Professional Documents
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Reference : PE /IRC/APP/0079
Version : 01.08 / EN
Date : 12/04/99
Author : T. Bachelier
Documentalist : A.-M. Leberre
Approved by : M. Liem
Quality manager :
Ext. ref. :
Type : CEV
Product :
Cat : I
Status : A
Abstract / comments :
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DOCUMENT AMENDMENTS
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Reference : PE /IRC/APP/0079
Version : 01.08 / EN
Date : 12/04/99
This confidential document is the property of NORTEL MATRA CELLULAR and may not be copied or circulated without permission
Ce document confidentiel est la propriété de NORTEL MATRA CELLULAR et ne peut être reproduit ou communiqué sans autorisation
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1 PURPOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 RELATED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3 ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1 ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2 DEFINITION OF TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4 BTS CONFIGURATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.1 SITES AND CELL LAY-OUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2 OFFERED TRAFFIC ASSESSMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3 RADIO INTERFACE DIMENSIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3.1 TCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3.2 SDCCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.3.3 BCCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.4 CELL DIMENSIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.4.1 Cell types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.4.2 BTS configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.5 LOOK-UP TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5 BTS DIMENSIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.1 SIGNALLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.1.1 LAPD channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.1.2 LAPD dimensioning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.2 PCM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.2.1 Abis TS dimensioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.2.2 PCM configuration rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.3 DCC & DSC DIMENSIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.4 LOOK-UP TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6 ABIS ARCHITECTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.1 DROP&INSERT CONFIGURATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.1.1 Possible configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.1.2 TEI issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
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This confidential document is the property of NORTEL MATRA CELLULAR and may not be copied or circulated without permission
Ce document confidentiel est la propriété de NORTEL MATRA CELLULAR et ne peut être reproduit ou communiqué sans autorisation
This confidential document is the property of NORTEL MATRA CELLULAR and may not be copied or circulated without permission
Ce document confidentiel est la propriété de NORTEL MATRA CELLULAR et ne peut être reproduit ou communiqué sans autorisation
This confidential document is the property of NORTEL MATRA CELLULAR and may not be copied or circulated without permission
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The purpose of this document is to give Abis interface engineering guidelines for the
NORTEL BSS network.
This document is discusses the following subjects:
v Dimensioning speech and signalling on the Abis interface,
v Impact on the BTS side,
v Abis architecture,
v Transmission medium (HDSL, microwaves),
v Impact on the BSC side.
This document is intended primarily for Network Designers and Application
Engineers involved in GSM network Engineering within NORTEL GSM Networks
and Nortel.
1.2 SCOPE
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3.1 ABBREVIATIONS
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C/I:
Carrier-to-Interference ratio, measured in dB, gives the measure of the ratio of the
usable signal over the interferences level.
DRX:
The DRX is a part of the "2G" BTS system architecture. The first product that
supports this architecture in the Nortel catalogue is the S8000 Outdoor BTS. In the
"2G" architecture, the TRX is composed of two modules, one dedicated to the signal
processing (transmission and reception) called DRX, and one dedicated to the power
transmission, called PA.
Soft Blocking:
Procedure by which a TRX or a cell can be put out of service (i.e. blocked) without
interrupting the given TRX or cell active calls.
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The site and the type of each BTS must be determined to perform the dimensioning
of the Abis interface. This part is performed by the Cellular planning in conjunction
with the network designer and the customer.
The sites and the cell layout are fixed according to the coverage prediction. There
are two different ways of working depending on the project context.
vIf the customer defines the site locations, then Nortel must define the predicted
coverage area.
vIf the customer does not define the site locations, Nortel assumes additional
activities for the site acquisition process follow-up such as along the site
acquisitions iterations, provision of optimal theoretical site location, site selection
rules, and coverage/quality impact of candidate site selection.
The BTS configurations depend on the traffic (in Erlangs) that each cell must carry.
