Ap Euro Notes Part 5

Impact of industrialization on other countries

Classical Liberalism connected to capitalism
-Classical Liberalist philosophy focuses on right of the individual
-Rights of Speech, Press, Religion,
-Representative government
-Property Rights
-You need to be able to protect your money
-Manifestation of the more important belief that individuals should be able
to own property, separate themselves from the government
-Self interest if insured by the Government
-The least amount of Government is the best amount of Gov
-Let me do whatever I want to do
-We believe is the essence of individualism, equality of all men
-By default everyone has an equal shot
-Liberalism is not associated with social equality
-Industrialism and Urbanism created Classical Liberalism
-Legal Equality
Socialism
-The Socialists and Romantics sort of go hand and hand
-In France the state was not responding to the needs of the people
-Lazes Faire Capitalism ended up feeling like the opposite of what the liberalists
needed
-It is still based on a select few running everything
-Even though classical liberalism purported to protect the rights of the individual,
it ended up being the same thing. Poor still fucked. It was actually
hindering freedoms
-Free market capitalism is not a regulator
-Natural laws of supply and demand will not regulate it
-Ending up with society that is looking worse than what with started off
-People looking at technology right now with almost negative view
-Impact of industrialization not what classical liberalists wanted
Socialism
-French Revolution was a liberalist revolution
-Opened up the doors to begin talking about individualism
-Liberalism is the cousin of capitalism
-However, capitalism is limited
-Rapid urbanization made the quality of life even lower
-Massive rapid population can really fuck things over
-Living and working conditions did not improve
-Middle class citizenship can also happen from education
 -Class conscienceless is harder for middle class (only unifying factor is not
working)
-When you start talking about socialist movement it was hard for factory workers
to identify themselves as a greater body
-Firemen and teachers make same amount, but wouldn't identify together
French Utopian Socialists
-Most people feel disenfranchised
-They felt they had no representation in government
-Louis 18 gave them no say in government
-If you are screwed over poor, you cant do the reforms Necessary
-The only thing to do is to destroy the system
-The classical liberalists are saying supply and demand will take care of this
-The only way to reform this is not political reform, but to destroy the system
-The capitalists cannot be relied upon to act against there own interest
-Natural laws of supply and demand really don't work cause you wont ever pay
your workers more
-Rich get richer at the expense of the poor
-Happening in France for a couple of reasons
-They are so ultra radical the movement gets crushed
-British are more politically moderate will be able to make reform
-French said destroy the whole thing, no reform
-Some of them are also anarchists
-The more moderates are saying government needs to take stronger role in
economy
-The free market and competition should not be given free range
-People should be limited in their private property
-To limit private property is not redistributing private property
-You do not take the shoes, you tax the shoes
-St. Simon
-Divided up the world into doers and parasites
-All those with old money would give it to the people doing things in
society
-Hes not a peasant revolution kind of guy, but the intellectuals would get
the money
-Still an elite group of people, but ones that would do stuff with it
-Only way to totally end the feudalist societies
-Someone needs to stand up for the masses
-The scientists and industrialists have risen through the ranks
-These people would consider the poor more than anybody else
-If you redistribute the wealth, then those guys are better equipped to run
the country well
-Take the money from the parasites, take the power, give it to those who
will use it well
 -Charles Fourier
-Ban marriage, seen as enslavement of women
-He liked the idea of free Unions
-Sexual Freedom, loose unions between people
-Loose free love... original hippie?
