Ca
 Cahi]l et al. ( I 973) surveyed the reefs of a
number of island grroups of the Louisiade and
Trobriand Archipelagos and identified 37
genera and recorded percent iive coral cover
(12-83%) on l6 reefs (Table 1). In 1997, in a
survey of 53 sites Veron (1998) documented 362
coral species, with I4 new species and
predicted that the total nurnber of coral species
could approach 420. They considered the reefs
to be in pnstrne condition with little to no
evidence of destructive fishing practices and no
evidence of recent COTS infestation (I"able 2).
\ftilrile Ac anth asterpJa,rci outbreaks occurred on
reefs in countries neighbouring PNG such as
Palau and the Great Barrier Reef, PNG has been
fortunate in not having any large outbreaks
(Ouirxr and Kojis 1987). Ody in Milne Bay in the
late 1970s were starfish reported in signif,cant
numbers in isolated areas.
An ecologircaL assessment of Collilgwood Bay,
Milne Bay Province noted that the bay is
separated from the open sea by a barner reef
with both su-nken and exposed por-tions (Opu
and Aruga I999). The diverse coastal habitat of
this bay includes seagrass meadows,
mangroves, sandy beaches and coral reefs. A
series of shoals occur from i 00m to 20 lcn off
shore. The reefs of Tufi and Mclaren Harbor
and Cyclone Reef, an offshore reef, were
I surveyed as part ofthe Reef Check PNG survey
in l99B and 1999. The reefs hadhigh coral
diversity (Table 1) ard cover with no sigars of
destructive fishing, anchor damage, or COTS
infestation Q'able 2; Quinn 2000). The reefs
within the harbors are sheltered from large
oceanic swells, consequently, leafy forms of
Tbrbinaria dominate below 5m.
Cape Ward Hunt to Finschhafen
Many of the islands found in the Ry and
Longuerue Island grroups are surrourded by
fringng reefs similar in structure to the fringmg
reefs of the main island. Most of the islands in
the Longnrerue Island group are high islands
while several islands of the F1y group are low
coral cays. Coral cover is commonly over 600%
in the top 10m and i0% coral cover commonly
occurs at depths over 30m (Table 1; Kojls et a1.
1985)" Occasionally pleasure boats from Lae
I'| visit the area, but otherwise coastal villagers tn
their canoes only occasionally visit the reefs. No
destructive f,shing practices are evident and
COTS have not affected the reefs (Table 2).
Jenkins and Led (pers. com.) surveyed the reefs
I
off Kamiah Wildlife Management Area and
recorded 4TVolwe coral cover (I'able l).
South ofLae, the first coral reefoccurs 25 lrn
down the coast at Busama. For the next 200 kn
south reefs fi-inge about i I0lan of the shoreline
(approximately 50ok of the coast). Additionally,
there are 23 offshore islands with 50 kn of
coastline of which over 95% is surrounded by
reef. Because of the steeply sloping nature of ihe
coastal shelf that flanks the western continuation of
the New Britain trench, very few large offshore
shoal reefs have developed in this reg'ion.
The reefs of Busama and Salamaua, within the
Lae porl, were surveyed in association with the
proposed expansion of the Lae wharf, and 95
species of Scieractinia from 48 genera and 13
families were identified Q"able 1; Qutu andKojis
]983). Additional species are likely to be fcund
with further collecting. No destructive fshing
practices or evidence of COTS was obser,ied.
Because of the pronmity of Salamaua reefs to
Lae and its use by recreational boats, occasional
anchor damage was observed (Tabie 2).
Dillerences in the fecundtly of. Acropora pallfera
at Busama and Salamaua were examined in
relatlon to diferences in the sedimentation rate
at these hvo sites. Increased sedimentation with
its concomitant light attenuation was for.md to
Iimit the depth at which A. palifera grew and
reduce its fecurdrty (aurnn ard Kojis 1983; Kojis
and Quinn 1984, I985; Kojis I986)
The Markl:am River is the major river flowing
into the Huon Gulf and prevents the growth of
reefs closer to Lae. Contrary to Whitehouse's
(1973) statement, it is not "a ciear stream,
rippling over giravel ." (p 177), but rather a
large, braided, shaliow river which carries much
sediment into the Huon GulJ (Quitttt and Kojis
tgB2, 1984). InMarch 1985, theMarkhamRiver
was carrying a sediment load of 0.8 g I-l wtth an
estimated total annual transport of I0 mtllion
tormes of sediment tnto the Huon Gulf.
Hydrologcal details about this area may be
found in Kojis and Quinn (1984) and Quinn and
Kojis (1982, l9B4).
Like other sma-iler rivers, the Markham River
Iimits reef growth along the eastern coast as far
as Cape Arkona, 45 1.m from its mouth to
sporadic ft1ngtng reefs, the closest of which is at
Singaua, iB lcn from the Markham River. From