Traffic is assessed with two kinds of information: quality of service and subscriber
behaviour. The behaviour of subscribers includes the distribution of GSM
subscribers within the population, call profile, and mobility parameters. The offered
traffic of each cell is worked out from this information.
The offered traffic is assessed. The next step is to dimension the radio interface.
4.3.1 TCH
The number of required TCHs is worked out from the Erlang B-law with a fixed
blocking rate applied to the assessed offered traffic. The assumption of NORTEL is
a blocking rate of 2% for traffic or data on the radio interface. One TCH channel is
carried by one radio TS.
Note that an ErlangB calculator is available at the following URL address:
http://47.53.64.96/syseng/2S00/2S30/ErlangBCalc/EBCalc.html
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4.3.3 BCCH
One BCCH is required per cell. The BCCH is supported by the TS0 of the beacon
frequency.
In the case of one TRX per cell, BCCH can combined with one SDCCH/4 (4 SDCCH
channels) in order to have 7 TCH instead of 6. This configuration can be applied
under certain conditions such as the LA size. Actually, if the size of the LA is too
large, a great amount of paging will be generated and the PCH (which is limited in
this configuration) will not be able to flow all the paging messages.
If the SMS-CB is implemented with combined BCCH, there will be only 3 SDCCH
channels.
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The number of required TRXs depends on the type of cells. There are two different
kinds of cell: standard and extended cell. Extended cell allows bigger propagation
delay. The coverage of an extended cell could be bigger than the one of a standard
cell (for further information, please refer to [R02]).
TRX manages 8 TS in a standard cell and only four in an extended cell.
standard cell extended cell
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7
unused TS
Standard cell is the default value used.
The number of required TRXs per cell is fixed according to two types of information:
the number of required radio time slots and the cell type.
The BTS is determined by the cells that it must manage. For example a BTS which
manages 3 cells with respectively 4, 5 and 2 TRXS is called a S452.
The dimensioning constants of the site are checked at the OMC level:
Table 1: BTS configuration limitations
These limitations are only OMC-R checks. It does not necessary mean that the O16
configuration exists.
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The following look-up tables give the offered traffic for a given number of TRXs with
the NORTEL standard call profile (blocking rate of 2%). When the offered traffic is
assessed, these look-up tables give a first assessment about the number of needed
TRX. After this first assessment, some deeper dimensioning can be performed
according to information of section 4.3.2 (SDCCH dimensioning).
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5.1 SIGNALLING
Two types of signalling are carried on the Abis interface. The first one, related to the
Operation and Maintenance, concerns all the component parts (BCF, TRX, Coupling
system, Power Amplifier ...). The second one, related to the traffic management, is
destined to the TRX module. In other words, all the modules receive O&M signalling,
while the TRX receives both O&M and traffic management signallings.
These two types of signalling (O&M and radio management) are supported by the
same LAPD channel. A distinction is made between the BCF signalling and the cell
signalling.
Primary LAPD: The primary LAPD is the LAPD channel which handles BCF
signalling with cell signalling.
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LAPD dimensioning depends on BTS limitations, Abis transmission costs and BSC
limitations. At BTS side, the hardware and software limitations are related to the BTS
type. At BSC side, two main limitations can occur: connectivity (maximum number of
LAPD ports) and real time processing capability.
In fact two different strategies can be chosen by the operator to drive the LAPD
dimensioning:
• The first one consists in concentrating the maximum number of LAPD chan-
nels at the BTS side in order to save some TS on the Abis interface. The pur-
pose is to decrease the transmission costs and to save some LAPD ports at the
BSC side. The drawback of this strategy is that it can create some BSC over-
load and lead to outage in worst case. Therefore, this strategy must be associ-
ated with a capacity analysis to ensure that the BSC can manage such
configuration.
• The second one is highly related to the BSC load. As the BSC real time pro-
cessing is a key factor in BSS design, it is of interest to split the signalling load
on the different boards in order to avoid an overloab on one board.