-Small little co-ops in france
-THE FRENCH ARE FUCKING CRAZY
Romantic Period
-Focus on the emotional spirit of something
-Counter rational -- almost like a counter enlightenment movement
-You cant prove or always show emotion
-The feeling or spirit of something is not rational
-Emotions can really mess with rationality
-Two Parts: Counter-Rationalism and more widespread
-The enlightenment was for smart people, romanticism is for everybody
-Glorifies the people, the commoners
-Happening in Germany (the volk)
-Embracing of the common type of entertainment
-Brothers Grimm emerge
-Goutha, Foust,
-There is inherent value in the common stories of the age
-Sturm Drang: Storm Stress
-Constant push and pull of emotion
-Forces through out time very emotional
-Romantic Imagery (Blonde dude on cliff hair blown)
-Goes hand in hand with Political Nationalism
-Individualism is facet of the Romantic movement
-Communality of the Human experience cannot really be rationally
explained
-The reason you can empathize is cause you can feel it
-Obsession with who you are, finding yourself
-Self invention, the self made man
-The root of it is what makes people similar
-As humans, our existence is suffer
-This can't be rationally explained, but brings all humans together
-Mob mentality - you get swept up in the emotion of the moment
-Revolutions and Rebellions are manifestations of the spirit of the age
Hagle
-Zeitgeist
-Each movement is a solution to the problem presented before
-Thesis+antithesis=Synthesis
-Dialectic: Explains the zeitgeist
-Its a dialog =, back and froth, action reaction,
 -Defines the push through out history in this way
-Man can learn from its mistakes and we can potentially perfect society
-If there was a contradiction,
-French Revolution: Third Estate had most power, so why didn't they have the
political power. FR is the synthesis of these two ideas
-Spirit of the age is active
-A thing plus a contradiction = solution (synthesis)
-This is the gist
Herder
-Romantic Nationalism
-Political legitimacy comes from the commonality of the people
-A government is only legitimate if it rules over a group of people that have many
facet that are common
-Language is cultural. We all speak english as a native speaker
-You can be very expressive in your native language
-Its harder if you have to constantly translate into different language
-If you talk about nationalism, language is the most important thing
-Rise of nationalism comes with the rise of self determination
-Political legitimacy is based on the right that if you define yourself as a nation,
you cannot rule over another group of people
Herder
-Geography can be problems
-Empires are over to much land, cant mesh all the cultures
-Nationalism (Race, Religion, Language, Culture)
Nationalism supports the idea of democracy
-Everyone has a connection with each other, so all should get a say
-German wanted to self express against the french
British during the liberalist period
-England is a little bit different
-Politically and Economically very different from rest of europe
-England is isolated by an island
-Constitutional Monarchy with representative government, already rocking liberal
stuff
-There had been no serious violent revolutions to install the principles
-Economically, the British were loaded with capital, which they could use to invest
-Money makes money :)
-British did go through the industrial revolution first
-Wealth per capita a lot higher
-Standard of living still sucks, but sewers are coming!
-Conditions still a little better than rest of Europe
-There is still a divide between the working classes, but less bad
-This is what allows them to avoid ultra revolutions
-Classical Liberalism in England during this time
 -Tories want the existing system
-Robert Peel gets the younger Tories more liberal
-However, anti-democratic
-Shades of grey within the parties
-Conservatism begins as a political term here
-Some tories called liberal, others not
-Duke of Wellington ultra not liberal
-Catholics finally given their rights in england
-Liberal does not mean rights for the poor, but big business and capital
-Electoral college needed reorganizing, because pop change was not
adjusted
-Whigs introduced reform bill of 1832
-Whigs support universal suffrage
-Whigs could be considered the radicals
-Only the radicals are pushing for democratic society
-Liberalism is not defined all that well
-In England, Liberalism translates to do whatever the fuck you want
-Pushing for no control in the government
-Reform bill gave more votes to the middle class
-Needed to own property to vote
-Rapid Urbanization screws the transient people
-These people wouldn't care about the government
-They should not be able to vote
-Property = your vote
-2 Years later came the poor law