Cape Arkona to Ftnschhafen fringrng reefs
commonly line the coast except near river mouths.
The status of coral reefs in Papua New Guirrea
Tami Atoil is 10hn off the southeast point of the
Huon Peninsula. It is 3len in diameter ald has
three islands, ali upraised limestone about 10m
in elevation. The lagoon is about lBm deep with
a sandy bottom and coral growth is restricted to
the top 10m. Strong oceanic currents sweep by
the atoll and the outer coral assemblages vary
with exposure. The reef is oval in an east west
orientation with passages to the north and south.
Coral commrmities are both drverse and
extensive (Kojis et al. l9BS). No destructive
f,shhg practlces or COTS outbreaks were
reported (1'able 2).
Ir the Huon Gul-f, 55 genera and 14 families of
corals were identified (Kojis et al. 1985) and
more genera wil probably be found as coiiechng
continues. The non-scleractinian corals with
carbonate skeletons, Distichopora, Heliopora,
Tltbipora and Sijzlasler, were also recorded in the
Huon Gulf. Helioporawas inCcated by beach
fragments found on Dot Isiand, south of
Salamaua, whtle Millepora was abundant.
Finschhafen to Cape Croisilles
Fringing reefs are the dominant t1pe along the
coast from Finsch-hafen to Madang. The seaward
reef margin is weli defined and consists of a
steep fore-reef slope, dropping abruptly into
deep water; over 200m depths are commonly
found within SOOn of the reef crest. The reefs,
themselves are generally narrow, less than
100m, from coast to shore, and devoid of a welL-
deflned lagoon. Occasiona-l lagoons exist such as
at Sialum, and Dregerhaven. The reef tops tend
to be shallow and flat and have large areas
exposed during low spring tides. Because of
their easy access, women and children
commonly gather marine products from these
reefs during spring iow tides. Importantiy most
reef areas on the north coast around Sia]um are
lrttle affected by rivers. Reefs along this coast are
interspersed with limestone cobble deltas
(Veron and Kelley 19BB), which may be related
to the predominantly ca-lcareous nature of the
sedlment that is denved from the limestone
hinterland. The coral commr:nities rn this regon
are abundant and diverse.
Kojis et al (1985) collected and identihed 53
genera and 14 families of Scleractinia from
Madarig Harbour (l"able 1). Olthe non-
Scleractinian corals, Mllepora was colrltrlon
while ?1-ib4rora and lTelioporawere rare. The
coral cover ranged from 0 - 100% (Jebb and
Lovn-)r 1995;Table 1), Hoeksema (1992)
repofled 73 genera from the Madang regron.
The taxonomy of. Fungia corals were reviewed
by Claereboudt and Hoeksema (1987) and
Hoeksema ( I 993). Additionally, live populations
of the calcified sponge Acanthochaetetes wellsi
were fourd under over hangs on the ftlngtng
reef that n-rns along the Noich Coast of Madang.
Individuals with a diameter oi 13 cm were
observed (Quim 2000).
Cape Croisilles to Vanimo
Sil1y-nine Scleractinian genera and 16 families
have been identified from Haasa Bay, Madang
Province (l'able l), along vnth Millepora,
TttbiporaandHeliopora @ojis et al. 1985;
Claereboudt 1988; Ciaereboudt and Hoeksema
l9B7; Hoeksema 1993). The larger number of
genera and families in Halsa Bay compared to
the Huon Gu-lf a:rd Madang is probably the result
ol a greater collectrng lntensity. Hansa Bay is
within 25lcn of the mouth of the Ramu River and
501:n of the mouth of the SeprJ< River (two of the
Iargest rivers ia Papua New Guinea) and is the
site of the last major reefs east of these rivers.
Claereboudt (1989) is likely to have recorded
more coral species, but we were unable to
obtain a copy of his Ph"D. thesis from the
University of Brussels, and no copies were ia any
PNG libraries.
Soft and hard coral cover on the reefflat ofLaing
Island, Hansa Bay was IB% and 17%
respectively ffursch and Tursch I9B2),
iacluding 3i species vnlh Litophyton uiiCs
amounting to 56% of the soft coral cover (I"ursch
andTursch I9B2).
Hansa Bay experiences mean vertical
transparency rangrng from 9m during the wet
season Qrlovember - May) to l9m during the dry
season fiune - October) wrth a milumum of 2m
and maximum of 35m horizontal visilciiity, Coral
cover was >60% on exposed reefs a:rd from
30% to 60% on partially exposed and sheltered
reefs. Coral cover diminished to about 5%
belween 20-30m (Kojis et al. 19BS). Other sites
termed Simbine, Slnub, Wongad byJenkins
(pers. com.) around Madang andAli (3krn off
Aitape) had 4B%, 22Vo,23% and22o/a coral
cover, respectively.
New Guinea lslands
The Kimbe Bay survey recorded 347 hard coral
species belonging to 7B genera and I
subgenera (Table I;Maragos 1994). This was
