Introduction to motivation concept

Importance of Motivation Psychological processes or

human behavior – motivation would be a part

Hypothetical assumption about motivational principles

Essential for understanding org behavior

Motivation: is the result of interaction of needs, incentive

and perceptual pattern of individual

Individual and org mutually interdependent

Individuals are motivated to satisfy their personal goals

Key for individual well being and org success

From Individual standpoint

Motivation is key to individual productive life

Org life constitute a central place

Interesting job motivates

Job performance is a function of- ability and motivation

Owing human violation - increase motivation important

From an org standpoint

Labor cost – productivity is increased at low cost:

Benefit consumer through lower price

Higher productivity greater profit

Greater economic reward

Effective utilization of employee’s ability

Technology method of production, quality material and

energy resources, capital asset management and labor

accruing importance
Increase employees earning by means other than

increased labor productivity effects competitive edge

Enhance skill unlimited resources

Motivation to work increases for obtaining desired

reward when an employee feels his performance is an

instrumental

Administer alternative forms

From a societal Standpoint

Youngster disaffect

Satisfy people would choose same job those who pass

through necessary education

Use resources more wisely

Job in industrial and high technology and professional

Unfilled and great number of application

Job alienated not getting satisfied with financial incentives

Why some satisfied other not on the same job

Some Common Challenges

An environmental determinant

Internal urge and feelings

Incentive goals and objectives

Man is biological slave of needs

Learning play directing role

Environment ancient vs goal directed behavior

Motivational process and factors

Goal directed behavior

Motivated Behaviour

Frustrated behavior

Physiological reflexes

Goals directed, work conditions, managerial practices &

org complexity

Development of Org Theories

Need theories- cognitive theories

Affect of work organization

Incentive means stimulus existing which influences

behavior.

Categories are:

Substantive – job security and work conditions

Interactive- social work group- leadership supervision-

structural factors

Effectance: job content – growth opportunity and

responsibility

Individual behave differently to same stimulus

How they perceive the value

Belief of reward

Task accomplishment

High capable person will perceive motivation better

Perceived mechanism interprets

Task Performance

Instrumental relationship

Incentive value of these rewards

Able person will perceive performance expectancy more

favorably

Process of motivation

How to develop motivational programme

Theory- describe a phenomenon

Motivation programme- course of action

Work motivation depends on the personal commitment of an

employee

Org can influence the behavior of employees by following

Strategies:

Incentive to match needs

Org reward related to task performance

Probability of reward be challenging

Motivation characteristic of org properties are:

Extrinsic incentives will have significance influence on

employees’ motivation

Org climate impacts on satisfaction

Task an employee intrinsic reward

The end result of the fit between these motivational

determinants and outcome of their interaction

Individual need and org fit to tally otherwise frustration

would occur

Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation

Occurs when you do to the people and what you do for

the people

Effort by the manger to satisfy employee with reward or

otherwise
Benefits like insurance, retirement perks- extended pay

holidays- Haj etc-

Non extrinsic rewards by recognition of their attainment

of certain objectives- arrange gathering – pat to the

employees, sitting with CEO

Intrinsic Motivation

Inherent motivation- takes place automatically among

people – inner compulsion desire to fulfill certain needs

Psychological effect caused by the management policies,

procedures actions etc

Good management practices – org repute itself

Individual perceptual mechanism interprets expectancy of

effort leading to

E-P: Task Performance

P-1: Instrumental relationship between performance and

receiving incentive rewards

1-N: Incentive Value of these rewards for satisfying needs

Motivational Components and Program

Growth orientation need---- effectiveness incentive---

expectancy---- program

Self actualization: achievements, accomplishment

Reflectance incentives: Growth opportunity, challenges

and contents

Motivation: Flexi, Job Enlargement, Enrichment & MOB

Relationship Orientation: affiliation, power, status

Interactive incentive: social reinforcement, work group,

leaders, supervisors

Motivation: Structure Design, Leadership process, Group

Process, ocb
Existence Needs: Security, safety

Substantive incentive: job security, fringe benefit work

condition

Motivation: incentive pay, salary, bonus, fringe benefit

Motivation in the history

Introduction

• Darwin Theory
• Motivation existed before DARWIN
• Notion Of rationality, irrationality, unconscious,. Active mental
forces and determination
• Ideas closely linked to motivation

a. Dualism

o Always impressed by two differences

o Property of self induced motion- stones etc remain
motionless until external forces move
o Man otherwise – hence division between self moving and
non moving essential
o Language is tool-degree of foresight—ethical principles-
development of ideas concerning
o Murphy: Dreams are important for conception of himself-
meaning given to dead in dreams
o There is spirit of soul which inhabits the body but
dependent on it – difference between man and animal and
animate (living) and inanimate exists
o Everything made of items which is in motion and action
cause reaction –
o dualism in thought of two thinker
o presence of absence distinguish from living to dead
matters
o It existed in Greek philosophy
Plato;: we perceive things which are imperfect manifestation of
shadows- ideas which are objects of reasons-