-Made unemployment terrible to encourage having a job
-Fucked over the unskilled laborers
-Tori Counter Offensive
-Factory act - forbade children under 9 from working
-Limited total work hours for workers to ten
-Corn laws
-Tariffs on grain
-Corn laws would be remnant of mercantilism
-Most people ultra capitalistic
-Maintaining control of the sea sets the control for imperialist policy
-Marx says this is the precursor
-2 more reform bill extended the vote further to some urban workers
-1880s fucking tripping man
-Brits were liberal, but not massive revolution
-These reform bills were more reactionary than proactive
-More focused on keeping revolution from happening
-See social unrest, look at france
-They're very happy with not having faced revolution
 -Reactionary to France revolutions, proactive to their own stuff
-Potentially stopped revolutions
-The part system is changing, favorable
-Works for the stability of Britain
-The problem isn't that the kings needs to abdicate, but parties need to
change
-British don't need to make the changes in government to get the reforms
of the people pushed through
England
-England avoided revolution at all costs
-Standard of living and economic situation in england slightly better than rest of
europe
-England has higher wages, keeps people chill
-Emerging class of industrialists that have social mobility
-The ability for industrialists to gain social and political power what set england
apart
-Nationalism
-In Britain already foundation of nationalism due to geographic isolation,
established aspect of living in britain, spirit volksgeist rallied and
unified during napoleonic wars
-Their nationalism was an example for rest of Europe
-Movements in England aren't nationalist
-No socialist pushes in england however
-People trust the government, especially after reform law of 1830s
-People don't think the government acts to fuck them over
-Even though people live by each other, they don't feel like they have
things in common
-No collective movement to get people together
-Always been a little bit of social mobility
-People really believe if you work hard and save money, you move forward
-People pretty chill with living in England
-Economically it is owning the rest of the World
-Wealthiest country in the world
-However, Britain's economy would only work for economic
-All other countries dependent on british goods
-Countries need to be less dependent on British country
-Countries have to put up protective tariffs, you don't end up with
industry developing
-The more other countries can invest capital in their own country,
the better off they'll be
-To protect selves from England, countries must self-invigorate
-Capitalism played a huge role in england
-Industrialists a huge factor in england, champions of capitalism
 -Aristocracy, Noble system crumble, rich people gain power
-Gentry class (those who own land)
-People can buy their way into the gentry class
-Manchester school of economics (Ricardo, Malfus, Smith)
-Capitalisms role in government clear
-Commission was set up to determine how poor got relief
-Work houses set up as welfare
-England is the first country to do charity
-First one to set up national policy of social welfare
-Corn laws 1846 liberal group run this shit
-Want to get rid of tariffs on grain cause it screws over poor
-When they get rid of them, shows the power of the industrialists
-Corn Laws were huge victory for the industrialists
-Brought UK into more Global Economy
-More dependent on imports (esp. from America)
-People were against the corn laws, but didn't need revolution to fix
things, could have responsive government to fix it
-People saw they got a victory, don't need to revolt
-1832 reform bill upper middle class got the vote
-England had gerrymandering problems
-Urbanized areas got much less vote than neighboring counties
-Its not really democracy
-Reforms were only passed through fear of revolt
-The chartists
-Peoples charter of 1838
-Trying for universal male suffrage
-Other things like annual house elections
-Equal election districts based on population density
-Multiple times charter failed to pass
-It was a mass movement though
-Conventions and societies tried to pass it, got crushed
-In 1832 people wanted vote, but those without financial means it harder
to influence people
-If people wont revolt, or get charter passed, they'll do something else
-Does end up strengthening political parties
-Political party movement begins here
-Unions, self help organizations
-Lots of unions against the corn laws
-The understanding of union is a little bit different in England
-Not necessarily socialist groups, but improve class consciences
Austria, and class is ending soon so i don't feel like taking many notes on this shit.
