Copy No.

29
NASA General Working Paper No. 10,022

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FLIGHT CFEW TRAINING PLAN

(NASA-TU-Y-69859) PLIGET CREP T I Z A I B I B G N74-70897

PLAN (NASA) 61 p Unclas

00/99 16390

DISTRIBUTION AND REFERFNCING

This paper i s not s u i t a b l e f o r general d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e f e r e n c i n g .

It may be referenced only i n other working correspondence and
documents by p a r t i c i p a t i n g organizations.

!
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINIST
c MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER
Houston, Texas
January 17, 1964
 NASA GEX3RA.L VORKING PAPER KO. 10,022

FLIGH!I' CREW TRtlINING PLAN

Pre-Flight Training A s s i s t a n t

Authorized f o r D i s t r i b u t i o n :

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-
Donald K. S l a w
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A s s i s t a n t Director for F l i g h t

NATIONAL AEROITAUTICS Al'Jll SPACE ADKIXISTRATION

MANNED SPACECm CENTER

HOUSTON, TEXAS

January 1.7, 1964

 i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................... 1-1

2.0 TRAINING BEQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

3.1 General Training ................ 3-1

3.2 Gemini Training ................. 3-10
3.3 Apollo Training ................ 3-23
4.0 SCHEDJLING CHARTS

Chart I.- Training Phasing .............. 4-1

Chart 11.- Crew Training Equipnent Schedule..... 4-2
Chart 111.- Academic Training Schedule ........ 4-3
Chart 1V.- Overall Training Schedule ......... 4-4
5.0 APPZNDIX .Outlines of Science and Technology Courses . 5-1
. c
..*

1-1

FLIGHT CREW TRAINING PLAN

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The t r a i n i n g program described i n t h i s document covers t h e

t r a i n i n g p l a n from February 1964, t o t h e development of
s p e c i f i c mission t r a i n i n g . It encompasses t h e t r a i n i n g f o r
manning both t h e Gemini and Apollo space f l i g h t s f o r t h e f u l l
complement of NASA f l i g h t crew personnel. A t t h i s t i m e , t h e
Gemini P r o j e c t i s defined t o the p o i n t t h a t t h e t r a i n i n g
program can be planned i n d e t a i l . Since t h e Apollo P r o j e c t
i s i n i t s e a r l y s t a g e s of development, only t h e e a r l y t r a i n i n g
i s defined.

I n consideration of t h e number o f f l i g h t crews t o be t r a i n e d

and t h e l i m i t e d lead time a v a i l a b l e on t r a i n i n g equipment,
t h e t r a i n i n g program has been f o r m a l i z e d t o accomplish t h e
r e q u i r e d t r a i n i n g . Because f l i g h t dates are paced by various
rates of subsystem development, t h e t r a i n i n g p l a n must a l s o
have f l e x i b i l i t y . I n t h i s regard, t h e p l a n has been s e c t i o n -
a l i z e d t o s i m p l i f y t h e revisions t h a t w i l l be necessary t o
update t h e p l a n and t o d e f i n e the Apollo t r a i n i n g i n l a t e r
s t a g e s of t h e p r o j e c t .
 *
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2-1

2.0 TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

The f l i g h t crew t r a i n i n g plan has been formulated t o meet

c e r t a i n c r i t e r i a o r t r a i n i n g requirements. These g e n e r a l
t r a i n i n g requirements, as described i n t h e following para-
graphs, i n s u r e spacecraft crews capable of accomplishing t h e
space f l i g h t mission under a l l conditions w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s
of t h e spacecraft, launch vehicle systems) and m n .

2.1 S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Background Training.- Provide

s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l competency t o : ( a ) understand t h e
p r i n c i p l e s of operation o f the complex s p a c e c r a f t systems;
( b ) engage i n t h e evaluation and development of t h e space-
c r a f t and launch vehicle t o a s s u r e i t s c o m p a t i b i l i t y with
manned space f l i g h t operations; and ( c ) understand and per-
form s c i e n t i f i c space experiments.

2.2 Environmental Familiarization.- Provide f a m i l i r i z a t i o n with

t h e unique environmental conditions of space f l i g h t t o mini-
mize t h e i r p o s s i b l e e f f e c t on crew performance.

2.3 Contingency Training.- Provide c a p a b i l i t y t o survive without

i n j u r y i n t h o s e contingency s i t u a t i o n s f o r which t r a i n i n g w i l l
e l i m i n a t e o r minimize possible hazards.

2.4 Systems Training. -

2.4.1 Spacecraft: Provide thorough knowledge of t h e design, opera-
t i o n , and i n f l i g h t maintenance c a p a b i l i t y of a l l t h e systems.

2.4.2 Launch Vehicle: Provide f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h the design of the

systems and thorough knowledge o f malfunction monitoring and
a b o r t design f e a t u r e s .

2-5 Mission Training. -

2.5.1 Spacecraft Control: Provide a b i l i t y t o m n u a l l y o r semi-
manually c o n t r o l t h e spacecraft i n a l l a t t i t u d e s , and t r a n s -
l a t i o n maneuvers within t h e prescribed mission.

2.5.2 Systems Monitoring and knagement: Provide knowledge and

a b i l i t y t o monitor t h e systems f o r normal operation, t o
c o n t r o l t h e systems and t o m k e e f f i c i e n t use of t h e con-
sumables on board f o r t h e accomplishment of the mission
objectives.
 *
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2-2

2.5- 3 Systems k l f u n c t i o n Detection and Correction: Provide

knowledge and a b i l i t y t o recognize a b n o m l system operation
i n t h e booster and t h e spacecraft, m k e f a i l u r e a n a l y s i s from
indications,and t a k e c o r r e c t i v e a c t i o n which could include an
aborted mission o r a n e a r l y r e e n t r y during any phase of t h e
mission.
 3.0 TRAINING PROGRAM

The Training Phasing Chart ( c h a r t 1, s e c t i o n 4.0) i s pro-

vided t o i n d i c a t e t h e o v e r a l l chronological phasing of t h e
t r a i n i n g f o r t h e preparation of t h e f l i g h t crews f o r crew
assignment t o t h e f i r s t manned f l i g h t s of t h e p r o j e c t s . The
Gemini t r a i n i n g f o r t h e command and s e n i o r a s t r o n a u t s and
t h e a s t r o n a u t s i s staggered due t o t h e r e q u i r e d time t o t r a i n
t h e new group. This staggering of t h e Gemini mission t r a i n i n g
eliminates the u n r e a l i s t i c t r a i n e r t i m e u t i l i z a t i o n required
f o r preparing t h e t o t a l group simultaneously f o r t h e f i r s t
flights .
The t r a i n i n g program i s discussed i n d e t a i l i n t h i s s e c t i o n
under t h r e e major headings: General, Gemini and Apollo
training.

3-1 General Training.- The t r a i n i n g areas that f a l l under t h e

g e n e r a l heading a r e t h o s e t h a t apply t o b o t h p r o j e c t s . These
a r e a s are Science and Technology Summary Courses, Operations
F a m i l i a r i z a t i o n , Environmental F a m i l i a r i z a t i o n , Contingency
Training, Spacecraft and Launch Vehicle Design and Develop-
ment and A i r c r a f t F l i g h t Program.

3.1.1 Science and Technology Summary Courses: The Space Science

and Technology courses were chosen t o f u l f i l l t h e s p e c i f i c
requirements as designated i n s e c t i o n 2.0. They a r e o r i e n t e d
t o b r i n g t h e f l i g h t crews t o a common l e v e l of understanding
on t h e s u b j e c t s . The majority of t h e s e courses a r e b a s i c
i n n a t u r e with two o f tinem dealing d i r e c t l y with s p a c e c r a f t
systems - Gemini Onboard Computer and Apollo Guidance and
Navigation. However, a basic d i g i t a l computer course i s
given p r i o r t o t h e s p e c i f i c Gemini computer course and t h e
b a s i c material of i n e r t i a l g u i d a n c e systems i s covered i n
conjunction with t h e Apollo Guidance and Navigation. With
a l i m i t e d amount of t r a i n i n g time a v a i l a b l e , a l l of t h e
courses are a l i g n e d t o presenting t h a t p o r t i o n of t h e material
under t h e s u b j e c t t i t l e t h a t i s p e r t i n e n t t o t h e work of t h e
f l i g h t crews w i t h i n t h e p r o j e c t s and missions. Each course
i s defined i n o u t l i n e form i n t h e Appendix.

A d e t a i l e d schedule f o r the academic program i s given i n

s e c t i o n 4.0. On a weekly b a s i s t h e courses are scheduled
on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday f o r s i x t e e n hours of
i n s t r u c t i o n . The remainder of t h e week, du.ring t h i s period
of academic t r a i n i n g , i s devoted t o p r o j e c t b r i e f i n g s ,
systems training, operations familiarization, course field
trips, physical fitness, and aircraft flying.

The Science and Space Technology courses are listed below

with the number of hours of instruction:

Course Hours Instruction

.le
Geology 58
*U
Flight Mechanics 40
M+
Digital Computers 12
* Gemini Onboard Computer 24
Rocket Propulsion Systems 12

Aerodynamics 8
Astronomy 15
U
Guidance & Navigation 34
Communications 8

physics of the Upper 12

Atmosphere and Space

Medical Aspects of Space 12

Flight

Meteorology 4

Total 239
Yr
All Flight Crews will participate.
w
Refresher courses for command and senior flight crews -
participate when possible.
 3-3

F u r t h e r i n s t r u c t i o n i n geology a f t e r t h e designated 58 hour

course w i l l be scheduled on a f r e q u e n t b a s i s t o prepare t h e
f l i g h t crews f o r exploration of t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e . The
g e n e r a l content of t h e follow-on program i n geology i s a l s o
i n d i c a t e d i n t h e Appendix.