Of course, these two opposite strategies must fulfilled the BTS constraints. Each
type of BTS has its own limitations due to hardware or software characteristics.
This part deals with the BTS limitations and the BSC limitations in terms of real time
processing. The BSC connectivity and the parenting rules at the BSC side will be
seen in section 8 (BSC dimensioning).
BTS Limitations
The limitations depends on the BTS type. Each kind of BTS has its own limitations,
therefore the engineering rules are different depending on the BTS type.
The low capacity BTS such as S2000H/L or S2000P are not taken into account
because they always need one single LAPD channel. In fact, four different BTS have
been taken into account:
• S4000,
• S8000 BCF up to V11 (O&M software),
• S8000 BCF since V12 (COAM software),
• S8000 CBCF .
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F If a site has several LAPD channels, they must be connected on different SICD
ports unless the system will not be configured correctly.
F If a site has several LAPD channels, they must be connected on different SICD
ports unless the system will not be configured correctly.
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The maximum configurations are O16 for omnisectorial site , S888 for multisectorial
site and S444_444, S555_333, S666_222 for dualband site.
Examples:
S111 can have one, two or three LAPD channels.
O8 has necessarily 1 LAPD channel.
S444 can have 2 or 3 LAPD channels.
S333 can have 2 or 3 LAPD channels.
F If a site has several LAPD channels, they must be connected on different SICD
ports unless the system will not be configured correctly.
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The maximum configurations are O16 for omnisectorial site , S161616 for
multisectorial site and S444_444, S555_333, S666_222 for dualband site.
F If a site has several LAPD channels, they must be connected on different SICD
ports unless the system will not be configured correctly.
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The SICD board is the LAPD interface controller that manages the signalling
interface between the BSC, the TCU, and the BTS. The SICD4 board (not the
SICD8V) can be the bottleneck of the BSC. Several BSC outages in the past were
due to an overload on the SICD4 card. The overload was either generated by high
Handovers, Paging and Location Update rates or by particulary high voice traffic
demands on certain sites (e.g. heavy load sites).
An overload mechanism has been introduced on the SICD board. But if this overload
mechanism is triggered, it will penalize the traffic (Q.O.S.) on all sites associated with
the SICD.
Therefore, it is really important to split the load on the different SICDs in order to
avoid overload on one SICD.
F One LAPD channel must be associated to one cell in high traffic zone (urban
zone) for the sake of the SICD for the BSC 6000.
A site with less than 8 TRXs can easily be handled by a single LAPD channel.
However associating one LAPD channel to one cell allows a finer balancing of the
load on the available SICD boards. This implies that additional DCC/DSC cards may
be required on the BTS and that additional timeslots on the Abis interface are also
necessary. Please refer to the concerned BTS Product Engineering Information.
But it could make sense not applying these engineering rules if the forecast site traffic
is low, typically in rural area.
Note 1:
These engineering rules are applicable in a normal non-congested cell. They
cannot be applied in a congestion situation (radio blocking rate > 5%).
Note 2:
For the other rules (BSCB, SICD) which apply on the BSC side, please refer
to section 8 (BSC dimensioning).
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example:
S333 on 1 PCM: (3 + 3 + 3) * 2 = 18 Abis TS are required for traffic,
3 LAPD : 3 Abis TS are required for signalling,
the total number of Abis TS is 21.
If there are several PCMs, the number of required TS will be higher (for further
information, please refer to section 6.1.4).
S333 on 2 PCMs: 18 TS for traffic => 10 on the PCM1 and 8 on the PCM2,
but the radioSiteMask reserves 10 TS on each PCM.
3 TS for LAPD on each PCM.
The total number of TS is (10 + 3)*2 = 26 Abis TS
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TS # 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
S333 T T T T T T T T T T SS SS SP
T T T T T T T T
T1 configuration rules
Rules:
For T1 configuration, the TS will be configured according to several rules:
vThe TS number carrying the primary LAPD, called Rendez-Vous TS (RV TS),
obeys the following rule:
TS number = TEIBCF + 1. (with TEIBCF<16)
But all the TEIs cannot be used for T1. TEIs number 3, 7, 11 and 15 are forbidden
for T1. The association between the Abis TS on the BTS side and the possible TEI
number is provided by the following table.