-Hungarian nationalist movement starts everything up
-Felt austrian empire didn't represent the views of its people
Austria, Revisited :p
-Lots of different nationalities, languages within the empire
-Lots of classical liberal ideas fueling the revolution
-Austrian Empire in a difficult position
-Rising nationalistic views mean people want self-determination
-Tiny countries begin to emerge cause you have all these different areas
-In the month of march, revolution came
-Rulers freaked, promised liberal reforms, lots of momentum
-Didn't last
-By June, Fades out, counterrevolution push begins
-Internal fighting stopped some of revolution spirit
-Hungarian revolutionaries didn't match well with hungarian people
-Its a split between Hungary and Austria
-Croations and Slovaks really not important here
-Ferdinand is not an efficient ruler at this point
-Gave constitutions, abolished serfdom
-If you look at Austrian parliament, there are too many voices who outnumber
Austrians
-Ferdinand's like JK BITCHES
-Takes the reforms away
-Right now, Hungary is the only one that can really form an army on its own to
fight austrians
-Once you consider the dual monarchy going on, it is sort of a classical
liberal victory
-Capitalism doesn't apply that much in Austria
-Commercial interests weren't as developed as western Europe
-Capitalism doesn't really apply, but class differences do
-Socialism coming in on the scene
-However, Hungarian socialists weren't organized enough to
implement the socialist ideas
-Rioters, students, professors, instead of people concerned with
social and economic interests led the revolution
-Peasants did not really have a national identity
-Peasants already thought they had won
-They did not fight for socialism
-Right now, socialism alienates the middle class
-Peasants not fighting, middle not
-Makes revolution pitter out
-Was this a revolution
-People actually took up arms to revolt against the Government
-However they ultimately fail
-There was some reform, but a lot was taken back when Austrians come
back
 -Russians invaded HUngary to put down the revolution
-By 1849 all territories retaken
-While some changes made, nothing really changes
-Conservatism?
-Around the area
-Policies of conservatism strengthened by the revolution
-However, conservatism is on its way out
-Hungary ends up losing all its liberty
-End up worse than where they started
-They are part of the box system now
-Still though, its leaving
Germany
-Classical Liberalist Revolution?
-Yes, but ultimately fails
-1832 Hambach festival (state fair thing)
-20,000-30,000 all with democratic ideas
-In 1848 french revolts gave germans ideas for german states
-No national identity yet, but getting there
-German nationalism coming on to the scene
-But, mostly focused in the upper middle class
-Poor more interested in food than being a country
-Germans still a bit all over the place
-In 1847-1848 bad harvests cause social unrest
-Industrial revolution causing social and economic changes
-1847 Heavanheim conference 18 german liberal met from various states
-Discussed the idea of German as a nation state
-Looking for a constitution
-Conservatives are afraid of Marxism
-Not afraid of nationalism like in everywhere else
-But communism on its way and everybody like WTF
-Frankfurt assembly first freely elected parliament in Germany
-Basic goal was unified state
-Unify the states under 1 constitution
-At same time dealing with the question of who is German
-Some German states didn't want to be part of germany
-Other states wanted some german states
-Right now is when they will define what is German
-Ultimately decide for a smaller German state
-Consists of only people of German speaking
-If you have non-german pops, you cant join
-Leaves out the Prussians, Hungarians
-Riots against the frankfurt assembly lead to Prussia intervening
-Didn't have an army to implement their decision
 -Prussia was to head the state
-Frederick Willheim declined
-Poland not part of Germany
-The only way they could implement the system was with Prussians
-Prussians had all the stuff they needed for government
-Nobody wants Poland to become independent
-If Poles rebel against Prussia, Russia will come in
-In the end, constitution didn't work
-Frederick though germans were ridiculous, didnt want to be their king
-Classical Liberals gave up and left
-Nationalism role
-Play a role but kind of a fail
-The people who revolted were not peasants
-But not quite the bourgeoisie
-Peasants have no further interest in the revolution, only interested
in food
-Nationalist movement mainly for educated middle class
-When frankfurt assembly met, they invited the czechs
-Who didn't care
-Germans declare the relationship with the slavs
-Say the slavs are lower than the germans
-Any sort of slavic revolution (POLAND) is bad
-Germans should rule over the slavs
-Created friction in Bohemia for germans there who wanted to be
part of the assembly
-National upheaval of 1848 tried to get rid of German Nationalism
-Box system slightly centralized german government
Germans Continued
-Box system
-Alexander Bach creator
-Internal developments, tariffs, liberalist reforms, but make people
forget the liberty for progress
-Did stuff for the state, but individual rights were not a part
-Frankfurt Assembly failing at unifying germany
-The Problem is the Austria and Prussia not a part of it
-They have the wealth, they are germanish
-They have an army
-Reality is Germany can't do it alone
-They don't have strong military or centralized government
-Ultimately Nationalism fails
-Failed to solve the unification issue
-Violent nationalism replaced former nationalism
-Who is German is still not answered
 -Capitalism
-Middle class is more economically stable
-Content with their lot
-Working with Frankfurt assembly for reforms but wouldn't go up in
arms
-Laborers and Unskilled workers became more populous
-This ain't no grass revolution bitch
-Working class, unskilled laborers stay the same
-Revolution successful?