3.1.2 Operations F a m i l i a r i z a t i o n : The f l i g h t crews w i l l be f a m i l -

i a r i z e d with t h e o p e r a t i o n a l support r e q u i r e d for s p a c e f l i g h t .
The following b r i e f i n g s and t o u r s of f a c i l i t i e s w i l l be
conducted:

1. Gemini Prelaunch A c t i v i t i e s (Cape Kennedy) -

O v e r a l l prelaunch a c t i v i t i e s b r i e f i n g

Tour and b r i e f i n g on s p a c e c r a f t and a s t r o n a u t prelaunch

a c t i v i t i e s (hangar S )

Tour of complex 19 and b r i e f i n g on launch operation

B r i e f i n g a t Gemini Control Center on operations and
equipment including launch v e h i c l e guidance

B r i e f i n g a t c e n t r a l control on o p e r a t i o n and equipment

2. Apollo Prelaunch A c t i v i t i e s (Cape) - Tour and b r i e f i n g

a t Saturn launch complex on launch o p e r a t i o n

3. I n t e g r a t e d Mission Control Center - Briefing on

Equipnent and Operation

4. Recovery Operations B r i e f i n g

3-1.3 Environmental Familiarization: The areas of t h e mission

environment i n which t h e f l i g h t crews w i l l be f a m i l i a r i z e d
a r e a c c e l e r a t i o n , weightlessness, l u n a r g r a v i t y , v i b r a t i o n
and noise, and p r e s s u r e s u i t environment.

1. Acceleration - The a c c e l e r a t i o n f a m i l i a r i z a t i o n i s one of

t h e o b j e c t i v e s of t h e c e n t r i f u g e programs. The purpose
of t h i s t r a i n i n g i s t o minimize p o s s i b l e p i l o t performance
degradation because of a c c e l e r a t i o n s . The second Gemini
c e n t r i f u g e t r a i n i n g program i s planned t o be conducted
s h o r t l y before t h e f i r s t manned Gemini f l i g h t s . This
program w i l l f a m i l i a r i z e t h e f l i g h t crews w i t h launch,
s e l e c t e d launch a b o r t s and r e e n t r y a c c e l e r a t i o n p r o f i l e s .
A s i m i l a r c e n t r i f u g e t r a i n i n g program i s planned f o r the
3-4

Apollo prosram. The c e n t r i f u g e programs are discussed i n

d e t a i l i n t h e Gemini and Apollo t r a i n i n g p o r t i o n s o f t h i s
paper*

2. Weightlessness and L u n a r Gravity - By means of a modified

KC-135 t o f l y a t zero g r a v i t y f o r approximately 30 seconds
per parabolic t r a j e c t o r y t h e f l i g h t crews w i l l be exposed
t o weightlessness. I n t h e same manner t h e crews w i l l be
1
exposed t o l u n a r g r a v i t y (- "g"). Each p i l o t w i l l receive
6
two f l i g h t s i n t h e KC-133 w i t h each f l i g h t containing
18-20 parabolas. Three p i l o t s can be accommodated on a
f l i g h t . Therefore, t h e t r a i n i n g w i l l r e q u i r e t e n f l i g h t s
( t w o f l i g h t s per day f o r f i v e days) t o complete t h e
t r a i n i n g f o r t h e fourteen a s t r o n a u t s . The 6370th Aerospace
Medical Research Laboratories, Wright P a t t e r s o n A i r Force
B a s e , w i l l support and conduct t h i s training.

Within t h e two KC-135 f l i g h t s t h e f l i g h t crews w i l l

accomplish t h e following a c t i v i t i e s :

a. Torque board (small plywood panel with handles on

both s i d e s ) .

b. Soaring and tumbling.

c. Self-rotation

d. Free-float sensations

e. Eating and drinking

f. Hand t o o l maintenance ( u n t e t h e r e d )

g, Hand t o o l maintenance ( t e t h e r e d )

h. Single-impulse mass e j e c t i o n

i. Tumble and s p i n recovery

j. Self maneuvering u n i t f l i g h t

k. Fluid dynamics demonstration

1. C o r i o l i s o f f e c t demonstration

m. Walking behavior under lunar g r a v i t y

 3-7

t h e pro-per use and care of t h e s u r v i v a l equipmmt, and

t h e use of the parachute i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f clothing,
s h e l t e r s and signals. The f i e l d t r a i n i n g w i l l be can-
ducted i n an area considered r e p r e s z n t a t i v e of many of
t h e world's d e s e r t regions. A s i n t h e t r o p i c s u r v i v a l
f i e l d t r a i n i n g t h e teams of two p i l o t s each w i l l spend
two days a t rem3te sites p m c t i c i n g desert s u r v i v a l
techniques i n p r a c t i c a l t r a i n i n g .

e. Water Survival- - The one-half day academic p o r t i o n of

t h e water s u r r v i v a l trairiing w i l l . b e given by
Dr. D. Stullken of the Recovery Operations Division.
Dr. S t u l l k e n ' s l e c t u r e w i l l cover t h e i'ollowing t o p i c s :
requirements f o r humau! s u r v i v a l ; food and water
requirements and sources a t sea; progressiTJe a s p e c t s
of' survival; e f f e c t s of drinking s e a water.

For t h e p r a c t i c a l experience i n w a t e r s u r v i v a l one day

of a c t i v i t i e s i s scheduled a t t h e Water S a f e t y and
Survival School, Naval School o f P r e f l i g h t , Pensscola,
Florida. They w i l l conduct t h e following t r a i n i n g i n
t h e i r enclosed tank without and. with t h e pressure
s u i t s : b a s i c swimrning s t r o k e s ; underwater escape from
a cockpit; l i f e raft board2ng; parachute w a t e r landing;
h e l i c o p t e r rescue by s l i n g and seat; parachute drag
escape; parachute engulftmnt and shroudline entangle-
ment.

The survival equipment w i l l a l s o be exercised during

t h e water e g r e s s t r a i n i n g .

2. E j e c t i o n Seat Training - Each p i l o t w i l l receive two

r i d e s on t h e Gem.ini e j e c t i o n s e a t tower a t t h e A i r Crew
Equipment Tkboratory, Philadelphia Naval Base, Pemnsylvania.
The purpose of t h i s t r a i n i n g i s t o f a q i l i a r i z e t h e crew
w i t h t h e s e a t operation, b u i l d t h e i r confidence i n using
t h e seat arid o'btaln e j e c t i o n slump rneasurements for each
p i l o t f o r adjust,irig t h e C.G. o f t h e Gemini s e a t for the
a c t u a l f l i g h t s . The two r i d e s , one a t 8 " g r s T 1and 1 a t
12 " g t s " a t approximately 250 " g t s r lp e r second onset
r a t e , w i l l be completed f o r t h r e e p i l o t s each day
o f ope rat ion.

The slump 2 a t a i s recorded .by camera:; and t h e s e a t

a c c e l e r a t i o n data i s telemetered f'rm t h e sezt and
presented on an oscillograph recorder. The d a t a obtained
w i l l be e x t r a p o l a t e d t o t h e design l i m i t s of t h e Gemini
3-8

e j e c t i o n s e a t of 22 'lg's'' a t 250 " g ' s ' ' per second onset

r a t e by c o r r e l a t i n g t h i s d a t a w i t h t h e data received from
the t e s t program completed i n J u l y 1963.

3. Parachute Training - To prepare t h e f l i g h t crews f o r t h e

contingency s i t u a t i o n o f using t h e personal parachute
d u r i n g a space f l i g h t mission, i n s t r u c t i o n i n parachuting
w i l l be given the p i l o t s , The course has been designed t o
t r a i n t h e f l i g h t crews i n t h e a r e a s o f parachute landing,
parachute maneuvering t o avoid ground o b s t a c l e s and para-
chute drag a f t e r landing. By f a r t h e m a j o r i t y of n o n - f a t a l
i n j u r i e s t h a t occur i n parachuting a r e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e s e
t h r e e areas. An area of concern on high a l t i t u d e e,jection
i s f r e e f a l l , which w i l l be covered by a comprehensive
briefing. Since t h e use o f t h e p e r s o n a l parachute could
occur over land or water, the t r a i n i n g considers both
contingencies.

The parachute t r a i n i n g w i l l be conducted on a very low

risk b a s i s by t h e use of t h e Para-Commander parachute
b u i l t by t h e Pioneer Parachute Company. The s a f e t y of
t h i s parachute i s inherent i n i t s method of operation
which a l s o makes it p a r t i c u l a r l y s u i t e d for t r a i n i n g .
This parachute i s an ascending parachute when towed behind
a v e h i c l e with a long tow l i n e . The d i s t i n c t advantages
of t h i s canopy are: t h e jumper has a f u l l y i n f l a t e d and
s t a b l e canopy before leaving t h e ground; and, t h e r a t e of
descent can be c o n t r o l l e d by t h e towing v e l o c i t y t o
i n c r e a s e t h e landing v e l o c i t y i n increments from a l i g h t
t o a free descent landing.

