Chapter 2 Blood Circulation and Transport

TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS  Veins

 Known as the blood circulatory system -Transport blood to the heart from all body cells
 Consists of : a) heart –pumps blood to all parts -Thin, muscular and less elastic
of body -Big size lumen
b) blood vessels – a system of tubes -Valve present
for blood to flow -deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein)
- presence of valve - pressure low
c) blood – the fluid which transports
 Capillaries
HEART -allow rapid gaseous exchange between blood and
 Strong and muscular, cone-shaped, fist size body cells via diffusion
 Located in thoracic cavity between lungs -exchange of nutrients, waste and hormones
 Made up of cardiac muscles (contracts and relaxes), Release excess of heat
connective tissues and blood vessels -very thin (1 cell thick)
 Four chambers, a) right atrium, left atrium (upper -Very small lumen
chamber)- smaller-thinner wall -no valve
b) right ventricle, left ventricle (lower -oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
chamber)-bigger-thicker wall - very low pressure
 Walls of left ventricle is thicker than right-pumps to
the whole body  Oxygenated blood :
 Septum – central wall separates the right and left side - oxygen + haemoglobin = oxyhaemoglobin
 Right atrium – vena cava -bright red
Right ventricle – pulmonary artery  Deoxygenated blood
Left atrium – pulmonary vein -less oxygen, more carbon dioxide
Left ventricle – aorta (largest blood vessel) -dark red

 Valve : blood flows only in one direction, cannot flow PATH OF BLOOD FLOW
back  Double circulatory system-blood flows through the
a) Tricuspid (1) –between the right atrium and heart twice
right ventricle  Pulmonary circulation
b) Bicuspid (1) –between the left atrium and left -deoxy enters right side of heart, pumped out to the
entricle lungs to excrete out the carbon dioxide and take in
c) Semilunar (2) – where the pulmonary artery and the oxygen
aorta leaves the heart  Systemic circulation
Oxygenated blood returns to the heart, pumped to
 Right side receives deoxygenated blood rich in the whole body except lungs
carbon dioxide from tissues and send to the lungs,
left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs Artery – arteriole – capillary – venule – vein
and pumps to whole body
 Heartbeat – the contraction (out) and relaxation(in)  Role of blood circulatory system :
of the heart -transports oxygen and nutrients
-remove waste products
BLOOD VESSELS -transports hormones and antibodies
-maintains body temperature
 System of tubes  Unhealthy heart : coronary heart disease and stroke
 3 types : arteries, veins, capillaries  Healthy heart : excercise, moderate body weight, eat
 Arteries more vegetables and fresh fruit, less fat, no smoking,
-Transport blood quickly, at high pressure from the no alcohol, no mental and emotional stress.
heart to body cells
-thick, muscular, elastic
-small lumen size
-no valve (except pulmonary artery)
-transports oxygenated blood (except in pulmonary
artery)
-high pressure

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BLOOD TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS
 An average human adult has 5.6 litres of blood  Water is needed to carry out photosynthesis, to
 Made up of liquid part (plasma) and solid/cellular part remain upright
 Plasma – 55% of total blood volume, pale, yellow  Transpiration is the process in which a living plant
liquid, 90% water, 10% soluble substances (glucose, loses water in the form of water vapour, mainly from
amino acids, mineral salts, blood proteins and the leaves
hormones)  A plant loses almost 99% of water it absorbs
 Solid/cellular part – red blood c ells (erythrocytes),  Stoma – tiny opening surrounded by a pair of guard
white blood cells (leucocytes), platelets cells
 Red blood cell  More stomata are found on the underside of the leaf
-5 000 000 000 in cm3, biconcave disc, no nucleus,  Opening and closing of stoma is controlled by guard
haemoglobin (red) cells
-transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, produced in bone Factors affect transpiration
marrow, life span 4 months
-old cells are destroyed in spleen and liver 1. Light intensity high – transpiration rate increase
 White blood cell 2. Temperature high - transpiratIon rate increase
-8 000 000 in 1 cm3 3. Air movement high - transpiratIon rate increase
-no shape, larger than rbc, has nucleus, colourless 4. Humidity low (less water vapour) - transpiratIon rate
- fights infection, protects body against diseases increase
(ingesting/antibodies)
-produced in bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes Role of transpiration
- old cells are destroyed in spleen and liver
 Platelet 1. Absorption and transport of water
-150 000 000 – 400 000 000 in 1 cm3, no shape, no 2. Absorption and transport of dissolved minerals
nucleus 3. Support
- produced in bone marrow 4. Removal of excess water
-for blood clotting 5. Cools leaves of plants

BLOOD GROUPS Transport tissues

 Vascular tissues –can be found in roots, stems, leaves
 ABO system  Xylem – transport water and dissolved minerals from
 blood is transferred from a donor to a recipient : roots to leaves
blood transfusion --provide support –lignin
 O universal donor  Phloem –transport food substances e.g. glucose from
 AB universal recipient the leaves to other parts of plant

Blood group Can donate to Can receive from

A A,AB O,A
B B, AB O,B
AB AB O,A,B,AB
O O,A,B,AB O
 Blood donated should be kept at 2-6⁰C, can last for 40
days
 Fresh blood can last for 24 hours

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