TS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
For further information, please refer to the following explanations (next page).
vThe TS associated to TRX are mapped by two on two consecutive TS. The
convention is to use the higher TS of a PCM first, and then continue toward the
lower.
vThe secondary LAPD channels will be mapped on the free TS following the Traffic
TS.
vWhen several PCM link the BTS to the BSC, the traffic TS are equally shared on
those PCM.
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E1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
T1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
This means that there is no corresponding external TS for the internal TS4.
Information on the internal TS4 never leaves the BTS.
For the T1 PCM, the rule for RV TS calculation is still RV TS = TEI number + 1 but
applies to internal PCM. So, if the TEI was configured to value 3, the used TS would
be 4 and the BTS would still remain impossible to reach.
Therefore, TEIs number 3, 7, 11, 15 cannot be used for T1. The association between
the Abis TS on the BTS side and the possible TEI number is provided in the table 6.
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This part is not apllicable to S8000 CBCF, S2000H/L and S2000P. It is only relevant
for S4000 and S8000 BCF.
DCC/DSC concentrates LAPD signalling links onto a single one from the DRX and
the BCF to the BSC. It performs the inverse processing in the opposite way.
The rule used for dimensioning the DCC/DSC is:
vOne DCC/DSC per LAPD (redundancy not taken into account).
The following table summarises the number of used DCC/DSC depending on the
number of cells and depending on the number of signalling concentrated links.
LAPD link F 1 2 3
CELL H
1 1+1
2 1+1 2+1
4 2+1 3+1
5 2+1 3+1
6 2+1 3+1
Note1: Certain configurations listed in the above table can only be achieved with
dualband configurations.
Note2: If, at a given time, the number of available DCC/DSC runs under the threshold
given in the table above, the whole site may be definitively lost (until the right number
of DCC/DSC becomes available again). Therefore, it is strongly recommended to
have a spare DCC/DSC (the "+ 1" in the table represents the redundancy board).
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These tables take only into account the hardware limitation for the LAPD
dimensioning (one LAPD is enough if the total number of TRX is less than 8),
because the engineering rules depend on too many parameters (rural or urban
environment, SICD or SICD8V board, high mobility).
These tables could be useful for a first high level assessment, but not for an accurate
design of the network.
Moreover, some specific cases occur. For example, the S22 configuration can be
performed with the S2000H BTS. In this case the real configuration is 2 O2 BTS (not
synchronnized) colocated on the same site and linked in a Drop and Insert
configuration. Two LAPD channels are required to handle the 2 BCF signalling and
8 TS to handle the traffic of the four TDMA. Therefore, the number of required TS is
10 and not 9.
PCM E1 (31 TS) / PCM T1 (24 TS)
Blocking factor = 2.0%
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Different configurations are possible on the Abis interface. They are called Star,
Drop&Insert, and Hub&Spoke configurations. The following figure presents these
different configurations.
The loop and chain Drop&Insert configurations are guaranteed for up to 6 BTSs. The
theorical limitation is 10 O1 BTSs on 1 E1 and 8 O1 BTSs on 1 T1, but R&D tests
and guarantees up to 6 BTSs.
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For the Hub&Spoke configuration the requirements are x<y<z and x<w. There is no
constraint between w and the couple y,z (w and y can be equal). Note that the
Hub&Spoke is not considered as a D&I configuration because of the fork.
Note that all the TEI can not be higher than 15.
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The PCM links connecting the BSC to BTS must be arranged for synchronization
reasons. A PCM crossing a BTS enters via an even PCM port and leaves via an odd
PCM port. For the loop configuration, the opposite path can be set up.
The following figure shows some different Drop&Insert configurations with or without
PCMI board redundancy.