The following paragraphs o u t l i n e each phase o f t h e t r a i n i n g

as t h e y w i l l be accmplished:

a. Parachute Landing F a l l - Ground School - Four Hours -

This t r a i n i n g w i l l c o n s i s t o f demonstrations,
i n s t r u c t i o n , and supervised p r a c t i c e i n "prepare -to-
land" p o s i t i o n , touchdown, roll procedures and canopy
securing. I n i t i a l t r a i n i n g w i l l be on t h e ground,
t h e second phase from a raised platform.

b. Launch Procedure - -
13 minutes This t r a i n i n g i s
p a r t i c u l a r t o t h e ascension canopy and i s conducted
at t h e time of t h e f i r s t f l i g h t on t h e parachute.
This t r a i n i n g w i l l c o n s i s t o f e q u i p e n t checkout and
launch procedure.
 3-9

c. Parachute Landing F a l l - To-deci F l i g h t and Landing -

One and one-half per man - This phase i s supervised
t r a i n i n g i n a c t u a l parachute landings. Each p i l o t
w i l l make? f i v e towed parachute landings ranging from
l i g h t t o normal parachute impact.

d. Canopy Manipulation - Ground School - One-half hour -

Ground t r a i n i n g w i l l be conducted i n parachute s l i p
and t u r n c o n t r o l by r i s e r manipulation.

e. Canopy Manipulation - Frse &scent - One hour per man -

TInis phase c o n s i s t s o f supervised t r a i n i n g i n a c t u a l
canopy manipulation. Each p i l o t w i l l make t h r e e fYee
descents i n which programed t u r n s snd s l i p s w i l l be
executed. The t r a i n i n g w i l l be accomplished by towing
t h e t r a i n e e t o a l t i t u d e and r e l e a s i n g t h e tow l i n e t o
provide f r e e descent.

f. Parachute Water Lmding - (Ground School) Four hours - -

This phase c o n s i s t s of demonstration, i n s t r u c t i o n and
s u p r v i s e d p r a c t i c e i n water impact and harness and
equipnent r e l e a s e .

g. Parachute Water Landing -

Towed F l i g h t and Landing -
One hour p a r man -
S u p r v i s e d t r a i n i n g i n a c t u a l water
landings w i l l be candycted w i t h each p i l o t making
t h r e e descents i n t o t h e water and completing water
landing procedures.

h. Free F a l l Technique -
Four Hour b r i e f i n g -
A briefing
on t h e techniques of fYee f a l l s t a b i l i z a t i o n and
maneuvering w i l l conclude t h e parachute t r a i n i n g
program.

301.5 Spacecraft and Launch Vehicle Design and D e v e l o p e n t : The

p i l o t s w i l l p a r t i c i p a t e i n and c o n t r i b u t e t o s p a c e c r a f t and
launch v e h i c l e design and d e v e l o p e n t , by means of t h e
a c t i v i t i e s l i s t e d below:

1. P a r t i c i p a t e i n s p a c e c r a f t and launch v e h i c l e engineering

and mock-up reviews.

2. P a r t i c i p a t e i n s p e c i f i c c o n t r a c t o r and MSC design and

deve lopnent s t u d i e s and simulations.

3. Attend t h e v a r i o u s i n t e r n a l and c o n t r a c t o r meetings which

are o f concern t o the p i l o t s .
3-10

4. P a r t i c i p a t e i n pressure s u i t and personal equipment

development .
3. Follow p r o j e c t ground t e s t programs.

6. Follow developnent of p r e f l i g h t t e s t program of spacecraft.

3.1.6 A i r c r a f t F l i g h t Program: Spacecraft f l i g h t readiness w i l l be
maintained through t h e use of T-33, F-102, and T-38 type
a i r c r a f t assigned t o MSC and based a t E l l i n g t o n A i r Force Base.

A two week course i n f l y i n g h e l i c o p t e r s w i l l be provided t h e

p i l o t s by the Naval School o f P r e f l i g h t , Pensacola, Florida,
with a continuing program conducted a t E l l i n g t o n A i r Force
Base. The h e l i c o p t e r f l y i n g w i l l prepare t h e f l i g h t crews
f o r f u r t h e r simulations of the l u n a r landing.

3.2 -
Gemini Training. -
3.2.1 P r o j e c t B r i e f i n g s and Systems T r a i n i q : This t r a i n i n g w i l l
f a m i l i a r i z e t h e f l i g h t crews with t h e t o t a l Gemini P r o j e c t
starting with a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e mission t o be performed
and progressing t o the launch v 2 h i c l e systems, t h e s p a c e c r a f t
systems and crew s t a t i o n .

1. Mission P r o f i l e s -
The following Gemini mission considera-
t i o n s w i l l be presented t o t h e p i l o t s over a two day
period:

Movie - "Gemini P r o j e c t "

Mission Objectives

Launch Schedule

Spacecraft Description - Configuration and Modular Design

Gemini; Agena Mission Phases

h u n c h Window C o n s t r a i n t s
Rendezvous T r a j e c t o r i e s and Techniques
Entry - primary and backup procedures

2. Launch Vehicle B r i e f i n g -
The launch v e h i c l e b r i e f i n g
w i l l be conducted by t h e Martin Marietta Corporation over
a two day period a t t h e Manned Spacecraft Center. The
b r i e f i n g i s of sixteen hours d u r a t i o n and i s presented i n
 3-11

two phases. Phase I i s devoted t o d i s c u s s i o n of a l l

airborne systems t o a f’unctional block diagram a n a l y s i s
l e v e l including systems i n t e r f a c e . Phase I1 c o n s i s t s of
d i s c u s s i o n s of v e h i c l e and subsystems f l i g h t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
d i r e c t l y a f f e c t i n g manned f l i g h t .

Phase I - Airborne Systems (Day 1) -

-
LV F a m i l i a r i z a t i o n The b a s i c s t r u c t u r e , weights, and
o t h e r p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e launch v e h i c l e . Also,
major modifications made t o t h e T i t a n I1 i n c m v e r s i o n t o
t h e Gemini launch vehicle.

LV E l e c t r i c a l System -
Power sources, d i s t r i b u t i o n and
t h e f l i g h t sequencing f’unctions of t h e e l e c t r i c a l system.

Propulsion and Propellant Systems -

A functional analysis
of engine operation, of the major engine components,
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e propulsion system, t h e p r o p l l a n t s ,
t h e i r feed, monitoring, temperature conditioning, and
physical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

Guidance and Controls - Functional loop a n a l y s i s of t h e

f l i g h t c o n t r o l s and t h e MOD I I S G Radio Guidance Systems,
block diagram discussions of the primary and secondary
f l i g h t c m t r o l system, a flow and component a n a l y s i s of
t h e hydraulic system, t h e guidance/control i n t e r f a c e and
bas ic f l i g h t se quenc i n g .
Malfunction Detection System - Detection philosophy and
b a s i c s y s t e m operation.

Range S a f e t y and Ordnance Systems -

The philosophy of
and components used b y the range safety and ordnance
systems.

-
Instrumentation System Airborne t e l e m e t r y system,
major vehicle parameters t o be monitored, block diagram
a n a l y s i s of t h e monitoring equipment.

AGE Philosophy and Countdown Techniques -

Type o f equipnent
used i n checkout and launch of t h e v e h i c l e and a n a l y s i s o f
the c o u n t d m activities.
3-12

Phase I1 - Vehicle Parameters and Performance (Day 2 ) -

F l i g h t Dynamics - Analysis of launch v e h i c l e parameters.

Guidance and Controls - The parameters of c o n t r o l and

guidance - bath open and closed l o ~ p .

Propulsion System - System performance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ;

e f f e c t s o f a t t i t u d e , propellant conditioning, e f f e c t of
v i b r a t i o n on v e h i c l e performance and changes being made
t o eliminate t h e s e v i b r a t i o n s .

F a i l u r e Modes and Abort Studies - Malfunction events and

t h e i r resulting e f f e c t upon vehicle behavior and p i l o t
escape, t h e r e l a t i v e p r o b a b i l i t y of malfunctions by
subsystem and s t e p s taken t o assure maximum a s t r o n a u t
survival.

3* Spacecraf't Systems Briefings and System T r a i n e r Operation -

A 30-hour set o f b r i e f i n g s extending over one week on t h e
Gemini s p a c e c r a f t systems will be presented t o t h e f l i g h t
crews. These l e c t u r e s are o p e r a t i o n a l l y and s e q u e n t i a l l y
o r i e n t e d and w i l l u t i l i z e t h e Gemini Systems T r a i n e r s
extensively. IE order t o provide t h e c l a s s with a back-
ground i n cockpit layout, an i n t r o d u c t i o n t o c o n t r o l s and
d i s p l a y s w i l l be given by C r e w S t a t i o n Branch before t h e
systems l e c t u r e s . Courses w i l l be presented by qualified
WAC i n s t r u c t o r s who w i l l d e t a i l t h e n o m 1 modes of
system operation, t h e a l t e r n a t e modes, and the fwnctional
r e l a t i o n s h i p s of components and su3systems. The i n s t r u c t o r s
will be a s s i s t e d by systems e x p e r t s from t h e various
engineering departments of MAC who w i l l supply t h e design
philosophies and backgrounds of each system. The schedule
f o r the Gemini spacecraft systems b r i e f i n g s is:

Monday -
Controls and Displays, A t t i t u d e and Maneuver
Control System

Tuesday - Attitude and Maneuver Control System

Wednesday -
E l e c t r i c a l P m r Generation and D i s t r i b u t i o n ,
Sequential System

Thrusday - Environmental Control System, Propulsion Systems

Friday - Instrumentation, Communications

 3- 13

4. Crew S t a t i o n - I n t h e systems b r i e f i n g s t h e systems

c o n t r o l s and d i s p l a y s w i l l be discussed system by system
without t h e t o t a l crew s t a t i o n being a v a i l a b l e . Therefore,
t h e p i l o t s w i l l s2end some time i n t h e Gemini Mission
Simulator t o become familiar with t h e t o t a l crew s t a t i o n
geonetry. A t t h i s time engineers frm t h e F l i g h t C r e w
Support Division w i l l be on hand t o d i s c u s s t h e crew
s t a t i o n w i t h t h e i n d i v i d u a l p i l o t s and answer t h e i r
re spect i v e quest ions.