Aristotle: mind has three grades of soul--- vegetative, involved in

propagation and other functions and found in all living

Sensitive soul: both in man and animal- has appetite and loc motion

Rational Soul: human being – deveins and immortal

Within limits of purposes it is difficult to enter into a full account of

dualism –

For understanding of ethics and morality is important

(ii) How the conduct is determinants

Motivational implication

Knowledge, instinct and free will active unconscious factors- concept of

human nature and motives

a. Knowledge:

• how virtue and right conduct be achieved

• Right knowledge always right acting

• Socrates- discovery of knowledge of the Good
• Plato: Good by reached by an approach to the ideas through
thought
• Soul three parts
• Reasoning – passionate parts
• Plato: three parts in the head above the midriff
• Virtue – corresponding to each virtue
• Knowledge – with virtue – control of passion- and beauty ( belly)
• Feelings of lust- -sensual and nobler (chest)

Aristotle: highest goal is happiness

• For ethical value, control through practical reasons

• All through knowledge and reasoning

b. Instinct:
• To control of passion and conduct through act of will
• Animal did not possess them – animal lower level souls capable
of monitoring basic organic functions
• The natural prompting called instinct are purposive activities
implanted in the animal by nature – and for creation in
the attainment of ends useful to it

c. Animal with sensitive soul

• Later in addition rational soul

• Man with rational insight into it.
• Animal behavior was entirely mechanistic
• For animal nerves as tubes through which animal spirit moves –
determined by mechanical forces
• Descartes belongs to astrology

d. Will and Free Will

• Aristotle: didn’t think reasons as sufficient

• Strength of will – knowledge- indicated good

• We be compelled at least at first good or just acts - later it
will become habit
• Will most important aspect of life – will ruled the body-
• Augustine: bodily activities like sexual act
• Belief leads to understanding
• Will sort of faculty- linked to knowledge of feelings-
• Kant; ultimate moral and religious reality lies not in the field of
knowledge but in process of will
• Good action from moral
• Universal law itself excites in us a feeling of esteem and worship
• Will independent of knowledge
• Determination of conduct seems to have been set against
instinct and passion
• Consciousness and knowledge servant of will
• Schopenhauer: temporary spirit I solution
• Irrational factors in animal and rational in human

e. Active Unconscious Factors

o Factors not available to awareness may influence behavior

o Ideas must compete for space in conscious and that.
o In this competition or conflict some would lose out thus
becoming unconscious
 o They didn’t cease to agitate for re admission
o Man lives by wish- vital energy which moves through
generation of men
o We construct reasons for what has been done
o Mind is more or less passive in its relation to external force
o Hypnotism phenomena greatly popular
o Rational control and control by one own will would seem to
be given up in deference to those of hypnotic – hardly
could be explained –unconscious factors as objects of
study and a concept

(iii) Hedonism (pleasure seeking)

Pleasure and pain potent determiners of conduct that we seek pleasure

and avoid pain

Pleasure worthy of striving

Self control, sensible man factor

Susceptible to the enjoyment of life

Aristippus: goal of life as happiness

Friendship was best and safest of social pleasure

Hereafter –pleasure

Troland: Hedonism

One which emphasis present

Future applying to utilitarian

Past

Nature and Motivation of Men

General nature of man, instantly good

Evil arising from a week will

Man ever doesn’t act rationally or decently, impelled by powerful

instinct

Second
Conceptions of man on a few dominant motives or have seen
him handicapped by some primary factors

Florentine: politics much inferior to those of ancient time

Power by egoism

Defects by bad education

Controlling the populace by fear and love

Hobbes: hunger- thirst- sex- fear- pleasure avoidance of pain – interest

of desire – gratification of his desire

Natural to man to exist in society – moral sense

God – is said to be the ideal example of the harmony which

should reign with us

Rosseus: stresses experience having the greatest value

Developed society and inhabitant- new education, new attitude

Machiavellians: control populace to serve own ends

Man good evil arising from social organization

(iv) Impact of Evolution

• Physiology observation
• Psychology
• Evolution theory biological events
• Animal appeared when the primitive liquid earth dried up and
originally fish in from
• Some adopted themselves to new environment
• Life emerged from the still matter – first in form of plant some
body parts of animals like head and arms appeared first and that
these parts were merged through forces of attraction and
repulsion from various kinds of combinations –
those combinations was able to survive in the environment and
reproduce themselves would persist
• Earth existed for very long period of time
• None of thinker reached synthesis(sepration), especially in
relation to a mass evidence
• There is continuous development from the lowest form of the life
to thehighest
• Survival requires adaptation to the prevailing environment