Figure 4: PCMI configurations for drop&insert
D&I in chain with board redundancy D&I in loop with board redundancy
BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS
BSC PCMI1
BSC
PCMI1 PCMI1 PCMI1 PCMI1 PCMI1
0 0 0
PCMI0 1 PCMI0 1 PCMI0 1 PCMI0 0 PCMI0 0 PCMI0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
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Rules
MIf the TEI are not adjacent, it is strongly recommended not to use the TS between
TS0 and the TS which carried the primary LAPD of the BTS with the bigger TEI.
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In this example the PCM4 is a redundant PCM. Note that the TEI are in ascending
sequence.
The traffic of the BTS A is equally shared between the 2 PCMs. The secondary
LAPD follow the TS supporting the traffic. The primary LAPD is not included in the
radioSiteMask.
The BSC is a BSC6000, then 3 LAPD channels are defined for the site B in order to
be able to split the load on the different SICDs.
Table 13: PCM E1 RadioSiteMask
TS number 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
PCM 1 Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Sa Sa Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Sb Sb Pb Pa
PCM 2 Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta
PCM 3 Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Sb Sb Pb
RadioSiteMask Site A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
RadioSiteMask Site B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
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PCM3 O3
Site A
PCM1 TEI 1
BSC O5
Site C Site D
PCM2
TEI 0 PCM5
PCM4
O4 O2
TEI 1 TEI 2
The traffic of the BTS A is equally shared between the 2 PCMs, while the traffic of
the other BTSs is supported by the PCM1 or the PCM2 but not shared.
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The future expansion of the network may be taken into account when dimensioning
the RadioSiteMask. It will make the network roll-out easier.
First strategy:
Assumption: The number of the future additionnal DRXs in a BTS can be assessed.
In this case, it will be of interest to increase the RadioSiteMask. This method allows
extensions without requiring the reconfiguration of the RadioSiteMask (no
interruption of service).
Figure 8: Example
Site A Site B
BSC PCM1
S222 PCM2
O2
TEI 0 TEI 1
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Ta Traffic TS site A
Tb Traffic TS site B
Sa Secondary LAPD site A
Pa Primary LAPD site A
Pb Primary LAPD site B
Of course, if Site A is composed of three radio cabinets, it does not make sense to
dimension the RadioSiteMask for a 3S888. Another strategy has to be considered.
Second strategy
Ta Traffic TS site A
Tb Traffic TS site B
Sa Secondary LAPD site A
Pa Primary LAPD site A
Pb Primary LAPD site B
This configuration allows to easily increase capacity in the both site. The introduction
of additional DRX in a site will not perturb the other one, only one RadioSiteMask is
impacted. Moreover the two RadioSiteMask stay simple and easy to manage.
The drawback is that it will be difficult to add a BTS in a D&I configuration, because
the RadioSiteMask of the site B must be modified (interruption of service).
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The drawback is that some RadioSiteMask can be quite complex and it will become
more and more difficult to make them evolve.
A new V11 feature secures the Abis interface. FM844 "Traffic Channel Defense"
allows to reconfigure the TDMA according to their priority in case of PCM failure for
a multiPCM site, as long as one PCM is available (refer to [R04]).
If the following requirements are fulfilled:
• the PCMs are not full,
• if the rentalfees are per used PCM and not per used TS,
then it could make sense to increase the radioSiteMask. It will allow more TS
reconfigurations and then to lose less traffic channels. Moreover it could facilitate the
introduction of new DRXs.
The drawback is that the evolution of the network could be more difficult (for
example, adding a BTS in drop&insert). There is a trade-off between quality of
service and flexibility.
For further information on this feature, please refer to the V11 FEI [R04].
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6.2.1 CROSS-CONNECT
Since the V8 system release, a new feature is available: TEI decorrelation. It allows
the simulation of a Drop&Insert function from the BSC point of view, without using
the BTS in Drop&Insert configuration.
