Professional Documents
Culture Documents
40 Techniques
The Journal of Technology Studies
Faruk Yildiz
of general ambient energy-harvesting systems. tal results of the study showed that the mouse
The first row shows the energy-harvesting only needed 2.2mW energy to operate. The total
sources. Actual implementation and tools are energy captured using an energy-harvesting sys-
employed to harvest the energy from the source tem was bigger than 3mW, which was enough
are illustrated in the second row. The third row for the wireless mouse operations in a transmit
shows the energy-harvesting techniques from range of one meter.
each source. The research efforts are employed
by the above listed sources to explore in general Another example of mechanical energy har-
how practical devices that extract power from vesting is an electrets-based electrostatic micro
ambient energy sources are. A broad review of generator, which was proposed by Sterken,
the literature of potential energy-scavenging Fiorini, Baert, Puers, and Borghs (2003). In this
methods has been carried out by the authors. system, a micro machined electrostatic converter
The result of this literature review is categorized consisted of a vibration sensitive variable capac-
for each source, and follows in the next few itor polarized by an electret. A general multi
sections of this paper. domain model was built and analyzed in the
Mechanical Energy Harvesting same study, and it showed that power generation
An example of electric power generation capabilities up to 50µw for a 0.1cm2 surface area
using rotational movement is the self-powered, were attainable.
battery-less, cordless wheel computer mouse
cited by Mikami, Tetsuro, Masahiko, Hiroko Mechanical Vibrations
(2005). The system is called Soc and is designed Indoor operating environments may have
as an ultra low power wireless interface for reliable and constant mechanical vibration
short-range data communication as a wireless sources for ambient energy scavenging. For
battery-less mouse. The system was designed example, indoor machinery sensors may have
uniquely to capture rotational movements by the plentiful mechanical vibration energy that can be
help of the mouse ball to generate and harvest monitored and used reliably. Vibration energy-
electric power. The electric generator is powered harvesting devices can be either electromechani-
through exploiting rolling energy by dragging cal or piezoelectric. Electromechanical harvest-
the mouse. The energy-harvesting system was ing devices, however, are more commonly
researched and used. Roundy, Wright, and relatively higher voltage and power density levels
Rabaey (2004) reported that energy withdrawal than the electromagnetic system. Moreover, 43
from vibrations could be based on the movement piezoelectricity has the ability of some elements,
Thermal (Thermoelectric) Energy Harvesting necessitates low power use. This thermoelectric
Thermal gradients in the environment are energy harvester includes an assembly of very
directly converted to electrical energy through small and thin thermocouples in a unique con-
the Seebeck (thermoelectric) effect, as reported figuration that can exploit very small (>2°C)
by Disalvo (1999) and Rowe (1999). temperature variations that are occurring natu-
Temperature changes between opposite seg- rally in the environment of the application such
ments of a conducting material result in heat as ground to air, water to air, or skin to air inter-
flow and consequently charge flow since mobile, faces. The body of the TEG consisted of reliable
high-energy carriers diffuse from high to low and stable components that provided mainte-
concentration regions. Thermopiles consisting of nance free, continuous power for the lifetime of
n- and p-type materials electrically joined at the the application claimed by the manufacturer.
high-temperature junction are therefore con- Depending on the temperature range, the TEG’s
structed, allowing heat flow to carry the domi- electrical output can be changed from a few
nant charge carriers of each material to the low microwatts to hundreds of milliwatts and more
temperature end, establishing in the process a by modifying the design. Applications of this
voltage difference across the base electrodes. energy-harvesting design are diverse, including
The generated voltage and power is relative to automotive performance monitoring, homeland
the temperature differential and the Seebeck and military security surveillance, biomedicine,
coefficient of the thermoelectric materials. and wilderness and agricultural management. It
Large thermal gradients are essential to produce is also documented that the thermoelectric ener-
practical voltage and power levels (Roundy, gy harvester may be appropriate for many other
Wright, & Rabaey, 2004). However, temperature stand-alone, low-power applications, depending
differences greater than 10°C are rare in a micro on the nature of the application.
system, so consequently such systems generate
low voltage and power levels. Moreover, natural- In addition to PNNL’s patent-pending ther-
ly occurring temperature variations also can pro- moelectric generator, Applied Digital Solutions
vide a means by which energy can be scavenged Corporation has developed and presented a ther-
from the environment with high temperature. moelectric generator as a commercial product
Stordeur and Stark (1997) have demonstrated a (PNNL, 2007). This thermoelectric generator is
thermoelectric micro device, which is capable of capable of producing 40mw of power from 5
converting 15 _W/cm3 from 10 °C temperature ∞C temperature variations using a device that is
gradients. Although this is promising and, with 0.5 cm2 in area and a few millimeters thick
the improvement of thermoelectric research, (Pescovitz, 2002). This device generates about
could eventually result in more than 15 _W/cm3, 1V output voltage, which can be enough for
situations in which there is a static 10 °C tem- low- power electronic applications. Moreover,
perature difference within 1 cm3 are, however, the thermal-expansion-actuated piezoelectric
very rare, and assume no losses in the conver- generator has also been proposed as a method to
sion of power to electricity. convert power from ambient temperature gradi-
ents to electricity by Thomas, Clark and Clark
One of the latest designs of thermoelectric (2005).
