Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Recommendations
The text presented hereafter is a draft for general consideration. Comments should be sent to the TC Chairlady: Dr. Carmen
Andrade, CSIC - Instituto de Ciencias de la Construccion "Eduardo Torroja", Serrano Galvache s/n - Aptdo 19.002, 28033
Madrid, Spain; Tel.: +34 1 302 04 40; Fax: +34 1 302 07 00; Email: andrade@ietcc.csic.es, by 31 December 2003.
FS
TC Membership – Chairlady: C. Andrade, Spain; Secretary: B. Elsener, Switzerland/Italy; Members: C. Alonso, Spain;
R. Cigna, Italy; J. Galland, France; J. Gulikers, The Netherlands; U. Nürnberger, Germany; R. Polder, The Netherlands; V.
Pollet, Belgium; M. Salta, Portugal; ∅. Vennesland, Norway; R. Weydert, Germany/Luxemburg; Corresponding
members: C. Page, UK; C. Stevenson, South Africa.
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Following the work of TC-124, RILEM set up a Half-cell potential measurements are recommended and
Technical Committee 154-EMC on Electrochemical may be used for one of the following main purposes:
Techniques for Measuring Corrosion of steel in concrete. 1 Locate corroding rebars and thus assess the present
During the first meeting of the committee it was decided to corrosion condition of the reinforcement during
prepare RILEM Technical Recommendations on inspection and condition assessment of a RC structure
- Half cell potential measurements 2 Define the position for further destructive analysis
- Test methods for on-site corrosion rate measurements (cores for chloride analysis, inspection windows to
of reinforcement by means of the polarization visually examine the corrosion state of the rebars etc.)
resistance and of embedded sensors for further monitoring on the
- Test methods for on-site measurement of resistivity of basis of the results of potential measurements
concrete 3 Evaluate the corrosion state of the rebars after repair
- Embedded Probes for Corrosion monitoring work and thus evaluate the efficiency and durability of
These documents are presently prepared for publication. repair work
This Draft RILEM Technical Recommendation on Half-Cell 4 Design and anode layout of cathodic protection
potential measurements intends to give a general description systems or electrochemical restoration techniques
of half-cell potential measurements for assessing the Half-cell potential measurements do not provide
corrosion risk of an existing structure (inspection), for quantitative information on the actual corrosion rate of the
locating precisely corroding rebars prior to and during repair rebars. They should be interpreted in the context of
work and for evaluateing the effectiveness and durability of complementary data from the concrete structure (chloride
the repair work. Special attention will be paid to factors content, carbonation, porosity etc.) by specialists or skilled
influencing potential measurements and to the interpretation engineers experienced in the field of corrosion testing and
of potential readings. structural evaluation.
2. SCOPE 4. DEFINITIONS
This RILEM Technical Recommendation intends to The definitions and terminology used in this
provide the background, a description of the application and recommendation are in agreement with ISO 8044 (1999)
guidelines for the interpretation of half-cell potential third edition.
measurements on reinforced concrete structures. It covers
both point measurements (mostly used during inspection,
thus in the project phase of a restoration) and potential 5. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF
mapping. HALF-CELL POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS
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consumed by the cathodic reaction at the steel surface, cathodic current density may be too low to maintain the
where oxygen is reduced and hydroxyl ions are produced: passive film on the steel. Under these circumstances the
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- -> 4 OH-. metal behaves actively, the corrosion potential is depressed
to very negative values in the range of ca. -0.9 to -1.0 V
Depending on the spatial distribution of anodic and
cathodic reactions on the surface of the steel and the SCE. The rate of metal dissolution is very low owing to the
conductivity of the medium, two different types of very low cathodic current density [1].
corrosion can take place: 5.1.2 Macro-cell corrosion
5.1.1 Uniform corrosion In macro-cell or localized corrosion, the anodic and
The simplest form of a corrosion process is one in which cathodic areas of the corrosion process are separated in
space. Under these circumstances, a significant amount of
anodic and cathodic reations are coupled to form numerous
micro-cells on the steel surface and occur on the same ohmic potential drop (IR-drop) separates the potential of
areas. This type of corrosion can be represented by the the anodic and the cathodic area and the Evans diagram is
modified (Fig. 1b). The corrosion potential varies with
Evans diagram (Fig. 1a) showing the polarization curves for
the separate anodic and cathodic reactions intersecting at a position between the limits of Ecorr (anode) and Ecorr
point P where the mean anodic and cathodic current (cathode). The positions of local anodes are indicated by
densities are equal and represent the corrosion rate icorr. regions of more negative corrosion potentials - thus surveys
of corrosion potential can be used to locate sites of active
The electrode potential of this couple at this point is termed
the corrosion potential Ecorr.. It is constant over the whole corrosion.