The TEI of the BTS can be the same, then since V8, the TEI number and the
"Rendez-vous TS" are decorrelated on the BSC side. The number of the "Rendez-
vous TS" is configurated by the pcmTimeSlotNumber parameter on the MMI interface.
pcmTimeSlotNumber is located in the btsSiteManager Q3 object.
Figure 9: Cross-connect configuration
For the BTS, the installation is easier because all the sites have the same
configuration (Star with a TEI = 0). For the BSC, the 3 sites are in drop and insert so
the drop and insert rules must be respected on the BSC side. The choice of the TS
for the signalisation must be done in accordance with the crossconnect
configuration.
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Ta Traffic Ts site A
Tb Traffic Ts site B
Tc Traffic Ts site C
Pa Primary LAPD site A
Pb Primary LAPD site B
Pc Primary LAPD site CSwitch
6.2.2 SWITCH
Hubs can act as switch for redundancy purpose. The main advantage of this
architecture is that in case of PCM1 failure, the hub1 is able to switch on the
redundant PCM2 without loosing the communications.
BTS
PCM1
BTS
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7.1 CLOCK
Time | ∆f/f |
One characteristic defines the quality of the PCM clock for the BSS sub-systems and
especially for the BTS.
There are two requirements to consider:
• The requirement for a PCM: 50 ppm (see G732).
• The requirement for the BTS in order to generate a reference time for radio
interface.
The BTS uses the clock reference from the network to generate a 5*10 -8 precision
timing reference for the radio interface.
Long-term accuracy recommended for PCM E1 (2,048 MHz) and PCM T1 (1,544
MHz):
| ∆f/f | = 10 -9 or 0,001 ppm
This characteristic assures a good transmission quality for BTS frequencies allowing
the mobile connections and avoiding the disturbance of the adjacent frequencies.
Note: it is not necessary that all GSM sub-systems are synchronized with the same
clock, but that they respect the recommendations defined above.
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To maintain the PCM quality to a good level, BER shall not exceed 10E-4.
To not disturb the voice quality, BER shall be maintained at or above 10E-6.
PCM unavailibility also has a big impact on the BSS. The unavailibility is determined
by errors detected by the DDTI board. The different types of error are:
For E1 PCM links :
• No signal
• Signal Indicator Alarm error
• Frame alignment loss
• Synchronization loss
• Frame error
• Distant alarm indicator error
• CRC error
For T1 PCM links :
• No signal
• Signal Indicator Alarm error
• Frame alignment loss
• Synchronization loss
• Distant alarm indicator error
The time duration of the PCM unavailibility is determined by the number of Errored
Seconds (ES if at least an error occurs for 1 second). For example, if the signal is
lost for 3.1 seconds, the PCM unavailibility time could be 5 seconds.
SIGNAL SIGNAL
ES ES ES ES ES
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F PCM unavailibility (BER > 10E-3) for less than 5 seconds leads to disturb the
communications.
F PCM unavailibility beween 5 seconds and 30 minutes leads to lose current com-
munications plus a BTS reconfiguration time (BTS dependent, refer to [R20]).
F PCM unavailibility of more than 30 minutes leads to a complete reboot of the BTS
which could last several minutes depending on the configuration (refer to [R20]).
The reconfiguration and reboot time depend on the BTS configuration. This kind of
information can be found in the document "Performance Tests Results Report"
([R20]) which gives a summary of performance tests performed in PIV.
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The CSU equipment is designed to be inserted between the Abis link provided by the
operator and the BCF subrack. Its purpose is to test and recalibrate the incoming and
outgoing signal and ensure that it meets the recommendations. The equipment
includes a set of alarms displayed on the CSU front panel. Any alarm condition (or
power failure) releases a single pole alarm relay connected to the user alarms of the
BTS.
Three types of CSU equipment can be ordered: CSU T-serv II, CSU T-smart, and
CSU MPATH. The MPATH CSU offers additional features (such as SNMP
management) compared to other types of CSU.