3.2.2 -
Part Task Training: The Gemini P a r t Task Training w i l l prepare
the crews f o r and supplement t h e mission simulator t r a i n i n g
i n t h e r e t r o f i r e r e e n t r y c o n t r o l tasks. The t r a i n e r has t h e
c a p a b i l i t y of providing t h e r e t r o f i r e and r e e n t r y c a n t r o l
tasks i n t h e rate command and d i r e c t c o n t r o l modes. R e t r o f i r e
c a p a b i l i t i e s c o n s i s t of v a r i a b l e t h r u s t alinement, v a r i a b l e
firing sequence, and f a i l u r e of one o r more r e t r o r o c k e t s t o
fire. Four r e e n t r y p r o f i l e s have been preprogramed: a
constant lift t r a j e c t o r y , two roll modulated t r a j e c t o r i e s f o r
c o r r e c t i n g down range and cross range e r r o r s , and a zero l i f t
t r a j e c t o r y . Approximately t e n hours t r a i n i n g p r p i l o t w i l l
be completed, which w i l l be dependent on t h e i n d i v i d u a l ' s
needs.

The Farrand V i s u a l Display System i s being modified t o provide

a v i s u a l docking simulation o f t h e Agena t a r g e t i n conjunction
with a star background w i t h a range c a p a b i l i t y o f 50 n a u t i c a l
miles t o docking. Although it i s b a s i c a l l y a r e s e a r c h t o o l ,
it w i l l a l s o be a valuable supplement t o t h e docking and
Gemini mission t r a i n e r s for night rendezvous a t an earlier
date t h a n t h e GMS e x t e r n a l d i s p l a y system. Each p i l o t w i l l
be scheduled f o r several sessions on t h i s simulator.

3-20 3 Launch Vehicle Abort Training: The launch a b o r t t r a i n i n g w i l l

accomplished on t h e Ling-Temco-Voilght moving base simulator
t o provide a high f i d e l i t y simulation including t h e k i n e s t h e t i c
cues of a wide v a r i e t y o f Gemini normal and malfunction launch
trajectories .
I n t h e simulation t h e launch a b o r t instrumentation of the l e f t
hand p o r t i o n of t h e Gemini panel w i l l d u p l i c a t e t h e s p a c e c r a f t
panel with t h e i n d i c a t o r l i g h t s , accelerometer, f l i g h t d i r e c t o r
a t t i t u d e i n d i c a t o r , analog tank pressure gauges, and t h e
event timer. The launch vehicle c m t r o l s w i l l a l s o be dupli-
cated from t h e spacecraft.
3-14

The c a t e g o r i e s of t r a i n i n g runs t o be simulated are:

1. No~ma,llaunch o r v a r i a t i o n of l i m i t s of normal launch

2. Engine f a i l u r e s - partial or t o t a l l o s s of t h r u s t

3. Sequzntial f a i l u r e s

4. P r e s s u r i z a t i o n and p r o p e l l a n t failures

5. Guidance f a i l u r e s

6. Spacecraft and instrument f a i l u r e s

7. Ordnance and e l e c t r i c a l failures

8. Double f a i l u r e s

One week p r i o r t o t h e start of t h e simulation a l l the f l i g h t

crews p a r t i c i p a t i n g w i l l r e c e i v e a thorough b r i e f i n g a t MSC
on the a b o r t s i t u a t i o n s t o be simulated, t h e cockpit i n d i c a t i o n s
of t h e impending f a i l u r e and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of these i n d i c a t i o n s ,
the a c t i o n t o be taken and t h e ground r u l e s for t h e launch
a b o r t simulation. A t t h a t time a b r i e f i n g package o f t h e
launch v e h i c l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and t h e i r mechanization i n t h e
simulator w i l l be d i s t r i b u t e d .

The t r a i n i n g on t h e simulator w i l l c o n s i s t of six two-hour

sessions which w i l l r e s i f i t i n approximately l5O runs. Two
p i l o t s w i l l a l t e r n a t e between s e s s i o n s t o r e c e i v e two s e s s i o n s
a day f o r t h r e e consecutive days. Before t h e f i r s t session a
short review b r i e f i n g will be h e l d a t t h e c o n t r a c t o r ' s p l a n t
t o review t h e ground r u l e s , simulator l i m i t a t i o n s and answer
questions, The f i r s t day o f r i m i n g w i l l be f a m i l i a r i z a t i o n
runs which w i l l f a m i l i a r i z e t h e p i l o t s t o t h e d i f f e r e n t t y p e s
of f a i l u r e s i t u a t i o n s . Approximately 50 f a m i l i a r i z a t i o n runs
w i l l be completed. These runs w i l l be quickened where
possible by s t a r t i n g t h e run j u s t p r i o r t o t h e i n i t i a t i o n of
the e f f e c t of t h e malfunction. During t h e f a m i l i a r i z a t i o n runs
the malfunction t o be simulated w i l l be discussed before and
a f t e r each run. For t h e four remaining s e s s i o n s t h e m a l -
f'unctions w i l l be programed a t random t o include v a r i a t i o n s
o f t h e normal launch.

The number of runs of a p a r t i c u l a r type will be determined by

i t s d i f f i c u l t y t o successf'ully a b o r t and t h e p r o b a b i l i t y of
the malf'unction.
 3-15

3.2.. 4 --
Egress T r a i n i i : The Gemini Egress Training Program c o n s i s t s
of four t r a i n i n g sessions plus f u l l s c a l e recovery t r a i n i n g
for t h e s p e c i f i c mission crew and backup crew t h i r t y days
p r i o r t o f l i g h t date.

Session One w i l l be held a t the Spacecraft F l o t a t i o n Tank,

E l l i n g t o n A i r Force Base. Training w i l l c o n s i s t of b r i e f i n g
on sink r a t e , sink a t t i t u d e , underwater e g r e s s techniques, and
a film on underwater escapes f'rom b o i l e r p l a t e spacecraft.
Two a s t r o n a u t s w i l l be scheduled p e r session.

Session Two w i l l a l s o be conducted a t t h e F l o t a t i o n Tank.

Training w i l l c o n s i s t o f E. C. S. operation, personal e q u i p e n t
ope rat ion, and familiari zat ion with f l o t a t ion characte r i st i c s ,
and surface e g r e s s techniques and p r a c t i c e .

Session Three w i l l be aboard the s p a c e c r a f t handling s h i p

"Retriever" i n Galveston Bay or t h e G u l f of Mexico. Training
w i l l c o n s i s t of demonstration o f f l o t a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s on
t h e open w a t e r , possible flooding e f f e c t s , surface e g r e s s
p r a c t i c e , and use o f Gemini survival gear.

Session Four w i l l a l s o be aboard t h e s p a c e c r a r t handling s h i p

"Retriever" i n t h e G u l f or Bay. Training w i l l c o n s i s t of
p r a c t i c i n g preimpact and impact procedures, operation of radios,
and E.C.S. equipment, snorkel and cabin vent valve operation,
f l o t a t i o n c o l l a r , and shipboard egress.

Refresher t r a i n i n g f o r each s p e c i f i c mission crew and backup

crew w i l l be h e l d i n open water near Cape Kennedy, Florida,
during t h e f u l l s c a l e recovery e x e r c i s e s approximately 30 days
p r i o r t o each f l i g h t .

