You are on page 1of 20

!

" #
$ % & # ' (
' )
*
− ∆
*
&

*
=−
πε +
& & ,
-

* *
− ∆Ψ & & " − Ψ & & "= Ψ & & "
* πε + *
+ *
+ *

. ( (

− ∆Ψ & & " − Ψ & & "= Ψ & & "


* *
+ *
+ *

/ 0 & '
(
2
1
θ

≥+ = θ φ
+ ≤θ ≤π = θ φ
+ ≤ φ < *π = θ

& &
' # 3& 4

3 =− ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂*
*
"+ θ( "+ −
* *
∂ ∂ θ ∂θ ∂θ *
θ ∂φ *
5 #
*
(5 2&

& # 24

3 =− ∂
∂φ

3* = ∂ ∂ ∂*
θ( "+
θ ∂θ ∂θ *
θ ∂φ *
! 4

3 =− ∂ ∂
*
" + 3* −
* *
∂ ∂

1 # &
( "
!

*
!& 2 4 %
Ψ "θ,φ"( /
& (

Φ(φ" # % φ # '
# 6 ( (" $ 4
Φ (φ )
− = Φ(φ )
φ

Φ φ" = # φ

/ 0 # φ 7 *π φ7+ "(
# '
*π 7 + 8 *$π
7$ 0 ( # Φ4
*π *π
= Φ 9 Φ φ = #* φ = *π# *
+ +

#=

: &
# & # & # & ( ( ;(
& < # 0 (

*
' & & %
( *
θ φ& φ ( Φ (φ)
& # 0

= θ,φ" 7 Φ (φ) Θ(θ) = Θ θ " φ


*
> $ #
?

∂ ∂ ∂* φ φ
θ( "+ Θ θ" = λΘ θ "
θ ∂θ ∂θ *
θ ∂φ * *π *π

$λ (. # %

φ ∂ ∂ ∂* φ
θ( "Θ θ " + Θ θ"
*π θ ∂θ ∂θ *
θ ∂φ * *π

∂* φ φ
=− *

∂φ * *π *π
Φ& 6
' & @ $ Θ4
∂ ∂
θ( "− *
Θ θ " = λΘ θ "
θ ∂θ ∂θ *
θ
1 # &
*
( ( ( & "
λ7 8 "
$ # % ' (.
− ≤ ≤
Θ(θ) A θ & # &
θ" 4
Θ(θ) = % " "
θ"
*
#
φ
& & θ &φ " = %& "
θ"

/ (

' (
> & %
# 8 "( B # + "
6 B2 # # C '8( 0 (
( D ) & ' B2&
+ "> (
2
7
7 <
7 <*

7<

* + , (

5 6 B2 & 6
E % (
> # &
B2(

5 # ' F ( !
&θ φ( . ' 2
*

Ψ & θ & φ " = ' "& & θ & φ " &

$D " " '

3 ' "& θ & φ " = − ∂ ∂


*
" + 3* − ' "& θ & φ " = ' "& θ & φ "
* *
∂ ∂
*
. # % & #
-. / 4
∂ ∂
− *
" ' "& θ & φ " + 3* ' "& θ & φ " − ' "& θ & φ "
* *
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
=− *
" ' "& θ & φ " + ' " + "& θ & φ " − ' "& θ & φ "
* *
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
− *
"+ + " − ' "= ' "
* *
∂ ∂
# % &
# 4
< ( ("

=− *
*
G

$ ' ( % <+&- ( (& < &! H(


" ' (
' &! H(
< ' "

− "
' & = %& "

$%-/ A < ( I

Ψ && &θ &φ " = & & θ &φ " % & − "

: & < % (

0 1 0 2 1 1 ,
!& 3* 3 4 %
Ψ && ( &θ &φ ) = ' & "Θ & (θ )Φ (φ ) = ' & "& & (θ & φ )

Ψ&& ( &θ & φ ) ! # # =− *


( (" 7
*
*
− 0 (3 ("
* πε + +

& & (θ & φ ) 3* # # 8 "

( ("& 8 "4* (,("(


Φ (φ ) 3 # # ( ("& 4 (,("
7 & *& & (
7 +& & *& J C
7 < & < 8 & < 8 *& J C &

#0
(/
& # %
(
*+

" "

5 % (.
(,(
(
. & # % 4
< )
< & # +
C ( # ' 7 +& & *& & & - ((((
& & & & & (((
< * 8 # C ' 8 ) %

(
: & 7 & 7+ 7 +( ,
' (

D &+ Θ Φ

*
* +
* π
+

/ & ' # (
K 7*

* =− =

, # & 7+ 7 (
*

K 7 +& 7+) *

D*&+ Θ1,0 Φ0

*
*− * π
* +

+ * * +

K 7 & # % 4< &+ 8 & $ * (

D & Θ1, (−1,0,1) Φ (−1,0,1)


−φ

θ
* *π

*
* + θ
* ! * π
+ +
φ
θ
* *π
*

B (K &
(. & ' 0 #
% " %
0 # (. & # & "

