01

Power supply
CONTENTS PAGE

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………..

TASK 1

2.0 Linear Power Supply………………………………………………………………………………

3.0 Switched-mode power supply SMPS…………………………………………………………….

TASK 2

4.0 Project Description and Introduction…………….

…………………………………………………………………

5.0 Power Supplies circuit………………………………………………………………………………

6.0 Operation of Circuit……………………………………………………………………………

7.0 Estimate coast……………………………………………………………………………………….

8.0 PLANNING SCHEDULE OF THE PROJECT (Gantt chart)...................................................

9.0 Reference…………………………………………………………………………………………….
 02

POWER SUPPLY

Introduction

Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that supplies
electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power supply
unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to
mechanical ones, and rarely to others. The commercial power system is an ac system. The
standard ac power line voltage in Malaysia is 240v which is available at wall outlets. Every
electronic system has to have a source of dc voltage to operate the various components. To
operate electronic component we need to convert ac power line to dc by using some circuit of
power supplies. The power supply must convert the ac power line voltage to dc voltage of
appropriate value before it can be used for electronic device operation. Power supplies can be
low or high voltage. Low voltage powers supplied are used to provide the voltages required to
operate transistor stages and integrated circuits. High voltage power supplies are used to
provide the high levels of voltage required by television picture, for example. In this report we
are going to investigate two main types of regulated power supplies available: SMPS and linear.

Types of Power Supply

There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC mains
electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power
supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function.

For example a 5V regulated supply:

03
04
 05

Linear Power Supply

The basic design model for a power supply consists of a control element in series with a
rectifier and load device. A simplified schematic of a series-regulated supply with the phase-
controlled pre-regulator depicted as a power switch and the series element depicted as a
variable resistor shown in Figure 1.0 . The phase-controlled pre-regulator minimizes the power
dissipated at the series element by maintaining a low and constant voltage drop across the
series element. Feedback control circuits continuously monitor the output and adjust the series
resistance to maintain a constant output voltage. The variable resistance series element of the
supply shown in Figure 1.0 is actually produced by one or more power transistor operating in
the linear (class A) mode; supplies with this type of regulator are often called linear power
supplies. Linear power supplies have many advantages. Because they provide sufficient power
with stable regulation and little noise, they usually are the simplest, most effective solution for
providing bench power.

Figure 1.0
 06

The power supply shown in Figure 1.0 has two ranges, allowing more voltage at a lower
current or more current at a lower voltage. Single-range supplies can output maximum power
only at full-scale voltages and full-scale current. A linear supply can provide output power that is
close to maximum at full scale for both ranges. The pre-regulator in this power supply uses
solid-state transformer tap switches on the secondary winding of the power transformer. This
technique is very effective in reducing the power dissipated in the series element.

In terms of performance, a linear regulated supply has very precise regulating properties
and responds quickly to variations of the line and load. Hence, its line and load regulation and
transient recovery time are superior to supplies using other regulation techniques. A linear
power supply also exhibits low ripple and noise, tolerates ambient temperature changes, and is
highly reliable due to its circuit simplicity.

The linear regulator is controlled by a DAC driven by a digital circuit that provides a
voltage proportional to the program voltage. The power supply sends back to the control circuits
a voltage representing the output at the terminals. The control circuits receive information from
the front panel and send information to the display. Similarly, the control circuits “talks” to the
remote interface for input and output with the GPIB, RS-232, USB, or LAN interfaces. The
remote interface is at earth ground and is optically isolated from the control circuit and the
power supply.
 07

Switched-mode power supply

A switched-mode power supply, switching-mode power supply or SMPS, is an electronic power

supply unit (PSU) that incorporates a switching regulator. While a linear regulator maintains the
desired output voltage by dissipating excess power in a "pass" power transistor, the SMPS
rapidly switches a power transistor between saturation (full on) and cutoff (completely off) with a
variable duty cycle whose average is the desired output voltage. The resulting rectangular
waveform is low-pass filtered with an inductor and capacitor. The main advantage of this
method is greater efficiency because the switching transistor dissipates little power in the
saturated state and the off state compared to the semiconducting state (active region). Other
advantages include smaller size and lighter weight (from the elimination of low frequency
transformers which have a high weight) and lower heat generation from the higher efficiency.
Disadvantages include greater complexity, the generation of high amplitude, high frequency
energy that the low-pass filter must block to avoid EMI, and a ripple voltage at the switching
frequency and the harmonic frequencies thereof.

SMPS can be classified into four types according to the input and output waveforms, as follows.
 08

* AC in, DC out: rectifier, off-line converter input stage.

* DC in, DC out: voltage converter, or current converter, or DC to DC converter

* AC in, AC out: frequency changer, cycloconverter

* DC in, AC out: inverter

SMPS and Linear Power Supply comparison

There are two main types of regulated power supplies available: SMPS and linear. The reasons
for choosing one type or the other can be summarized as follows.