Portions of t h e Eg.ress Training Program may be modified a t a

l a t e r date as a result of t h e test/evaluation/development
program managed by Recovery Operations Division. P a r t i c i p a t i o n
of t h e F l i g h t C r e w Suqport Division and F l i g h t C r e w s i s
required during t h e t e s t evaluation phase t o assure proper
c o n t i n u i t y and develo2ment of preliminary o p r a t i n g procedures
t o be f u r t h e r developed and perfected by a l l f l i g h t personnel
during t h e e g r e s s t r a i n i n g program.
3-16

EGRESS TRAINING OUTLINE

Session 1 Three hours ( B o i l e r p l a t e 201)

F l o t a t i o n Tank, EAFB
1. Review Test film
2. Four underwater egresses
3 . Briefing
Session 2 Two hours ( S t a t i c A r t i c l e 5 )
F l o t a t i o n Tank, EAFB
1. Egress c h e c k l i s t
2. Personal equipnent o p r a t i o n
3 . E.C.S. operation
4. Surface e g r e s s p r a c t i c e
Session 3 Two hours ( B o i l e r p l a t e 201)
Galveston Bay
1. F l o t a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
2. Flooding e f f e c t s
3 . Surface e g r e s s
4. Life raft
Session 4 Three hours ( S t a t i c A r t i c l e 5 )
Galveston Bay
1. Preimpact c h e c k l i s t
2. Impact
3 . Radio, E. C. S., snorkel operation
4. F l o t a t i o n c o l l a r
5. Shipboard e g r e s s
Re f r e s h e r Training Six hours ( S t a t i c A r t i c l e 5 )
Open water F l o r i d a
1. Recovery b r i e f i n g
2. Review e g r e s s M l m s
3 . PreimFct checklist
4. Impact
5- E. C. S. operation
6. Radio operation
7. Personal e quipuent operat ion
8. F l o t a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
9. Surface e g r e s s
10. Life rafts
11. Helicopter pick-up
12. F l o t a t i o n c o l l a r
13 Shipboard e g r e s s
9
 3-17

3.2.5 -----
Centrifuge Training: A second Gemini c e n t r i f u g e program w i l l
be accomplished a t t h e Aviation Medical Acceleration Laboratory,
NAD::, J o h n s v i l l e , Pennsylvania, (See c h a r t IV, s e c t i o n 4.0 ) .
The o b j e c t i v e s of t h e program are: f a m i l i a r i z a t i o n with
Gemini a c c e l e r a t i o n s p r o f i l e s and c o n t r o l t a s k t r a i n i n g during
r e e n t r y a c c e l e r a t i o n s f o r the new crew personnel and r e f r e s h e r
t r a i n i n g i n t h e Gemini a c c e l e r a t i o n p r o f i l e s for t h e assigned
Genini crews.

The Gemini I c e n t r i f u g e fixture (updated) w i l l be used f o r t h e

program. The simulation w i l l be similar t o t h e Gemini I
progrm, t h a t i s , launch i s open loop and r e e n t r y p r o f i l e s
generated from modified s i x degree-of-freedom equations of
motion w i t h a l t i t u 6 e time r a t e of change preprogramed. Each
p i l o t w i l l accomplish t h e following runs:

1. Normal launch and r e e n t r y with h a l f down range r e e n t r y

profile.

2. Normal launch and r e e n t r y w i t h zero lift r e e n t r y p r o f i l e .

3. Normal launch and r e e n t r y w i t h intermediate down range

reentry profile.

4. Launch a b o r t and a s s o c i a t e d r e e n t r y . Abort p r i o r t o

s t a g i n g due t o engine f a i l u r e .

5. Lzwch a b o r t and a s s o c i a t e d reentry. Abort a t T + 150

seconds simulating second stage i g n i t i o n failure.

3.2.6 General Mission Training: The mission t r a i n i n g phase of t h e

Gemini t r a i n i n g w i l l provide t h e crews w i t h t r a i n i n g i n both
normal and abnormal spacecraft and s p a c e c r a f t systems operation.
The Gemini mission simulator supplemented by t h e systems
t r a i n e r s , briefings and t h e docking t r a i n e r w i l l be used t o
provide t h i s t r a i n i n g .

The mission t r a i n i n g i s divided i n t o four phases: f a m i l i a r i z s -

t i o n , system failure t r a i n i n g , g e n e r a l mission t r a i n i n g w i t h
random malfunctions and docking t r a i n i n g . A b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n
of each phase i s as follows:

1. Farniliarization -
The purpose of t h i s phase of t h e mission
t r a i n i n g program i s t o thoroughly i n d o c t r i n a t e crew
members with Gemini spacecraft systems and t h e i r normal
operation throughout an e n t i r e "nomal" mission p r o f i l e .
Sinc2 t h e v i s u a l d i s p l a y system w i l l not be a v a i l a b l e u n t i l
 l a t e r , all c o n t r o l w i l l be done on instruments. Imple-
mentation of t h i s phase i s as follo'ws:

Systems T r a i n e r s - A thorough review of t h e systems and

t h e i r normal operation w i l l be conducted p r i o r t o the
crew's p a r t i c i p a t i o n on the GMS. This review w i l l
ew2hasize system operation during t y p i c a l o r b i t a l and
rendezvous missions. These b r i e f i n g s w i l l be o p e r a t i o n a l l y
o r i e n t e d and as d e t a i l e d a s p o s s i b l e .

Genini Mission Simulator (14 hours) -Each p i l o t w i l l

complete seven f a m i l i a r i z a t i o n s e s s i o n s o f approximately
two hours each on t h e Gemini Mission Simulator, f i v e o f
which w i l l be i n t h e l e f t s e a t and two i n t h e r i g h t seat.

F a m i l i a r i z a t i o n Sessions -
-
Session No. 1 Left Seat -
A t t i t u d e and maneuvering
c o n t r o l p r a c t i c e using t h e v a r i o u s c o n t r o l modes. Included
i n t h i s s e s s i o n w i l l be r e t r o f i r e a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l and
p l a t form alignment procedure S.

Session No. 2 - Left Seat and Session No. 3 - Right s e a t

Typical launch (through i n s e r t i o n and i n i t i a l p l a t form
alignment) and r e e n t r i e s (from f i n a l platform alignment
t o impact). I n s e r t i o n parameters such as v e l o c i t y
c o r r e c t i o n r e q u i r e d by p i l o t t o o b t a i n n m i n a l o r b i t and
impact p o i n t s on t h e r e e n t r y f o o t p r i n t w i l l be varied.

Session No. 5 -
kft Seat,and Session 6 Right seat, -
Typical rendezvous and catch-up maneuvers.

Session No. 7 -
L e f t Seat - Normal mission w i t h rendezvous
at f i r s t apogee.

2. System F a i l u r e Training - The purpose of t h i s 2hase of t h e

mission t r a i n i n g i s t o thoroughly prepare t h e f l i g h t crews
i n system f a i l u r e d e t e c t i o n a n a l y s i s , c o r r e c t i o n , and/or
a l t e r n a t e procedures. F a i l u r e s p r i m a r i l y dependent upon
c r i t i c a l i t y of mission success and s e c o n d a r i l y upon
p r o b a b i l i t y of occurrence w i l l be emphasized. This phase
of t h e program w i l l r e q u i r e approximately t e n weeks.
Generally, the f i r s t day of each week w i l l be u t i l i z e d t o
cover a p a r t i c u l a r system on t h e system t r a i n e r s o r by
b r i e f i n g s a t t e n d e d by a l l crew m e m b e r s . The remaining
four days of each week w i l l c o n s i s t of t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of
 3-19

t h i s informa,tion by i n d i v i d u a l crew m e m b e r s on t h e
mission simulator.

A b r i e f o u t l i n e o f t h i s phase o f t r a i n i n g i s given below.

SYSTENS FAIIJJRE TRAINING

Se ssi ons
Systems
Systems Trainers GMS
kf't Seat Right Seat

E l e c t r i c a l Sequential* 2 (No. 8, 9)
E l e c t r i c a l Power 1 (No. 10)
ACME 1 (No. 11)
OAMS 1 (No. 1 2 )
RCS 1 (No. 13)
Combined ACME, OllMS & RCS 1 (No. 1 4 )
Navigation and Control Briefing 1 (No. 15) 1 (No. 16)
(IMU, Radar, FDI, Time
Reference System, Ccnnputer,
Horizon Sensors)
EC3 1 1 (No. l7)**
Corn. and Instrumentation B r i e f ing 1 (No. 18)
(DCS, Telemetry, Voice,
Bacms1
~~ -- --
T o t a l Sessions 8 7 4
Approximate Hours 20 14 8

*
During t h e second s e s s i o n on t h e GMS on E l e c t r i c a l Sequential ( l e f t
s e a t ) t h e E l e c t r i c a l Power i s covered i n t h e r i g h t seat.
**
I n Pressure S u i t .

3. Mission Training with R a n d m Malfunctions (2b Hours) -

This phase c o n s i s t s o f 1 2 sessions per p i l o t on t h e GMS
o f which 8 s e s s i o n s / p i l o t w i l l be i n left seat and
4 s e s s i o n s / p i l o t i n t h e r i g h t seat. A p r e s e l e c t e d l i s t o f
3-20

random malflulctions w i l l be programed for each session.

Usually t h e s e malfunctions w i l l not r e q u i r e an aborted o r
e a r l y t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e mission, however, one s e s s i o n
w i l l concentrate on launch a b o r t problems. The s e s s i o n s
w i l l be divided as follows:

-
Session 19 Ief't Seat,and Session 20
Three o r b i t mission.
- Right Seat -
Session 2 1- Left Seat - Three o r b i t mission.
Session 22 - Left Seat,and Session 23 - Right Seat -
Launch Abort prablems .
Sesslon 24 - Lefi Seat - Three o r b i t mission ( i n pressure
suit).

Session 25 -
L e f t Seat,and Session 26 Right Seat - -
Rendezvous mission w i t h rendezvous a t first apogee.