For steel in concrete, macro-cell corrosion is occurring
surface of the corroding zone. For steel in concrete, uniform in the case of localized corrosion attack due to the action of
corrosion is normally encountered when the steel has lost significant levels of chlorides in the concrete. The corrosion
its passive state due to carbonation or very high chloride takes the shape of corrosion pits, concentrated anodic areas,
concentration, and humidity and oxygen are present in surrounded by relatively large areas of passive steel (acting
sufficient amounts to sustain the cathodic reaction. as cathode).
A special case of uniform corrosion is the state of active,
low potential corrosion. In environments where the
availability of oxygen is very limited, as is sometimes the 5.2 Half-cell potentials
case for fully submerged or buried reinforced concrete, the The corrosion potential Ecorr (half-cell rebar / concrete) is
measured as potential difference (or voltage) against a
reference electrode (half-cell). As a corrosion detection
technique this was first used by Stratful [3]. The numerical
value of the measured potential difference between the steel in
concrete and the reference electrode will depend on the type of
reference electrode used and on the corrosion condition of the
steel in concrete. In addition, half-cell potentials of steel in
concrete cannot be measured directly at the interface concrete /
rebar due to the presence of the concrete cover (Fig. 2), the
potentials are thus influenced by iR drop in the cover, by
macrocell current and possibly by junction potentials.
Fig. 1 - Evans diagram for uniform corrosion (a) and for a corrosion It is essential to quote always the reference electrode being
couple with ohmic drop (b). Ecorr = corrosion potential, Eeq = used for half-cell potential measurements. In practice the
equilibrium potential, icorr = corrosion current density. following reference electrodes with a defined, constant and
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reproducible potential versus the standard hydrogen electrode enhances the potential differences between the corroding and
(SHE) are used: passive zones. The moisture content of the concrete can be
checked with resistivity measurements (RILEM Technical
Copper / copper sulfate sat CSE + 0.318 V SHE Recommendation “Test methods for on-site measurements of
Calomel (Hg / Hg2Cl2) KCl sat. SCE + 0.241 V SHE resistivity of concrete”). Rusted rebars in very dry concrete
Silver chloride (Ag / AgCl) KCl may not be well detected.
sat. SSCE + 0.199 V SHE
Influence of pH
For on site work, the saturated copper-copper sulfate No systematic trends are found with respect to the influence
electrode is most robust and is sufficiently accurate, although of pH when using different cement types or additions of
errors may arise due to contamination of the concrete surface microsilica. From experience it is known that the potentials of
wiith copper sulphate [4]. Calomel and silver chloride steel in concrete containing slag cements are more negative
electrodes are used more in laboratory work. The base compared to OPC concretes.
potential of the reference electrodes depends on the 5.2.3 Macrocell and localized corrosion
concentration of the electrolyte, thus care has to be taken to
operate in saturated conditions. The temperature dependence In the case of macrocell corrosion and localized corrosion
of the reference electrodes has no practical influence on the attack the reference electrode placed on the concrete surface
readings on site. does not measure the "true" corrosion potentials of anode and
cathode but a mixed value which depends on the position of
5.2.2 Corrosion state of steel in concrete (uniform the electrode and the concrete resistivity. The most negative
corrosion) values of the half-cell potentials always locate the local anode.
Half-cell potentials measure the corrosion potential Ecorr The absolute values of the potentials measured are influenced
by the cover depth and the resistivity of the concrete:
which is related to the corrosion state of steel in concrete. As is
shown in subsequent paragraphs, the measured values are o Cover depth
influenced by concrete cover, concrete resistivity (moisture The potential difference between the position above the
content) and oxygen availability. Some typical ranges of anode and a distant cathode becomes smaller with
potentials of steel in concrete for different conditions are given increasing cover depth - thus the location of a small
in Table 1. corroding spot becomes more difficult with high cover
depth (Fig. 3) [5]. On the other side, these potential
Table 1 - Typical ranges of potentials of normal steel gradients can indicate if a corroding area is located near the
in concrete (Volts CSE) surface or at rebars deep in the concrete.
water saturated concrete without oxygen -0.9 .... -1.0 V o Concrete resistivity
The macrocell current affects the potentials of the cathode
wet, chloride contaminated concrete -0.4 .... -0.6 V
humid, chloride free concrete +0.1 .... -0.2 V
humid, carbonated concrete +0.1 .... -0.4 V
dry, carbonated concrete +0.2 .... 0 V
dry concrete +0.2 .... 0 V
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6.4 Procedure
Potential measurements can be performed with a single
electrode (point measurements) or with one or several
Fig. 6 - Multiple wheel electrode half-cell potential measuring wheel electrodes (potential mapping).
instrument with computer assisted data acquisition [5, 10]. Inhomogeneous surface conditions as e.g. wet and dry
Note the slight wetting of the concrete surface at the wheels in areas or not embedded rebars that are encountered should
order to achieve a good electrolytic contact between reference be located on a sketch in order to facilitate the
electrode and concrete. interpretation of potential readings.
