Math 233 - Arline Norkin

Lecture Notes 2/15/11

A little review

-The vector valued function C can be defined as r(t) = <f(t),g(t),h(t)> or parametrically with the
equations x = f(t), y = g(t), z = h(t).

-r'(t) is the direction of the tangent line at the tip of r(t). r'(t) = <f'(t),g'(t),h'(t)>

-length of C from point t=a to point t=b is defined as the following:

Motion in Space

- If C is the path given by the equation r=r(t), then what is the velocity vector? To answer this
question we must know what we're looking for in a velocity vector:
-Direction vector
-Magnitude of velocity

-We know that r'(t) is the tangent vector C, and is therefore the direction vector

-We know how to find length of a vector valued function:

-So if we take the derivative of this, we will have the magnitude of the change in position.

1.v(t) = r'(t) (direction)

2.speed = |r'(t)|
3.a(t) = v'(t)

Projectile Motion: After an object is propelled, the only force acting on it is gravity
-The picture above shows projectile motion. It is essentially two dimensional

-We know from Newton that F=ma and since it's acting in the downward y direction, we can say
that this force is a scalar multiple of j such that F = ma = (-scalar)j = -mg*j and a = -g j

- g = 32 ft/s2 = 9.8 m/s2

-Example: A shell is fired from a cannon 2 feet above ground level with an initial speed of 800
ft/s at an angle 30 degrees above the horizontal.
1. Find the equations for v(t) and a(t).
2. What is the projectile's maximum height?
3. How far away will the shell land (what's the range)?

PART 1:

- We know that a(t) = -32j

- We also know
- By finding the components of the original velocity we can find the values of a and b
- a = sin(30) * 800 = 400 (3).5 = 692.82
- b = cos(30) * 800 = 400

- And now we have the formula:

v(t) = 692.82i + (-32t+400)j
- From this we can follow very much the same procedure and get:

- The point (0,2) (our starting position) is the value (c,d), so the equation for position is:
r(t) = (692.82t)i + ( -16t2 + 400t + 2 ) j

PART 2:

-At the highest point, the j component of the velocity will be zero (because the velocity is
changing from positive to negative):

400-32t=0 ----> t = 400/32 = 12.5

- Now to solve for how high the cannon ball will be, we must plug t=12.5 into the position
equation:
r(t) = (692.82) (12.5) i + ( -16 (12.5)2 + 400(12.5) + 2 ) j
r(12.5) = 8660.25 i + 2502 j
and the height is the j's coefficient, so it is 2502 feet!

PART 3:

-The shell lands when y = 0.

(-16)t2 + 400t + 2 = 0 -----Quadratic Equation----> t = 25.00499
-To find the range of the cannonball, solve for the x component (i) at t = 25.00499 to get x =
17324 feet

Beginning with Multivariable Functions

-Definition: z is a function of x and y if for all x y, in a set domain that is less than or equal to all
real numbers, there is a unique real valued z associated with it.
-We write this as z = f(x,y)
- D is the domain, which is the largest set for which f is defined

-Find the domain of

-The numerator is fine because it can be defined for all reals
-We encounter two problems in the denominator: Division by zero and a negative
number
under the square route sign.
Since y-x2 can't equal zero, y =/= x2
Since y-x2 has to be greater than or equal to zero, y > or = x2
Combining these two parameters, we get that y > x2
The domain of this function can be shown in R2 as the area y>x2
Functions in the form of f(x,y) combine like the functions we've seen in R2: They can be added,
subtracted, multiplied, or divided*
*NEVER DIVIDE BY ZERO!*
Function composition works too, in the form:
f = (g ੦ h) (x,y) = g(h(x,y)) OR g(u) if u=h(x,y)

Visualization of Functions in R3

z = f(x,y) : we know that this graph is a surface in the x y z space.

-The function f(x,y) has only one z value for every point in the xy plane within the domain.
(Vertical line test like in algebra 2.)

Since R3 graphs are really tough to graph on a sheet of paper, sometimes we'll see contour
curves.
Contour has traces (intersections with plane) for z=k for a set of k values.

Let's try for f(x,y) = 9 - x2 -y2 and z=k

K value Trace Radius of circle

0 x2+y2=9 3

3 x2+y2 = 6

6 x2+y2 = 3

9 Point (0,0) 0
This is about what the trace would look like, except that google docs is not the best client for
making pretty graphs.

For equally spaced values of k (kn - kn-1 = c for all k), closer together traces will mean steeper
graphs.