-Revolution of the bourgeoisie
-Wasn't very successful
-They wanted a unified Germany
-1840 France invaded the Rhineland
-Added to nationalistic feeling
-Area has lots of coal and natural minerals
-Congress dealing with minor skirmishes well
-Lots of anti french sentiment
-Wanted some civil rights
-They did not get their rights
-1828 Prussian Customs unit formed tried to set standards for taxes on
travelers in german states
-Warranted response from Germans who felt they didn't have a say
in their own country
-Failed because Frankfurt Assembly didn't do shit
-Germany had a chance at reform and blew it
Marx and the Communist manifesto
-Explain Marx's interpretation of the History of the world
-How is he Hegelian
-Explain Nationalism
-Explain Marx interpretation of B/P/Democracy
Socialism
-Focus on the collective over the individual
-Not necessarily in favor of total equality
Classical Liberalism Socialism

Individual Rights Rights of the collective whole

-Voting, Freedom of Speech

Capitalism Socialist economy

Classical Liberalism Socialism

Smallest government Possible Govt. Role Expanded

-Economic Freedom -Taxes and regulation, ownership of
property, means of production
Capital+Wealth concentrated in small Can't be as rich as you want to be
group -Government brings equality

Socialism is not just economic philosophy, but social one

-You have to take care of the poor
-Taxes regulate private property
Emergence of middle class
-Bourgeoisie now means something else
-Now simply one who can buy and sell labor
-This definition is different now
Communist Manifesto written in 1848
-Marx is the more famous of the two
-Ingles the second half of the partnership
-Marx is the face of communist philosophy though
-If you're communist, you're not mainstream yet
-Hardcore fringe group
-In 1848 they see all the revolutions happen
-See it as the moment for a proletariat movement
-Def: Bourgeoisie are the ones who can buy and sell the labor
-Bourgeoisie revolutions can pave the way for proletariat movement
-Marx is disillusioned by democracy and the bourgeoisie's control of it
Marx, on human nature
-There has always been class conflict
-There is no human nature
-Natural laws don't actually exist
-When you talk about human nature, your talking about patterns of human
behavior, and these can change
-If our ability to be selfish is collective thought, why cant we re-educate our
selves to share
-Why should you be bound to the idea of selfishness
-Democracy is meaningless without political and economic equality
-You can't run for office, send all your money to one candidate, cause you
have to work
-Access to living free life is a joke
-You have to be wealthy to hold political office
 -This is not only an issue of government but of morality
-Those with power have a responsibility to take care of the weak
-Capitalism is immoral
-Capitalist democracy is a farce
Marx on materialism
-Trends in society are based on physical manifest stuff (money and things)
-Materialism is the only real thing on earth
-Marx is a materialist
-Access to goods determine your social life
Marx on History
-History is a series of conflict between those who have access to wealth and
those who do not
-Were naturally productive, we want to produce stuff
-Everyone is an alienated laborer if you don't own means of production
-This includes the shop keepers, the artisans
-Reality is you have nothing in common people
-Have to have collective consciences
Marx is a materialist
-The only thing that dictates social status is material possessions
-History is defined by conflict between those who have access to wealth and
those who do not
-Religion totally does not matter. Its a big lie
-We're all enslaved by the bourgeoisie
History
-Oppression of class the constant theme in history
-Feudalism maybe?