The CSU equipment is designed for T1 PCM and is mandatory for the US market.
7.4 HDSL
7.4.1 INTRODUCTION
HDSL is a technology that allows to convey, on a few kilometers, a PCM signal over
ordinary twisted pairs. This technology becomes more and more popular, as a cheap
solution to provide PCM links to remote locations. This applies generally to the Abis
link, including Drop&Insert configurations.
BSC BTS
For short distances (up to 1.5 Km), only one wires twisted pair is needed. Two wires
twisted pairs are required for longer distance (up to 4 Km). The distances depend on
the modems and on the quality of the twisted pair wires. Therefore the values given
above are only for indication purposes and must not be communicated to customers.
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The HDSL modems are systematically tested by R&D in order to remove modems
which are suspected to lead problems on the field. The list of the recommended
HDSL modems and the list of the inadvisable ones can be found in the document
"HDSL modem layer1 qualification" ([R21]).
For all modems considered OK, a very short disturbance on the Abis line (i.e. :
1 second cut) leads to unavailability of the link for more than 10 seconds.
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L.O.S. needed
That means that a MW link is terrain dependant, and sometimes a link cannot be
installed. Indeed the clearance has to be 60% of the first Fresnel zone, plus a
security factor (5 or 6 m) for errors on terrain data. The 60% F1 is calculated for
standard atmosphere (k=4/3) and the atmosphere can change, needing the link a
better clearance. In this case a calculation can be done with k=2/3 and 50% F1.
Distance
The effects of rain and multipath limit the distance a link can cover, so that
sometimes a repeater is needed to cover this distance. In order to calculate the
unavailability due to rain, the rain zone where the link is going to be installed, has to
be known ; this will give the rain rate that is exceeded the 0.01% of the annual time
(i.e. k rain zone is 42 mm/h).
Figure 13: Microwave solution
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Parabolic antennas
Parabolic antennas must be installed. Wind loadings have to be considered on the
tower, or the place where the antenna is going to be installed. The tilt and twist of the
tower, that increases with the height, can affect the alignment of the antenna,
reducing the receive signal level, and consequently the fade margin.
Frequency dependence
Sometimes it is difficult to get a channel from the local government; normally this
depends on the working band (15 GHz, 23 GHz etc..).
Interference limitation
There is a limitation in the number of links that can converge at one point
(concentrator) due to interference mechanism. In digital MW links the interference
reduces the threshold, which means that the fade margin decreases and the link will
be unavailable for more time than the time it was calculated for. Alternate polarization
(cross polarization discrimination) and high gain antennas (more directivity) can
offset these effects.
For further information, please refer to the web pages of the transmissions group at
the following URL address:
http://136.147.68.68/ned/ND_AE/ND/Transmission/Transmission.html
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The ITU-T G.821 defines different grades of service for the microwave
transmissions: high grade (HG), medium grade (MG) and local grade (LG).
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Central Office
Central Office
BSC
DMS Switch TCU
BTS 5 BTS 4
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Central Office
BTS BTS
BSC
DMS Switch TCU
BTS
BTS S222
BTS BTS
The minimum capacity of the microwaves equipment is 2 E1 PCM links. Therefore, from the BSC
point of view, the Loop D&I implementation (fig. 17) is seen as below:
BSC
BTS BTS
4 5
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PCM link failure can be more diverse than for a cable support. Two main events can
occur: either an equipment failure, either a signal fading due to rains or multipath.
In all cases, all the PCM carried between the two radio systems are brought down.
A failure of only one PCM link is not possible, contrary to the LL cable solution.
PCM link failure due to equipment can be minimized by redundant configuration.
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The following table gives the board configuration related to Abis interface for each
available BSC type.
Type 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
DDTI(**) 6 10 14 20 24 24 24 24 24 24
BSCB(*) 0 0 0 11+1 11+1 11+1 11+1 11+1 11+1 11+1
SICD 2 4 6 8 10
SICD8 1 2 3 4 5
*The BSCB board is optional for the BTS LAPD concentration. If this option is not chosen, the num-
ber of BSCB boards required is zero.