arnong the highest recorded in the literature for
an area and was stmilar to that recorded for
Madang (Hoeksema 1992). The list included two
genera of black corals (O. Antipatharia, F.
Antipathidae), Artipathes and Cirrhipathes, the
latter is also commonly lcnor,rm as whip coral.
They also listed eleven species of. T\,tbipora,
H eliop ora, MilJep or a, Distichop or a, and Sfiasler.
Reefs in Kimbe Bay had a high percentage coral
cover Sones pers. com.), had no signs of
destructive f,shing, or anchor damage (l'able 2;
Quinn 2000) as dive operators had installed a
mooring system. Kimbe Bay was the only place
where Reef Check observed an adult
Acanthaster planci (Ouinn 2000).
The coral in Rabar:l Harbow were completely
buried by ash in September 1994 (I\4aniwavie et al. in
press), and recovery of the coral is being f,:l1owed.
The LakMarine Survey was conducted around
the southern tip of New Ireland and recorded a
coral cover ranging *om 20-79V0 Q'able 1; Hair
I996). The reefs were in a good condition
without any signs of human interference or
COTS damage (I'able 2).
A Reef Check survey at sites aror-rid Ka.,reng
recorded very high percent coral cover (40-
70%; Table 1) with no human inierference,
anchor damage, or COTS damage (l'abte 2;
Quinn 2000), While there were reports of
dynamite fishing, no evidence of this was
observed. Because Reef Check su.rveys were
dependent on commercial drve operations, the
sites surveyed were more likely to be ones least
damaged and most attractive.
Reef Check and Empowering Efforts
The need for goverrnents to carry out long{erm
monitoring of coral reefs has been slow to be
realized, even jn developed countries. Reef Check
is a wel}-planned, well-developed, multilevel
morutoring program that is usefr-rl at local, regronal
and global scales" Reef Check has several roles.
First, it is relatively rapid, allowing a team to gather
a snpshot ofthe healh ofreef mrals, other invertebrates
and fish at up to two sites per day. If Reef Check
surveys are repeated regrr:larly, they can act as an
early warning system for major anthropogentc
changes such as bleaching, blast or poison fishurg,
over flshing, eutrophication and sedimentation.
The second role of Reef Check is to build
community suppofi for a cora-l reef monitoring
and management prograrn in each area. By
participating in Reef Check training, fr:nd raisLng,
and surveys, participants develop a sense of
stewardship towards the reefs. They then share
their lcrowiedge and experience by Eving
illustrated tatks in schools as well as speaking
informally with interested spectators. This tlpe of
interaction generates public support for coral
reef science, conservation, and management.
The educational component of Reef CheckPNG
is an extension of the Sea Teach- prograrn, which
constructed underwater classrooms at Salamaua
(Aynsley and Quim 1983, 1984). Sea Teach
introduced f,eld-based teaching of coral reef
biology to PNG students in the eariy 1980s.
Many of these students have gone on to positions
involved in environmental monitorlng or
awareness prograrns.
The Reef Check PNG country program began ur
1998 (Quinn 2000). In 1SgB, the first giroup of
UPNG university students received scuba dtvirrg
trainiag. The folLowing year additional students
were cefilf,ed as divers and the most capabie
divers were trained as Reef Checkers. Surveys
have been conducted in Bootless Bay, Kimbe
Bay, Tufi, and Madang Harbour with the support
of Reef Check lnternational, the PNG Divers
Ass ociation, Walindi P1ant ation Resort, Loloata
island Resort, The Dive Centre, Tufl Dive Resort,
and the Madang Resort Hotel.
CLOSING COMMENTS
Additional funds are needed to train more
student divers, purchase dive equipment, meet
accommodation expenses, airfares, pay for
photo documentation, and help with computer
expenses. With increased fi-rading to Reef Check
PNG more national citizens will be able to obtain
scuba diving certification, learn coral reef
monitoring skills, and participate in surveys.
Obtaining larowledge about work conducted on
PNG reefs is difficult. Many references are not in
Iocal libranes. Owing to a depreciation of the
kina and a shift in govenment spending, PNG
Iibraries have few hrnds for acquisitlons and
books and journals published overseas are
paniculariy expensive. \A/trile scientifi c studies
try to advance krowledge, few take the effort to
iodge their reports with iocal libraries. We urge
Iiving authors cited in this paper to lodge two
copies of their work wrth the University of Papua
New Guinea and the PNG National Museurn, if
they have not already done so.
 The status of coral reefs in Papua New Guinea