Hagle
-Marx loved Haegle
-Feudalism + Capitalism = Bourgeoisie
-Bourgeoisie + Proletariat = Proletariat Revolution
-Bourgeoisie has to exploit the labor no matter what
-The system in and of its self forces capitalist to exploit
-Competition removes the chance for moral obligations
-Antithesis and Thesis = Class consciences of the proletariat
Materialism
-Materialism defines the human experience
-The only thing that matters is the amount of stuff you have
-There is no relationship that is somewhat based in goods
-Work under feudalism was more fulfilling
-You actually produced something
-You crafted stuff
-Work in factory is totally ungratifying
-People would not let their serfs starve to death
 -People are all interchangeable. You wouldn't care about workers getting fucked
-If you do care, you cant be competitive
B, P, and D
-There is no such thing as political equality without economic equality
-Marx is a materialist, say you cant separate social equality from economic
equality
-You need to be reeducated into think what is right
-Society has made you feel competitive, humans not naturally competitive
Napoleon 3, context of nationalism
-By 1850s, nationalism is no longer an extension of the classical liberalist
movement
-It is now seen as a tool for strengthening the state
-Louis Napoleon crowns himself emperor in 1851
-First off, voted in as el presidente
-After 1848 revolutions, nationalist and liberalist do not share same rule
-Nationalism is now a function of the ruler
-Napoleon gained the power of the people
-Popularity came from his name
-Nephew of Napoleon
-His role is to take control of the parliament, who didn't represent the views of the
people
-Only way to get anything done is for me to do it myself
-And he does
-He says you are my people, I will take care of you
-Claim: You need an autocratic ruler to check parliament
Nationalism as a tool of the right
-The conservatives begin taking out aspects of classical liberalism and using
them as tools
Nappy P 3
-Strong monarch. As monarch, he is the state. If you love your country you
support the state, you support him
-Parliaments are essentially bourgeoisie tyrants
-By 1848 the Bourgeoisie have betrayed the people
-Nap says the only person who can be responsible for the proletariat is him
-A responsible ruler is the only way
-I will serve the people and keep parliament in check
-Nap builds the sewers, reorganizes the cities
-Reorganized so streets can't be blockaded
-Does put in some social reform
-More voting than ever under his dictatorship
-People drawn to Strong leader out of fear of communists
-Alienated workers do not have the class conciseness necessary
-People afraid of violent revolutions
 -Shares power sort of with national assembly
-But really he is in charge
-This where foreign policy uses public wars
-The state as a whole is involved in the wars
-Philosophy that comes out of this period talk about innate goodness and evil
-You are good or evil based on your environment
-Realist philosophy follows the laws of nature
-People respond to their environment
-What you do with a moment defines the moment
-People are not innately bad or good
-You may not be a bad person, but can be a violent person
-Most realists are sympathetic to socialism
-Fact is some people can't move up
-In some cases it is necessary
Italy and all the italian stuff
-Italy is not unites at all
-This goes back for a long long time
-If you look at north and south
-Piedmont, Lombardy, and Tuscany, (North) more wealthy than south
-Disparity of wealth is important to note
-North gives the push for unification
-Radical movements haven't really worked in Italy
-Unification of Italy feels more moderate than radical
-However, still some radicals
-Mazzini a radical italian nationalist
-This socialism and classical liberalism are immoral
-You can fix all the problems through nationalism
-North and South do have some shared history, pride
-We used to be this power house around the world
-Now nobody cares about us
-However, hardcore nationalism doesn't really come till Mussolini