energy harvester is the thermoelectric generator
(TEG) designed and introduced by Pacific Pyroelectricity Energy Harvesting
Northwest National Laboratory (2007). This The “pyroelectric effect” converts tempera-
new thermoelectric generator is used to convert ture changes into electrical voltage or current
(Lang, 2005). Pyroelectricity is the capability of
environmental (ambient) thermal energy into
certain materials to generate an electrical poten-
electric power for a variety of applications that
tial when they are either heated or cooled. As a
result of the temperature change, positive and tones is called a sound, and an irregular vibra-
negative charges move to opposite ends through tion is referred to as noise. Hertz (Hz) is the unit 45
migration (polarized) and thus, an electrical of sound frequency; 1 Hz equals 1 cycle, or one
potential is established. Pryroelectric energy-
A battery-free wireless remote control for while the person is doing regular daily activities,
Zenith televisions was another human-powered such as walking or running. Another group of
device. The design, called “Space Commander”, power generators can be classified as active
was introduced by Robert Adler in 1956. The human-powered energy scavengers. These types
system consisted of a set of buttons that hit alu- of generators require the human to perform an
minum material to produce ultrasound. The pro- action that is not part of the normal human per-
duced ultrasound energy was decoded at the tel- formance. For instance, Freeplay has self-pow-
evision to turn it on, change channels and mute ered products that are powered by a constant-
the volume (Adler, Desmares, & Spracklen, force spring that the user must wind up to oper-
1982). Adler’s “Space Commander” design was ate the device (FreePlay Energy, 2007). These
then replaced by the active infrared remote con- types of products are very useful because of
trols and is being used in many current remote their battery-free systems.
control systems.
For an RFID (Radio frequency identifica-
Another similar architecture, developed by tion) tag or other wireless device worn on the
Paradiso and Feldmeier (2001) is a piezoelectric shoe, the piezoelectric shoe insert offers a good
element, which was comprised of a resonantly solution. However, the application space for
matched transformer and conditioning electron- such devices is extremely limited, and as men-
ics. This system was actuated when hit by a but- tioned previously, they are not very applicable to
ton, and it produced about 1mJ at 3V per 15N some of the low-powered devices, such as wire-
push. The generated power was enough to run a less sensor networks. Active human power,
digital encoder and radio that was able to trans- which requires the user to perform a specific
mit over 50 feet. Materials used for this device power-generating motion, is common and may
were off-the-shelf components, which enabled be referred to separately as active human-pow-
placing compact digital controllers independent- ered systems (Roundy, 2003).
ly without any battery or wire maintenance.
Conclusion
An average human body burns approxi- In conclusion, several currently developed,
mately 10.5 MJ every day, which is equal to and overlooked ideas and options exist, and
about 121W of power dissipation. Power dissi- these can provide new energy resources to
pation occurs in the average human body either portable or wireless electronics devices within
actively or passively in daily life motions, mak- the energy-harvesting systems. The possibility
ing the human body and motions an attractive of overall dependence on ambient energy
ambient energy source. Researchers have pro- resources may remove some constraints required
posed and conducted several studies to capture by the limited reliability of standard batteries.
power from the human body. For example Ambient energy harvesting can also provide an
Starner has researched and investigated some of extended lifespan and support to conventional
these energy- harvesting techniques to power electronics systems. Students involved in this
wearable electronics (Starner, 1996). MIT paper learned different ambient energy-harvest-
researchers considered these studies and sug- ing, conversion, and storage systems. Students
gested that the most reliable and exploitable agreed to start a new research identify various
energy source occurs at the foot during heel ambient energy sources and design unique ener-
strikes when running or walking (Shenck & gy-harvesting systems.
Paradiso, 2001). This research initiated the
development of piezoelectric shoe inserts capa- Dr. Faruk Yildiz is an assistant professor in
ble of producing an average of 330 µW/cm2 the Department of Agricultural and Industrial
while an average person is walking. The first Sciences at Sam Houston State University,
application of shoe inserts was to power a low Huntsville Texas. He is a Member-at-large of
power wireless transceiver mounted to the shoe Epsilon Pi Tau.
soles. The ongoing research efforts mostly
focused on how to get power from the shoe,
where the power is generated, to the point of
interest or application. Such sources of power
References
Adler, R., Desmares, P., & Spracklen, J. (1982). Ultrasonic remote control for home receivers, IEEE 47
Trans. Consumer Electronics, 28 (1), 123–128.