Table i. Reefs Surveyed in PNG, with number of genera observed and. percentage live coral cover.

teef Group N Method # Genera /o Live Coral Reference Region

oyce ald Walter Bay 245 MT& UT No id l3-434/o Maniwavie et a]. 1998 PMB
3ootless Bay na 55 - r00% Weber 1973 PMB
lrobriand Islands & I6 ee ).2-83%
JI Cahill et aI. 1973 PMB
,ouisiade Archioei aocr
\{rlne Bay c2 77 na Veron 19BB PMB
Jolling-wood Bay MT, UT t?
10 19-72% Opu andAruga 1999 IVECWH
tuf, tt [JT 2!
Ji) - 680/o Quirt.r 2000 IVGCWH
(amialiWildjife iJT No id 63% Jenkiru unpubJished report CWHF
danaqement
luon Gulf 45 e Eo/
Kojis et al, 1985 C\&TIF
iialum ,A Chappeil l9?4
viaciang IO aa ea
na Kojis et al. 1985
Naqada Harbow na tr
0,s0% Jebb a.rd Lowry 1995 rUU
Padoz and Mzegwadan na ec 3 30-100% Jebb and Lovwy 1995
Mazamoz & Yazi Reefs na SS 2 0-24% Jebb and Lowry 1995 FCC
Barrier Reef na SS 5 7A-]100% Jebb and Lowry i995 r \-l.
ladang Harbour Z3 UT No id 22 - 49% Jenkins pers. comm.
{ansa Bay LO SS 69 5-60% Kojis et aL l9BS CCV
{ansa Bay na 47 s - 100% Ciaereboudt and Bouillon
1987
{ansa Bay, Laing Is. Reef 600m2 QD na r7% Tursch and Tursch ig82 CCV
lat
imbe Bay 40 UT No id 2-59o/o Jones pers" comm. 1\ tJl
labaul Harbour na na 1 lld Maniwavie et aL 199B it^t
t\vl

louthern New ireland 188 MT No id 20 - 45% Hair I996 NGI

iouthern New lrelald BO LIT No id 29 -79% Hair 1996 L\t:1
(avieng I4 SS No id 40-7s% Ouirut 2000 NGI

'Iorthern New Guinea na na Hoeksema 1992 FCC, CCV, NGI

N = number of observations
LIT = Line intercept Transect
MI = MantaTow
SS= scu-ba dive
QD = Quadrat
No id = no identification of coral attemDted
Unk = unhlown
na = no information
Regiion Abbreviation:
PMB = Papua and Milne Bay
MBCWH = Mi.he Bay to Cape Ward Hr:nt .:l

CWTIF = C\AIF{ to Finschhafen

FCC = Finschhafen to Cape Croisilles
CCV = Cape Croisilles to Vanimo
:
NGI = New Guinea Islands
::

10 .it
t
1
!
:5
The status of cora-l reefs in Papua New Guiaea

Table 3. Percent cover of iive hard corals, soft coral, aigae, abiotic and other substratum types
from reefs surveyed by line intercept transect in PNG. NM = not measured.