The number of BSCB boards shown in the table indicates the maximum number of BSCB boards for
each type of BSC. The minimum number of BSCB boards is 2. The quantity of boards depends on
the number of LAPD channels (or sites) to be concentrated.
One board is reserved for redundancy purpose (+1).
** There is a maximum of 24 DDTI boards per BSC12000 (whatever the product version is: 1201/
1202/1203/1204/1205). The basic configuration provides 10 DDTI boards. But, depending on the
needs, it is possible to add DDTI units up to 24.
For the BSC 6000 product family, there are 6/10/14/20/24 DDTI boards depending on the product
version 602/604/606/608/610 respectively. These numbers are fixed.
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Type 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
SICD/SICD8V board 2 4 6 8 10 1 2 3 4 5
LAPD eqpt 8 16 24 32 40 8 16 24 32 40
LAPD eqpt for Abis 7 15 23 31 39 7 15 23 31 39
TEI per LAPD eqpt 10 10 10 10 10 15 15 15 15 15
TDMA per SICD/SICD8V 16 16 16 16 16 64 64 64 64 64
TDMA* 32 64 96 128 160 64 128 192 256 320
*This number can be worked out from nb SICD * max TDMA per SICD.
Use of BSCB is optional. If this option is not chosen, the number of BSCB boards
required is zero. The minimum number of BSCB boards is 2. The quantity of boards
depends on the number of LAPD channels (or sites) to be concentrated.
The associated parameter is a class 0 parameter (xSCBConfiguration in the bsc
object). Therefore, every time a board is added, the BDA needs to be rebuilt.
The BSC does not have a dedicated board used for redundancy, but manages a pool
of BSCB boards. When one BSCB fails, the BSC reconfigures the whole
configuration of the failed BSCB onto a free BSCB board (one without any LAPD
mapped on it).
When new concentrated LAPD terminals are declared and LAPD channel locations
are moved from one SICD to another, it is very important to check that a BSCB
remains free.
F The BSCB boards can be the bottleneck of the BSC in some configurations.
Therefore it is very important to follow the rules describe in the document "BSCB
Eng’g Information: Load monitoring and optimization" ([R22]).
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BTS sites
Abis Interface
+ Max. of 12 non-concentrated
BSC internal connectivity
LapD channels used per BSCB board
SICD8V SICD8V
Max. of 8 LapD Equipment used
per SICD8V board (4 LapD equipment
per SICD board)
Type 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
SICD/SICD8V board 2 4 6 8 10 1 2 3 4 5
LAPD eqpt 8 16 24 32 40 8 16 24 32 40
LAPD eqpt for Abis 7 15 23 31 39 7 15 23 31 39
BSCB 0 0 0 11+1 11+1 11+1 11+1 11+1 11+1 11+1
max number of sites (*) 7 15 23 124 138 28 60 92 124 138
*Number of sites per BSC, depending on the number of SICD and BSCB (with BSCB redundancy).
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Since the BSC extracts the synchronization clock from PCM 0, 2, 4, and 6, these
spans are used only for the Ater interface. The others can be used
indiscriminately either for the Abis or the Ater interface but must use some
spread convention.
F The use of PCM 0, 2, 4, 6 for Abis interface may lead serious synchronization
problems for the whole BSS. So, this configuration is forbiden.
A DDTI board handles two PCMs which are connected to port 0 and port 1.
PCM_Number = 2*DDTI_Number + Port_Number
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This configuration has been tested in a network. This interesting configuration uses
cross-connect and Hub&Spoke configuration.
Figure 22: Example of complex configuration
S11 TEI4
TEI2
Cross-connect S111
TEI1 TEI3
S111 S11
BSC
S111
TEI0 S111 S111 S11 S111
TEI1 TEI2 TEI3 TEI4
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