For a statistical evaluation of the data (cumulative
6.1.3 Electric contact to the reinforcement probability plot, histogram) the grid spacing must be kept
constant.
The electrical connection to the rebars requires a
metallic, electrically sound contact. If crocodile clips are 6.4.1 Point measurements
used the rebars have to be cleaned from rust. A secure Measurements with a single electrode will usually be
connection can be obtained by drilling a 25 mm hole into performed with a large grid size (0.5 m up to 2 m) e.g. in
the concrete above the rebar, then drill a 4 mm hole into the the project phase of a restoration or condition assessment
rebar and insert a self tapping screw with attached lead into (in order to get a rapid and cost effective overview on the
the hole in the steel. Sometimes it may be convenient to corrosion state of a structure) or on comparatively small
make the electrical connection to an external metallic objects. These measurements can be made on vertical, on
feature of the structure such as a pipe or parapet. In such a top or bottom horizontal surfaces or any other orientation.
case it is essential to check that there is electrical continuity When measuring horizontal surfaces from the bottom, care
with the reinforcement. has to be taken that the reference electrode is filled with
6.1.4 Reinforcement continuity sufficient electrolyte solution.
In all cases, the electrical continuity of the reinforcement 6.4.2 Potential mapping
has to be checked prior to perform half-cell potential Potential mapping is usually performed with a multiple
measurements. On large structures like bridge decks, on wheel arrangement and a small grid size of ca. 0.15 m on
structures with different construction intervals or on very large surfaces (bridge decks, walls, parking decks etc).
old structures, continuity may not be present overall or With single or multiple electrode instruments and computer
locally. The resistance determined with AC measurements assisted data acquisition (Fig. 6) several 100 m² per hour
between remote points on a structure should be < 1 Ohm can be measured. About 30-50 single measurements are
(without resistance of the connecting cable) in order to get taken per square meter of concrete surface. For this reason
reliable measurements. If the resistance values are higher, the precision of the individual reading is less important, a
multiple electrical contacts shall be made to the higher drift (see below) can be accepted.
reinforcement. Note: on structures with epoxy coated Potential mapping is most easy when measuring
reinforcement (not welded), the individual bars are isolated horizontal surfaces (bridge decks, parking decks). Vertical
and the electrical continuity necessary to measure half-cell surfaces or horizontal surfaces from the underside can be
potentials is not given. measured with the same experimental arrangement,
provided a suitable construction that presses the (multiple)
6.2 Calibration and standardization wheels onto the concrete surface is available.
The reference electrode(s) used for half-cell potential
measurements have to be checked against a standard (e.g. 6.5 Source of errors in measurements
laboratory Calomel electrode) in the lab or on site before The requirements for stability of a single half-cell
starting to take measurements. The difference should be potential reading are higher for point measurements with a
less than 10 mV. large grid size than for potential mapping because every
point is representative of a large area.
6.3 Coordinate system
o Drift of half-cell potential readings
The primary goal of potential measurements on If the half-cell potential reading shows a systematic
reinforced structures is to locate areas of corroding change over time (called drift), this may be due to water
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o Shift in potential [3] Stratful, R.F., ‘The corrosion of steel in a reinforced concrete
The shift in potential (before and after repair) depends on bridge’, Corrosion 13 (1957) 43-48.
the type of repair technique applied and its mechanistic action. [4] Vassie, R.P.W., ‘Evaluation of techniques for investigating the
Half-cell potential mapping can be used to evaluate the corrosion of steel in concrete’, TRRL Supplementary Report 39,
Transport and Road Research Laboratory, London, 1978.
effectiveness and durability of repair works with the “normal” [5] Elsener, B. and Böhni H., ‘Location of corrosion in reinforced
interpretation only when the concrete resistivity is not changed concrete: potential mapping – Possibilities and limitations’,
too much by the treatment. Schweizer Ingenieur und Architekt 105 (1987) 528-533 [in German].
[6] Elsener B., Müller, S., Suter, M. and Böhni, H., ‘Corrosion
o Homogeneitiy of potential field
Monitoring of Steel in Concrete – Theory and Practice,
More important than the change in the absolute value of Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete’, ed. C.L. Page,
the potential is that after a successful repair a uniform K.W.J. Treadaway, P.B. Bamforth (Elsevier Applied
potential field without hot spots shall be obtained. Science, 1990) 348-357.
[7] Menzel, K. and Preusber, H., ‘A non-destructive technique to
7.2.4 Design of anode layout of CP or electrochemical detect corrosion of rebars’, Bauingenieur 64 (1989) 181-186
repair systems [in German].