Location Year Percent cover Source

Hard Soft Algae Abiotic Other
coral coral
Motupore & Loloata i995 20-58 NM I i-59 1-56 0-22 Maniwavie and
Islands, Bootless Bay Bass unpublished
data
Walter and Joyce Bays, 1997 t4-43 NM 8-47 r5-67 2-18 Maniwavie et al
Papuan Coast 1998
Coihngwood Bay 1998 19-72 NM 20-56 0-51 5-tl Opu and Aruga
1998
Tufi i996 3t-32 NM 44-52 t4-26 0-2 Manlwavle
unpublished data
Kamiali 1997 4l-52 r 1-17 23-29 4-8 4-5 Jenkins and Led
t997
Madang, Sek Harbou 1994 34-63 5-34 0-36 0-18 2-14 DEC-ADB 1995
Madang 1999 22-49 1l-21 19-22 2-20 I 1-13 Jenkins
unpublished data
Aitape (Ali) 1991 22 8 26 38 6 Jenkins
unpublished data
Southem New Ireland 1996 29-79 NM i9-50 0-29 0-49 Harr 1996
Krmbe Bay, New Bntarr 1991 64-66 NM t6-27 4-9 8-12 Maniwavie
unpublished data
Kimbe Bay, New Britain, r999 2t-60 0-17 28-59 2-21 0-13 Jones unpubirshecl
reeffront, 2-10m data
Kimbe Bay, New Britain, 1999 9-38 0-3 t8-40 34-67 'Q
Jones unpublished
reefbaclg 2-10m data

t2
 Table 2" Condrhon of PNG reefs, jnciudinghuman interference, alchor damage, eutrophication,
; - destruclive frshing practrces, corai bleaching, and evidence of crou,n or thoms starfrsh activity.

leef Group Reef Condihon Human Anchor iuh'ophicatior Desffuctive Bleachino CoT Reference Region
Interference Fishinq
lrobriand lslands & loulsiade 3 0 0 0 0 na 0 Cahill et al. 1973 PMB
\rchinelaoo
oyce andWalter Bay I na 0 I na L Maniwane et a-i. I99B PMB

)ootless Bay a
0 0 0 na na Weber 19?3 PMB

)ootless Bay 3 2 OM 0 0 n 0 Quinn 2000 PMB

dilne Bay ? 0 OM na 'i na na Halstead et al. 1998 Pl'/IB

{ilne Bay na na na na na 2 na Davies et al. I 997 PIUB

Jolngwood Bay a 0 0 0 0 na 2 Opu arldA,'uga i999 ]VECWTI

tun 3 0 OM 0 0 0 0 Quirm 2000 MBC\AIH

Jusama 2 0 3 0 n 0 Kojis pers. comm cmnr

ialamaua 3 2 0 0 n 0 Kojis pers. comm. CSFIF

lami Islands 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kojis pers. comm.

-i 5
I

vladang 3 0 0 0 0 n 0 Kojis et al. I 985

vladang 3 0 IM 0 0 n 0 Quinn 2000 .FL,t,

-l
{arua Bay 3 0 0 0 0 n 0 Kojis et aI. I 985

Smbe Bay 3 0 0 I i 0 Holthus and Maragos 1994 NG]

i. iimbe Bay

iouthem New ireland

3

3
0 OM

na
0 0

na
0

v 0
Qunn 2000

Hair 1996
NGI

l" I
iouthem New lrela:rd 3 na na Na na v 0 Hair 1996 NGI

iavieng 3 0 OM 0 0 n 0 Quinn 2000 NGl

lo
^r
I
I
T.onon6l'
lvve

M = Moorings installed
| ' na = not mentioned
Reef Condition 0 low - 3 high coral diversity and 0% coral cover
''I Humanlnterference 0-low- 3 high
'l € Anchor Damage 0 low - 3 high M = moorings in piace
..,,+-^
| --,..-rphlcation 0low - 3 high
-r Destructive Fishing 0 low - 3 hlgh
COTS = Crou,'n of Thorns 0 low to hlgh
Bleaching=y yes,nno
r Ro-icn Abbreviation:
PMB = Papua and MrLre Bay
i r Ii4BCW}I = Milne Bay to Cape Ward Hunt
I CWFI to Finschhalen = CMIFIF
''
I

Finschhafen to Cape Croisilles = FCC

Capr Croisilles to Vanimo = CCV
New Guinea Islands = NGI
I

'l
_l
*
1l