Session 27 -
kf't Seat,and Session 28 -
Right Seat-
Rendezvous mission u t i l i z i n g slow catch-up procedure

Session 29 - Left Seat - Same as Session 25

Session 30 - kft Seat - Same as Session 26

4. T r a n s l a t i o n and Docking Training - The program u t i l i z i n g

t h e MSC docking t r a i n e r , c o n s i s t s o f e i g h t s e s s i o n s of
approximately two and one-half hours each. I n a d d i t i o n
each p i l o t w i l l occupy t h e r i g h t seat during Session No. 1.
N o m l l y twelve runs w i l l be made per s e s s i o n half of
which w i l l be made w i t h no scheduled f a i l u r e s . A t y p i c a l
docking maneuver includes t h e following operations,
( s t a r t i n g from various i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n s and closure
rates); alignment of s p a c e c r a f t w i t h t h e Agena, maneuver
i n t o docking cone, engagement, latch-on, r i g i d i z e , docking
t a s k s , unlatch, maneuver out o f docking cone.

Session 1 w i l l be a f a m i l i a r i z a t i o n s e s s i o n w i t h six nominal

runs and s i x non-nominal runs. The non-naninal runs are
f o r demonstration purposes. Four runs w i l l be made i n
each mode of operation. F a i l u r e s w i l l be demonstrated and
c o r r e c t i v e a c t i o n taken by t h e p i l o t . One p i l o t w i l l r i d e
as observer i n t h e r i g h t seat while t h e p i l o t i n the
l e f t seat c o n t r o l s a t t i t u d e t r a n s l a t i o n .
 3-21

Session 2 w i l l c o n s i s t o f p r a c t i c e i n Rate Comand Mode

w i t h six nominal and s i x non-nominal runs scheduled. A l l
c m t r o l i s from l e f t s e a t with one p i l o t onboard.

Session 3 xi11 c o n s i s t o f p r a c t i c e i n Pulse Mo3e with

s i x nominal and s i x non-nminal runs scheduled with one
p i l o t onboard. A l l c o n t r o l i s fron t h e l e f t s e a t .

Session 4 w i l l c o n s i s t o f p r a c t i c e i n Direct Mode w i t h

s i x nominal and s i x non-naninal runs. One p i l o t onboard.
Control i s frm t h e l e f t seat.

Session 5 w i l l c o n s i s t o f t a s k sharing between t h e l e f t

and r i g h t seat positions. The p i l o t i n t h e l e f t seat w i l l
c o n t r o l t r a n s l a t i o n and t h e p i l o t i n t h e r i g h t s e a t w i l l
c o n t r o l a t t i t u d e . Two runs w i l l be made i n each o f t h e
t h r e e modes o f operation. Each p i l o t w i l l make s i x runs
i n each seat. No malfunctions a r e scheduled.

Session 6 c o n s i s t s o f t a s k sharing u t i l i z i n g t h e Rate

Command Control Mode. Six runs will be nominal and s i x
rims w i l l include non-nminal rim conditions. Each p i l o t
w i l l make s i x runs i n each seat.

Session 7 i s a task sharing u t i l i z i n g t h e Rate Comand

Control Mode. S i x runs w i l l be nominal and s i x runs w i l l
be non-nominal. Each p i l o t w i l l make s i x runs i n each
seat.

Session 8 c o n s i s t s o f t a s k sharing u t i l i z i n g t h e " d i r e c t "

c o n t r o l mode during s i x nominal and s i x non-nominal runs.
Each p i l o t w i l l make six rims i n each seat.

Approximately s i x t e e n failures may be simulated on t h e

t r a i n e r with up t o f o u r failures occurring a t any one time.
Only t h i r t e e n failures can 5e simulated for which t h e
p i l o t may t a k e c o r r e c t i v e a c t i o n and continue t h e rendezvous.
Three failures can be simulated which would probably
r e q u i r e a b o r t o f t h e rendezvous, namely -
OR LOGIC r o l l ,
OR LOGIC yaw, and maneuver malfunctions. Corrective
a c t i o n which may be accomplished by t h e p i l o t s c o n s i s t s
o f switching ACME Logic from PRImary and SECondary,
w i t c h i n g gyros frm P3Imary t o SECondary, switching
ATTITUDE COPJTROL MODE, switching A!XWUDE DRIVERS o r
MAJ!EWER DRIVERS t o SECondary. A f a i l u r e a n a l y s i s f o r
t h e t r a n s l a t i o n and docking t r a i n e r i s included i n t h e
appendix.
3-22

F a i l u r e s t o be simulated a r e as follows:

1. ON4S ATTITUDE DRIVERS

2. OAMS MANEWEB DRIVERS
3. OR W J I C R O I L
4. OR I x x ; I C YAW
5. CCNIJRTNICATIONS L. SEAT T 3 R. SEAT
6. COMMUIIICATIONS R. SEAT TO L. SEAT
7. DIRECT MODE
a. PULSE MODE
9- RATE COMMAND MODE
10. RATE GYRO -ROLL
11. RATE GYRO -PITCH
12, RATZ GYRO -YAW
13 ACME LOGIC ROLL -
14. ACME LOGIC P I T C H -
15 ACME U G I C YAW -
16. MAIQXVXR MALFUNCTIONS
Outlines of t h e s e s s i o n s as w e l l as p o s s i b l e f a i l u r e s a r e
shown below. S p e c i f i c failures on a run t o rim basis w i l l
be d e t a i l e d s h o r t l y p r i o r t o catmencement o f t h i s t r a i n i n g
and a t a t h e when simulation requirements can be b e t t e r
assessed.

TRANSLATION AND DOCKING TRAINING OUTLINE

Session Mode Pilotage Runs

1 Au kf't s e a t ( r i g h t s e a t 12
occupied)
2 RATE COMMAND Ieft seat 12

3 FJLSE kft seat 12

4 DmCT Ief't s e a t 12

5 AIL Both s e a t s 12
6 RATE COMMAND Both s e a t s 12
7 PUISE Both s e a t s 12
a DIRECT Both seats 12
 3-23

3.3 Apollo T r a i n i n g

3.3.1 P r o j e c t Briefings: This t r a i n i n g w i l l f a m i l i a r i z e t h e f l i g h t

crews with t h e Apollo mission and t h e p r e s e n t s t a t e of
development o f t h e s p a c e c r a f t and launch v e h i c l e .

1. Mission P r o f i l e s -The following Apollo mission consider-

a t i o n s w i l l be presented t o t h e p i l o t s over a two day
period :

Movie - "Apollo PToj?ct"

Launch Schedules

General h u n c h Vehicle Description - S-lB, S-V

General Spacecraft Description (Command, Service and

L m a r Excursion Modules)

Lunar Landing Mission P r o f i l e

E a r t h Orbit
Trans l u n a r
Lunar
Transe a r t h
E n t r y and Landing
Abort Considerations

3.392 Launch Vehicle Briefing: The Marshall Space F l i g h t Center,

Huntsville, Alabama, w i l l give t h e f l i g h t crews a b r i e f i n g
on t h e S-IB and S-V launch v e h i c l e s and t h e i r systems and a
t o u r o f MSFC's f a c f l i t i e s .

3.303 Systems F a m i l i a r i z a t i o n Briefings: A s e r i e s of f a m i l i a r i z a t i o n

b r i e f i n g s on Apollo CM/SM and LEM s p a c e c r a f t systems w i l l be
given t h e f l i g h t crews. These b r i e f i n g s a r e intended t o
provide background knowledge i n systems operation t o f a c i l i t a t e
t h e o v e r a l l mission study. The v a r i o u s systems t o be covered
include: Guidance and Navigation, S t a b i l i z a t i o n and Control,
Reaction Control, Spacecraft Propulsion, Power Generation and
D i s t r i b u t i o n , Sequential C i r c u i t s , Environmental Control,
Communication and Instrumentation.
.

4.0 SCHEDULING CHARTS

 4-1

I I I
H
H H
H H H
4-2

I I

Y
a
E
u
Cn

I
? . . i
e
4-3
i
m
u
k
0
5.0 APPENDIX
 APPENDIX

O'JTLIIIE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLWY COURSES

Cmrse Time (Hours) I n st r'ic t or

GEOLOGY ( T e r r e s t r i a l and 58 Dr. Dale Jackson, U.S.

Lunar ) Geological Survey, U e l
Clanton, Advanced Space-
craf't Technology D i v . ,
MJSC

FLIGiIT MECIWICS 40 Dave Lang, F l i g h t C r e w

S u p p x t Div., MSC

D r . I. J. PTause, Univ.
of Texas

DIGITAL COMPUTERS 12 D r . Robert Smith, Texas

A ,!$ M Univ.

G E M I N I ONBOARD COMPU'ITR 24 IBM and McDonnell A i r c r a f t

Corporation

ROCKET F'RORJLSION SYSTEMS 12 C. Yodzis, Propulsion and

Energy Systems Iiiv., MSC

AERODYNAMICS a Paul Kramr, F l i g h t C r e w

Support Div., MSC

PiIYSICS OF THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE 12 Lunar and Planetary

ANE SPACE Laboratory, Tuzson, Arizona

GTJIDa4NCE AND NAVIGATION 34 MIT and AC Spark Plug

COPDKJNICATIONS 8 J. Painter, Ground Support

P r o j e c t Office

I N3DICAL ASPECTS OF SPACE FLIGHT 12 Dr. C. Berry, Center

I .
Medical Operations Office,
MSC

GLOBAL METEOROLOGY ,4 Kenneth Nagler, U. S.