-Just cause you want people to join together doesn't mean it will
-Mazzini wants centralized democracy, universal suffrage
-Wants to kick out the austrians from their country
-Anti-pope (whaaaaaat), anti temporal power
-Papal states very close to rome
-Did not want this to be a bourgeoisie revolution
-Actually pretty popular for a a while but begins to alienate them
-Italian secret society
-Loses middle class
-Cavour
-Not actually italian
-The real reason their is political unification
 -"Sneaky little bastard" - opportunistic
-From Piedmont, is loaded
-Classical liberalist kind of guy
-In some ways, sees the benefits of a capitalist society
-The push for nationalism is back to classical liberalist
-Eventually elected prime minister
-Able to manipulate the countries around him
Chronology of unification
role of nice
papal states
Italian Unification Timeline
-History of republic states has let Italy make lots of money
-North and south have disparaging economic differences
-North richer than south
-Italy has no history of unification
-What was an economic benefit then is now a hinderance
-Any push for unification in Italy is not seen as a threat
-But Germans unifying is a pain in everybody's ass
-France sees Italy as an ancestor state
-Nappy was part of a youth Italian independence thing
-France have shared understanding
-Nappy is in favor as long as he gets something
-Also slight balances out power of Austria
-France and Italy Versus Austria much fairer fight
-Cavour 1854
-Crenian war
-Alliances were made
-If you choose the winning side, you get something
-Italy involves itself cause no one likes russia
-They can't send many troops, but in their benefit
-They get to be at the table for their involvement
-Gives Italy political clout
-Napoleon made secret peace with Russia 1854
-Marriage Politics
-Nappy 3 marries off his son to victor Emanuel's daughter
-Now, Italian unification cannot happen with the Austrians around
-Italy cannot do it alone
-Papal states also in the way
-Temporal power needs to be taken away
-Sicilians need to identify with the Piedmont Lombardinians
-Basically, unification will be difficult
-1859 French and Austrians declare war
-Cavour has instigated fight between French and Austrians
 -Tricked Austrians into marching on town loaded with french troops
-Defeated at Magenta
-1860
-French begin to get cold feet
-People questioning whether war with Austrians worth it
-Make peace with Austria
-Piedmont gets pretty much northern Italy
-Lombardy Tuscany Modena Parma all join
-Now split into three main states
-Northern states, Papal States, the Two Sicilies
-Garibaldi now comes into play
-Garibaldi is revolutionary
-Believes in a monarch
-Not really a radical
-Is a republican
-Wears a red shirt, symbolizes Italian Nationalism
-He'll alienate some groups but whatever
-Garibaldi leads expedition to the two Sicily's
-Take over the two Sicily's
-However now French are in rome
-Pope and French Rome
-French don't want Italians taking over the pope
-Cavour and Garibaldi and Emanuel meet in Naples
-Southern Italy actually wants to be part of the country
-Northern Italians not to hip on the idea of adding the south
-Successful for the most part
-Issues of debt and infrastructure not really solved
-Still disparities between wealthy and poor
50% of test is post french revolution
50% is on everything else
Divide Them up
-Reformation
-Renaissance
-Constitutionalism
-French Revolution
Locke and Rousseau
-Same
-Social Contract is the same
-Human nature is the same
-Locke is an empiricist
-Big diff
-Locke doesn't think theres an issue with the social contract
-Locke is more classical liberalist
 -Rousseau says you give up natural rights for the social contract
-Locke says that social contract is to protect the social contract
-Locke: Governments only job is protect life liberty and property
-Rousseau says you give up these rights to be protected
-Society has ended up crushing people economically
-Rousseau is an egalitarian, rousseau is not
-Rousseau says inequality is the root of all problems

TEST THURSDAY BOUT EVERYTHING (80pts)