& "5 & # 4

& & + & &− = θ( ϕ


+ −ϕ
)= θ (* ϕ
* *π * *π

(& & − & &− ) = θ( ϕ


− −ϕ
)= θ (* ϕ
* *π * *π
, ' ( %
#
( α β ) λ
λ α 8 β" & <'< 4
**

= λ* α + β α + β = λ ( α α + β β + α β + β α ) = ( + )
λ=
*
L & *

θ( ϕ
* π

θ
* π

θ( ϕ
* π
B &

* π

* π

* π
B # & #
(, %
7 +"(
K 7 &

=− =
G

< # 7+ 7 +& #

D &+ Θ3,0 Φ0

* −
*
!− + *
+
* π
+ G + G +

< # 7 7 < & +& 8 & #


*

D & Θ3, (−1,0,1) Φ(−1,0,1)


M φ

θ
* *π

* * * θ
− +
* π
+ G ! + +
φ
θ
* *π
6

< # 7 & 7 <*& < & +& & *& # -

D &* Θ*& +&N N*" Φ& +&N N*"


−* φ
- *
θ

−φ
-
θ θ
* *π

* * − -
( *
θ− )
π
+
*
+ G +G +

φ
-
θ θ
* *π

- *
θ

6

# 0 0
(:
& % # # A
6 & (
*

-
π
*

-
π
*

-
π
*

- *
− *

π *

- *
− *

π
*

> 6 ' & #


4 0 & * & % %
" &* " (/ (

. & #

# ( &
< 0 %
( # Ψ # % %
# ( #
' (/
# (

** %
. #
& & % # θ, φ
ρ ' O& O(
5
& 4

ρ (θ & ϕ ) = =
* π
*-

P φ φ 7 πQ*& "& % &


+RθRπ < (> & φ# + ' *π& <
(

z z
θ θ

ρ7a
y y

x x

3 67

0 # #
(
5
/ 7+) #

ρ (θ & ϕ ) = θ = θ
* π

# 7 +& G( > L ( "& θ # + ' π& % <


% ( θ# + ' *π& <
& (. & θ&
= & θ# + ' πQ* < S +"
θ# πQ* ' π( B %
(
z z
b
π/* ρ7% θ
+
θ
y y

x -
x

87
*!

/ 6 A ' (/
S+ R+" # % )
# (K
' 4 ' (
& # 9 9&
% % ' & (. (
z z

+ y - + y

x x

:7

*
& # % & (
# (K &
4
*

ρ (θ & ϕ ) = θ = * *
θ
* π
T U% % V"
7 +& GR (
2

;7 1

5
5
( & & < F*( " 6
4
*?

& & & *


− * & *

5
(

*** %
' " % ( : &
A &

( : & +
(
# 2 & (
D "

< '-/ "* *

B ' " (B '* "&


2 * %
' "& ' ( % %

#
%= Ψ Ψ

#
*
7 θ θ φ

π *π ∞
= %= Ψ9Ψ = & * θ &φ " θ θ φ '* " *

+ + +

= # & # %

% = = '* " *

+
*

$
% = =' * " *

% ' % % #
*
# π (
B W #

= Ψ Ψ

**6 3 (
' % Ψ&
% & ρ 7 Ψ 27 & L (
"(

>? 1 @"@: 1 1 *

/ & L ( G(
*G

1s

2px 2py 2pz

A0 1 ρ ) @"6 "* "* *

' "&
0 < ( / &
& # % %
(B (
Ψ* 7 " % % %
' # +&G" 4
%= Ψ9Ψ (

> # L ( G( /
% & % # B 4 '
& Ψ* 7 +(

**8 ' (
> & #
4 # &
Ψ∗Ψ & Ψ #
(/
# L +"(
+

1s 2s
y
x

px py pz

@ ' (

: & % ( % * '
% & & #
0 (B % *
& ( % %
# & %
(/ % Q & <'<
(/
(/
% 4 U V U V& U% V
U V( . & Ψ∗Ψ &
α
' &
( / # &
% "
% "4 #
(
# (
z
z z

y y y
x
x dxz dyz
dxy
z

y y
x dx2-y2 x dz2

' ( (

B & 2

% ( *5 * )
* %
(

**:C 1
. & & % & 1
"& <'<
( X %
# (B 1 1
# ( . & %
# L ( +
(

># #
, µ ' '
& 0 % "& & 4
µ 7
*

$ (K & 2&

7<µ #$ #$ D
6 # 8Y CY ( ( 4"(
/ E ( 1 5 E &
4 #
*
< 0 ' (B &' &
< 0 ) # &
U V $ (. # %
' $
& & & # &
(B Z2
α β& # Y <Y 4

3 α = α
*
3 β =− β
*
, &F F
" F*( > & α β
# # 8 " $ 7Y 4
3* α = 3* β = + "α = + "β

> 0 & Z* #
( B
"( / &
α β (
% ) #
(
B & # & #

= + "=

6 & 6
(
*
1 " # & (
B % # [" α
7 Y" # % \" β 7 <Y"(

2 2
7 Q*

7 < Q*

* + , ( 1

%
Ψ "" α
β& % & 0 (

!% " & '

B G & &
( E
H(

3 =− ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂* H
*
"+ θ( "+ −
* *
∂ ∂ θ ∂θ ∂θ *
θ ∂φ *

B % ' E P @

HQ @( K & % (,(" 4
−H
*
H
Ψ = * +

*π +

You might also like