Weather Bureau
 5-2

GEOLOGY (58 H3URS)

TERRESTRIAL AND LUNAR (29 HOURS)

1. GEOLOGIC PROZSSES

a. Terrestrial processes

b. Lunar processes - comparisons with E a r t h

2. UNIFORMITARUNISM

3. GEOLC)GIC PRINCIPLES

a. Axioms involving time and spsce

b. Geologic space

c. Geologic t i m e

d. Concept of geologic h i s t o r y

4. STRATIGRAPHY

a. General p r i n c i p l e s - E a r t h and Moon

b. P r o p e r t i e s o f t e r r e s t r i a l s t r a t r i f i e d rocks

c. Probable p r o p e r t i e s of l u n a r s t r a t i f i e d rocks

FIELD TRIP: F i e l d r e l a t i o n s of s t r a t i f i e d rocks

5. STRUCTURE AND LANDFORMS OF EARTH

a. General p r i n c i p l e s

b. Surface e x p r e s s i o n s of s t r u c t u r a l processes

c. S t r u c t u r e s and landforms produced by c r u s t a l movement

d. S t r u c t u r e s and landforms of igneous i n t r u s i o n s

e. S t r u c t u r e s and landforms produced by igneous e x t r u s i o n s

f. S t r u c t u r e s and landforms resulting from denudation and

sedimentation
 g. T s r r e s t r i a l sedimentary f e a t u r e s

h. S t r u c t u r e s and landforms of impact phenomena

i. Landforms on an e a r t h w i t h no stmosphere

6. STRUCTURE AND LANDFORMS: MOON

a. Relations between s t r u c t u r e and landforms on t h e l u n a r surface

b. Impact f e a t u r e s

e. Thn maria

FIELD TIIIP: Surface expression o f s t r u c t u r a l features

d. S t r u c t u r e s and landforms produced by c r u s t a l - movements

e. S t r u c t u r e s and landforms produced by igneous a c t i v i t y

f. S t r u c t u r e s and landforms caused by denudation

g. Role of t h e astronaut-observer i n describing s m a l l s c a l e

s t r u c t u r es

7. GEOL9GIC MAPPING

a. Introduction

b. T e r r e s t r i a l maps

e. Lunar maps

FIELD TRIP: Telescopic observation of t h e l u n a r surface

8. GEOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE EART3 AND MOON

a. Models of t h e E a r t h and Moon

b. T 2 r r e s t r i a l materials

e. Lunar materials

d. Geophysical measurements

e. Geophysical mapping
5-4

9. ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF G E O m 3 Y AND GEOPHYSICS

a. P r o p e r t i e s o f t e r r e s t r i a l materials

b. P r o p e r t i e s of lunar m a t e r i a l s

c. Engineering geologic and t e r r a i n maps

10. REVIEW

FIELD TRIP: Gecdogic Mapping

 5-5

INTRODUCTION TO MINERALO'GY

AND

PETROLLXY (29 Hours )

1. IPITODUCTION

a. M i n e r a l o g y and C r y s t a l l o g r a p h y

b. O r i g i n , occurrence, e t cetera, of' m i n e r a l s

2. PHYSICAL PBOPERTIES

3. CRYSTAL CIEMISTFiY

4. IGl\SEOUS PETROLOGY (THEORY)

5. C L A S S I F I C A T I O N OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

6. PLTJTONIC IGNEOUS ROCKS

7. HYPABYSSAL IGPEOUS ROCKS AND PEGMATITIES

8. VOLCANIC PETROUISY (THEORY)

9. VOLCANIC ROCKS

a. Non-clastic

b. Pyroclastic

10. SEDIMEPJTARY ROCKS

11. METAMOZPHIC ROCKS

12. T E K T I T E S AND METEORITES

 GEOLOGY FOLLOW-ON PROGRAM

(To be conducted p r i o r t o l u n a r mission)

T e r r e s t r i a l and Lunar Volcanology

Irnpac t Geology
Advanced Mineralogy and Petrology

SERIES I11

Gedogy of t h e Lunar Surface

Lunar Applications of Engineering Geology
Theory and P r a c t i c e o f Exploration Geophysics

SERIES IV AND V

Studies of Fragmental Rocks

Theory and P r a c t i c e o f Rock Sampling
Advanced F i e l d Techniques
Recent Advances i n Lunar Geology

SERIES VI

Operational Aspects o f Lunar Exploration for Mission Planning

 3-7

FLIGHT MECHANICS (40 Hours)

1. MATHEMATICS REFRESHER

a. Vector c a l c u l u s

b. Matrix algebra

2. BASIC PARTICLE MECHANICS

a. Newton's Law f o r a s i n g l e p a r t i c l e

b. Angular momentum theorem f o r a s i n g l e p a r t i c l e

c. Energy theorem f o r a s i n g l e p a r t i c l e

d. General c m t r a l force f i e l d pmblem

(1) P r o p e r t i e s of motion

(2) Inverse square c e n t r a l force f i e l d

( a ) Determination o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c n o t i o n s

(b) Various s p e c i f i c a s p e c t s and r e l a t i o n s

pertaining t o o r b i t a l motion

3. MECHANICS OF A SYSTEM OF PARTICLES

a. Newton's Law

(1) Linear momentun theorem

(2) Angular momentum theorem

b. C l a s s i c a l two-body problem

(1) Determination of relative motions

(2) Determination of i n e r t i a l motions

e. The c l a s s i c a l three-body problem

d. The c l a s s i c a l N-body problem

4. APPLICATIOM OF PARTICLE MECHANlCS TO SPECIFIC FLIGHT SITLTATIONS

a. Boost dynamics

(1) Equations of motion simulating t h e boost phase of

space v e h i c l e s

(2) Design c r i t e r i a f o r boost t r a j e c t o r i e s

b. Orbital t r a n s f e r and rendezvous

(1) Equations o f m3tion describing general o r b i t a l

trans fer

(2) Various equations describing the r e l a t i v e motion a t

t e r m i n a l rendezvous and docking

( 3 ) Encrgy considerations
c. Reentry Dynamics

(1) Equations of motion for simlilating t h e r e e n t r y of a

body with roll modulated lift ( i n c l u d i n g b a l l i s t i c
reentry)

(2) Reentry from near s a t e l l i t e and super s a t e l l i t e

ve l o c i t i e s

d. Mechanics of Earth-Moon F l i g h t

(1) R e s t r i c t e d three-body problem

( a ) General equations o f motion

(b) F a r t h e r r e s t r i c t i o n s implied by a p p l i c a t i o n
t o Earth-Moon system

(c) C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Earth-Moon motion

(2) Approximste s o l u t i o n s t o Earth-Moon t r a j e c t o r i e s

( 3 ) Major p e r t u r b a t i o n s which degrade t h e accuracy of

re str i ct e d t h r e e -body problem so l u t ions
 ASTRCINWY (15 Hours)

1. PANORAMIC V B W OF THE VIS1BL;E AND KNOWN PART O F ‘THE UNIVEXSE

2. CELESTIAL COORDIIVATE SYSTEMS

3- CONSTELLATIONS

4. OSIENTATION OF PL4r\SETS

>. STELLAR MAGNITUDES

6. EARTH AS AN ASTRONOMICAL BODY

a. Dimensions

b. Mass

c. Triangulation

d. Principle of determination

7. Pi3OOF OF SPHERICITY, ROTATION, AND REVOLUTION

a. PRECESSION AND NUTATION

9. A SPi-IERICAL TRIGONOMETRY PROBLEM

10. TIME

a. Intervals of time

b. Time at any instant

c. Standard and zone time

d. Transformation to another type of time

11. LIGHT

a. Velocity, reflection, refraction, and dispersions

b. Electramagnetic radiation and Planck’s radiation curve

c. Atmospheric absorption and transmission of light

,-lo

12. MO3I.J

a. Lunar s t a t i s t i c s

b. S i d e r e a l and synodic mmths

c. Motion and phases of t h e moon

13* SOLAR SYSTEM

a. Distances of p l a n e t s f'ron sun - Bode's Law

b. Revolution o f p l a n e t s

c. P o s i t i o n s o f p l a n e t s r e l a t i v e t o sun and e a r t h

14. PLANETS AND THEIR SATELLITES

1s. COMETS

16. STARS AND STELLAR CHARACTERISTICS

17 POPU-LATION OF THE MILKY WAY
 5-11

DIGITAL COKETJTERS (12 Hours)

1. PROBLEM SOLVING PROCEDURE

2. TOPICS TC) BE COVERED

3. NJYEER SYSTEMS

a. Decimal

b. Binary

l+ . C3,WIJTER LOSIC

a. Building Blocks

b. Boolean Algebra

e. Half Adder

d. Full Adder

5. COMPUTER FORM

a. Form

b. Input-Output Devices

c. Arithmetic

d. Memory

e. Logic

f. Buffering

g. Trapping

6. STO3ED PRO2RAV

a. Instructions

b. Constants

e. Data

d. I n s t r u c t i o n Arithmetic
5-12

7. PROBLFIY SOLVING

a. Statement of Problem

b. Numerical Analysis

c. Flow Chart

d. code

e. IkbG

f. Run

8. PROGRAMING METHODS

a. Machine Language

b. Assembly Programs

c. Compilers

9. FORTRAN
a. ArithrrEtic Statement

b. Declarative Statement

c. Conditional Statement

d. Do Statement

e. Input-Output Statement

10. SUB-ROUTINES

a. Linkage

b. Uses

11. MONITOR

a. Concept

b. Cornpilat ion

c. Execution

d. Loader
12. REAL TI€.E COMPUTING
a. Input

b. Interrupt

c. Priority

d. Control

e. Override

f. output

13. D4TA TRANSMISSION

3-14

G E N I N I ONB3.4RD CJMPu'm (24 Hours)