The distribution of current from a homogeneous anode [8] Elsener, B. and Böhni, H., ‘Potential mapping and corrosion
of steel in concrete’, in “Corrosion rate of steel in concrete”,
on the concrete surface is governed by the concrete
ASTM STP 1065 , N.S. Berke, V. Chaker, D. Whiting eds.
resistivity and the corrosion state of the rebars: American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia
o Corrosion state (1990) 143-156.
Corroding areas of the structure require more protection [9] Arup, H., ‘The Mechanism of Protection of Steel in Concrete,
Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete Construction’, ed.
current than areas with passive steel, due to the lower
A.P. Crane, The Society for Chemical Industry, Ellis Horwood
polarization resistance the current will flow preferentially in Ltd., London (1983) 151-157.
the corroding regions. [10] Elsener, B., Flückiger, D., Wojtas, H. and Böhni, H,
‘Methods for the evaluation of corrosion of steel in concrete’,
o Concrete resistivity
Research Program for Bridge Maintenance, Swiss Federal
The protection current will follow the low resistive Department of Traffic and Energy EVED (1996). Published
pathways, thus in areas with very humid or wet concrete by VSS Zürich [in German].
will flow more current. [11] Hunkeler, F., ‘Inspection of RC structures with potential
Based on half-cell potential maps the corroding zones can mapping’, Schweizer Ingenieur und Architekt 109 (1991) 272
be identified and the layout of the anodes can be optimized: [in German].
critical areas can be protected by isolated anodes and [12] SIA Documentation D 0126 'Half-cell potential measurements –
connected separately to the rectifier or the amount of anode an important tool for the evaluation of RC Structures', Swiss
material (two or three layers of anode mesh) can be increased in Association of Engineers and Architects, Zürich (1995) [in
German].
order to comply with the high current density expected. The
[13] Van Daveer, J.R., ‘Techniques for evaluating reinforced concrete
final draft version of European Standard EN12696 states that bridge decks’, J. American Concrete Inst. 72 (1975) 697-704.
potential mapping must be carried out on representative ares, in [14] Bürchler, D., ‘Electrical resistivity of cement based
particular for locating spots for reference electrodes to be placed. materials’, PhD Thesis No. 11876 ETH Zurich (1996) [in
German].
[15] Elsener, B. and Böhni, H., ‘Half-cell potential measurements –
8. REPORT From theory to condition assessment of RC structures’, Proc. Int.
Conference “Understanding Corrosion Mechanisms of Metals in
A report on half-cell potential measurements should contain: Concrete - A Key to Improving Infrastructure Durability”,
- date of testing, weather conditions (temperature, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT (Cambridge, USA)
humidity) at the time of testing and preferably over a 27-31 July 1997, Keynote lecture session No. 3.
[16] Suter, M., ‘Potential mapping at the Lorraine Bridge’, in [12]
few days before testing
p. 69 [in German].
- description of the structure, any visual observations at the [17] Elsener, B. and Böhni, H., ‘Condition evaluation of reinforced
concrete surface (spalling, rust staining, exposed rebars etc.) concrete bridges – The benefits of potential mapping’, Proc. 6th
- reference electrode used and calibration data Int. Conf. Structural Faults + Repair, London (1995) 47-52.
- measuring grid used [18] Schiegg, Y., ‘Potential Mapping after Bridge Maintenance’,
- results of half-cell potential measurements (preferably in [12] p. 79 [in German].
in form of potential map with clear and scaled relation [19] Elsener, B., Molina, M. and Böhni, H., ‘Electrical removal of
to the structure) chlorides from reinforced concrete’, Corrosion Science 35
- chloride or carbonation analysis (if available). (1993) 1563-1570.
[20] Elsener, B., Zimmermann, L., Bürchler, D. and Böhni, H., ‘Repair
of reinforced concrete structures by electrochemical techniques -
Field experience’, in “Corrosion of Steel in Concrete”, ed. J. Mietz,
REFERENCES B. Elsener and R. Polder, EFC Publication No. 25, The Institute of
Materials, London (1998) 125-140.
[21] Elsener, B., ‘Half-cell potential mapping to assess repair work
[1] RILEM TC 60 CSC, ‘Corrosion of Steel in Concrete’, ed. P. on RC structures’, Vth ACI/CANMET Int. Conf. Barcelona,
Schiessl, Chapman and Hall, London (1988). July 2000, accepted in Constr. Build. Materials Journal.
[2] Page, C.L. and Treadaway, K.W.J., ‘Aspects of electrochemistry [22] Elsener, B. and Böhni, H., ‘Electrochemical methods for
of steel in concrete’, Nature 297 (1982) 109-115. inspection of reinforcement corrosion in concrete structures - Field
experience’, Materials Science Forum 111/112 (1992) 635-64.
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