1. DIGITAL COMPUTER (IBM)

a. Characteristics

(1) Memory

(2) Arithmetic

( 3 ) Clock rates

(4 ) Input s/Out put s

b. Central Computer Informaation Flow Diagram Analysis

c . Input -Out put I n s t r u c t i o n s

(1) Clear and load d i s c r s t e s (CLD)

(2) Process i n p u t or output data (PRO)

d. Coxputer I n t e r f a c e Diagram Analysis

(1) Emphasis on MDIU/DCS Control

(2) Analysis of d a t a i n p u t s fl-om r a d a r , horizon sensor,

and IGS

( 3 ) Display outputs t o a t t i t u d e d i s p l a y group and IVI

( 4 ) Miscellaneous i n t e r f a c e
( a ) Time r e f e r e n c e system

(b) Launch v e h i c l e

(c) Data a c q u i s i t i o n system

e. Functional Block Diagram Analysis

(1) Prelaunch mode

( a ) Computer l o a d i n g / i n t e r f a c e

(b) Executor and prelaunch r o u t i n e s

 3-15

(2) Ascent mode

(a) Backup guidance function

(b) Abort check

(e) Orbital insertion

(d) Launch vehicle i n t e r f a c e

( 3 ) Catch-up mode
(a) Function

(b) I C s interface

(e) IVI interface

( 4) Rend? zvous mode

( a ) Radar i n t e r f a c e

(1) Range data

(2) Angle data

(b) I V I interface

( 3 ) Touchdom predict
( a ) Function

(b) Operational procedures

(1) Normal

(2) Override and r e - i n i t i a t e

( 3 ) When time t o r e t r o f i r e i s less t h a n

512 seconds

(6) Reentry mode

( a ) Operat ional procedures

(b) Time t o r e t r o sequence

5-16

(c) Down-range and cross-range e r r o r computations

(d) Roll r a t e command

(7) C o r r e l a t i o n between computer modes and FDI

p r e s e n t a t ion

f. Malfunction Detection

(1) Probable causes

(2) Astronaut ' s c o r r e c t i v e a c t i o n

(3) Malfunction d e t e c t i o n c i r c u i t a n a l y s i s
2. OPZRATION.4.L SEQLTENCE (MAC)

a. Prelaunch

Computer loading

Countdown p r o c e d m s

P l a t form slignment

Equipment checkout

Targeting

L i f't -off d i s c r e t e

Roll sequence

P i t c h program

Velocity updates

Staging

Pitch steering

Yaw s t e e r i n g

Switch-owr snoDthing
 (9) Sustainer cut-off
(10)P o s t - s e p a r a t i o n v e l o c i t y c o r r e c t i o n

c. O r b i t Contra1

(1) Power down

(2) Attitude control

( 3 ) IGS p m e r up
(4) IMJ alignment

d. Catch W

(1) Ground commands

(a) Voice
(b) DCS

(2) IVI i n p u t s
( 3 ) Maneuvering c o n t r o l
e. Rende zvous

Radar a c q u i s i t i o n

Data c o l l e c t i o n

Maneuver e s t i m a t e s

I n i t i a l maneuver

Intermediate maneuvers

Braking maneuver

Agena commands

f. Retrograde P r e d i c t i o n

(1) Ground updates

(2) Touchdown p r e d i c t i o n
5-18

(3) Mapping
(4) Reentry i n i t i a l i z a t i o n

Retrograde c a n t r o l

Gain changes a t s e p a r a t i o n

Post-retro control

Navigation

Range p r e d i c t i o n

Bank angle c o n t r o l

F l i g h t d i r e c t o r bias

F d 1 lift a t 80 K

Fue 1 j e t t ison
 3-19

ROCKET PROPULSION S Y S m S ( 1 2 Hoins)

1. PKYSICS OF ROCKET PROPULSION

a. Equations d e f i n i n g stage performance

b. T h e o r e t i c a l optimization o f stages

c. T r a j e c t o r y losses

d. Rocket engine performance

e. S o l i d p r o p e l l a n t g r a i n design

2. ABLATIVE MATEZIAL CHAMBERS

a. Materials snd f a b r i c a t i o n techniques

b. Chamber and nozzle form

c. Ablative design considerations

3. T€JRUST CHAMBER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS - COMBUSTION INSTABILITY

4. INJXCTOR DESIGN

5. Pi3i3PELzIAIvT FGSSiTRIZATION SYSTEMS

6. PROPELLANC SYSTEMS
5-20

AFRODYNAMICS (8 Hours)

1. P E X T O N ~FLOW TiEORY, INCLTJDING G E X I N I AND APOLLO

2. REENTRY CONFIGURATIONS

3. RZENTRY PERFORMANCE

a. Entry c o r r i d o r

b. Footprint

c. L i f t modulation

4. spamcRAm HEATING
a. Causes

b. Heating environment

c. Heat p r o t e c t i o n

5. LAUNCH V E H I C U AERODYNAMICS
a. Wind induced o s c i l h t i o n on launch pad

b. Typical launch aerodynamic tim h i s t o r y

c. P r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n and wind profiles

 PHYSICS 3F THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE AND SPACE

1. SOLQ ACTIVITY; ELECTRON DESSITY OF lrm INTERPLANETARY MEDIUM;

RADIATION BZLTS OF THE EARTH

c 2. AURORAE AND ADGLOW

3. PARTICWS I N THE INTERPLPLNETARY MEDIUM AND EARTH'S 'JPPER ATMOSPIfERE;

ZODIACAL LIGIIT; CWNTEXGLOW; ME6E03SAND METEORIE3S

4. TZE EARTiI"S UF'PER ATMOSPHERE - EXOSPHERE AND IONOSPHERE

3. CHEflICAL REACTIONS I N T
II
E WPER ATMOSP€IERE; THE OZONOSPKERE
6. TIDES AND CIRCULATIONS I N THE UPpFlR ATMOSPIlERE
3-22

APOLLO GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION (34 Hours)

1. APOLM NAVIGATIOIJ TECHDIIQm (MIT)

2. INTRODU'JTIOI\I OF G & N SYSTEM

3. G { N SYS?TEM DESCRIPTION

4. G 9, It SYSTEM OPERATIONS
a. P r e f l i g h t checkout and alignment

b. IMU alignment

c. O p t i c a l measurements

d. A t t i t u d e c o n t r a 1 o f spacecrafi

e. Velocity c o r r e c t i o n

5. I!JERTIA.L SUBSYSTEM MECHANIZATIONS

a. IIW s t r u c t u r e

b. Navigation base

c. Axes

d. Temperature c o n t r o l

e. S t a b i l i z a t i o n loops

f. Gyro caging

g. Accelerometer loops

h. Coupling d i s p l a y u n i t s

i. Modes of operation

j. P o w r supplies

k. Display and c o n t r o l panels

1. Signal monitoring and d e t e c t i o n

m. Power and servo sssembly

6. OPTICAL SJBSYSEfiI1 fiECHAI\JIZ4TION

a. Tslescope

b. Sextant

e. Modes o f operation

d. I n t e g r a t i n g and p o s i t i o n i n g loops

e. Power suppl'44s

f. Display and c o n t r o l panels

7. C0,WU'JTR SURSYSTEN ORBANIZATION

3-24

C3WNICATIONS (8 Hours )

1. BASIC COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS

a. Energy Propagation

b. Boise

c. Frequency s p e c t r a

d. Mohlation

e. Antenna Theory

2. RID10 RANGINS (RADAR)

a. Basic types

b. Theory

3. RADIOTELrnTRY

a. Multiplexing

4. GENINI TEI;ECOWICATIONS SYSTEM

( S p a c e c r a f t and Ground System)

a. Description

b. Limitations

5. APOLU) TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

( S p a c e c r a f t and Ground System)

a. Moctified Gemini System

b. Deep Space System

e. Performance Considerations

d. L i m i t a t ions
 l I E 3 I C A L ASPECTS OF SPACE FLIGHT (12 HOWS)

1. IIJTRODJCTIOIJ; I J O L W L ENVIRONENTAL ENVELOTE

2. TIEORY OF HOMEOSTATIC MECHclNISMS

3. RESPIRATION AND CARDI0LO;fY

4. NORMAL PI-IySIOIO2Y AND PI-IYSIOLOGY AS ALTERED BY SPACE EXV.IRON-WNT

3. PHYSIOLOGY OF VISIOP? AND EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT.

6. DISO?IENTATION AN3 WWI"I'GO

7. NTUROMUSCULAR AND SKELTTAL SYSTEM

8. G. I. SYSIE'4 AND NUTRITION

9. URINARY SYSTEM AND FLUTD BALANCE

10. ACCELZRATION AND WEIGH'ITXSSNESS

11. VIBRATION

12. RADIATION

13. BIOINSTRUMENTATION - PRESZNT AND FU'NRE

.
5-26

GL0B.G METEROROLOGY (4 Hours)

1. METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS AFFZCTING SPACE FLIGH'I? OPERATIONS

2, WEATHER AS OBSERVED FRDN AB3VE

a. Weather systems

b. Observations on i n t e r e s t t o meteorology