Comparison of a Linear power supply and a switched-mode power supply

Linear power
Switching power supply Notes
supply
A transformer's power handling
capacity of given size and weight
Huge due to low
increases with frequency
operating frequency Smaller due to higher
Size and provided that hysteresis losses
(mains power operating frequency
weight can be kept down. Therefore,
frequency is at 50 or (typically 50 kHz - 1 MHz)
higher operating frequency
60 Hz)
means either higher capacity or
smaller transformer.
Output Output can only Output is able to produce a A SMPS can usually cope with
voltage produce a voltage lower, higher or wider variation of input before the
positive/negative even negative to the input output voltage changes.
voltage which varies voltage with superior
depending on regulation.
 09

loading.
The only heat generated is in the
non-ideal aspects of the
components. Switching losses in
Output is regulated using the transistors, on-resistance of
Output voltage is duty cycle control, which the switching transistors,
Efficiency,
regulated by draws only the power equivalent series resistance in
heat, and
expending excess required by the load. In all the inductor and capacitors, and
power
power as heat, which SMPS topologies, the rectifier voltage drop will lower
dissipation
is inefficient. transistors are always SMPS efficiency. However, by
switched fully on or fully off. optimizing SMPS design, the
amount of power loss and heat
can be minimized. A good design
can have an efficiency of 95%.
Multiple voltages can be
generated by one transformer
Consists of a controller IC, core. For this SMPSs have to
Consists of a voltage
one or several power use duty cycle control. Both need
regulating IC or
transistors and diodes as a careful selection of their
Complexity discrete circuit and a
well as a power transformers. Due to the high
noise filtering
transformer, inductors, and operating frequencies in SMPSs,
capacitor.
filter capacitors. the stray inductance and
capacitance of the printed circuit
board traces become important.
EMI/RFI produced due to
No interference the current being switched Long wires between the
Radio produced, except on and off sharply. components may reduce the high
frequency possibility of mains Therefore, EMI filters and frequency filter efficiency
interference hum induction into RF shielding are needed to provided by the capacitors at the
unshielded cables. reduce the disruptive inlet and outlet.
interference.
Electronic Unregulated PSUs Noisier due to the switching This can be suppressed with
noise at the may have a small frequency of the SMPS. An capacitors and other filtering
output amount of AC "riding unfiltered output may cause equipment in the output stage.
terminals on" the DC glitches in digital circuits or
component at twice noise in audio circuits.
 010

the main frequency

(100-120 Hz). This
can cause an audible
mains hum in audio
equipment or
unexpected
brightness ripples or
other banded
distortions in analog
security cameras.
Very low cost SMPS may
couple electrical switching
noise back onto the mains
Electronic Causes harmonic power line, causing This can be prevented if a
noise at the distortion to the input interference with A/V (properly earthed) EMI/RFI filter
input AC, but no high equipment connected to the is connected between the input
terminals frequency noise. same phase. Non power- terminals and the bridge rectifier.
factor-corrected SMPSs
also cause harmonic
distortion.
Faint, usually
inaudible mains hum,
usually due to Inaudible to humans, unless The operating frequency of an
Acoustic
vibration of windings they have a fan or are unloaded SMPS is sometimes in
noise
in the transformer unloaded/malfunctioning. the audible human range.
and/or
magnetostriction.
Active/Passive power factor
Ranging from low to
Low because current correction in the SMPS can
medium since a simple
Power is drawn from the offset this problem and are even
SMPS without PFC draws
factor mains at the peaks of required by some electric
current spikes at the peaks
the voltage sinusoid. regulation authorities, particularly
of the AC sinusoid.
in Europe.
Risk of Limited to either the Common rail of equipment Due to regulations concerning
electric full mains voltage or (including casing) is EMI/RFI radiation, many SMPS
shock the secondary energised to half mains contain EMI/RFI filtering at the
 011

input stage before the bridge

rectifier consisting of capacitors
and inductors. Two capacitors
are connected in series with the
Live and Neutral rails with the
Earth connection in between the
two capacitors. This forms a
voltage unless equipment is
capacitive divider that energises
terminals in contact earthed/grounded or doesn't
the common rail at half mains
with the body. contain EMI/RFI filtering at
voltage. Its high impedance
the input terminals.
current source can provide a
tingling or a 'bite' to the operator
or can be exploited to light an
Earth Fault LED. However, this
current may cause nuisance
tripping on the most sensitive
residual-current devices.
The floating voltage is caused by
capacitors bridging the primary
Capable of destroying input
and secondary sides of the
Very low, unless a stages in amplifiers due to
power supply. A connection to
short occurs between the floating voltage being
Risk of earthed equipment will cause a
the primary and above the base-emitter
equipment momentary (and potentially
secondary windings breakdown voltage of the
destruction destructive) spike in current at
or the regulator fails transistor, causing the
the connector as the voltage at
by shorting internally. transistor's gain to drop and
the secondary side of the
noise levels to increase.
capacitor equalises to earth
potential.
 012

How an SMPS works

Block diagram of a mains operated AC-DC SMPS with output voltage regulation.

Input rectifier stage

AC, half-wave and full wave rectified signals

 013

If the SMPS has an AC input, then the first stage is to convert the input to DC. This is called
rectification. The rectifier circuit can be configured as a voltage doubler by the addition of a
switch operated either manually or automatically. This is a feature of larger supplies to permit
operation from nominally 120 volt or 240 volt supplies. The rectifier produces an unregulated
DC voltage which is then sent to a large filter capacitor. The current drawn from the mains
supply by this rectifier circuit occurs in short pulses around the AC voltage peaks. These
pulses have significant high frequency energy which reduces the power factor. Special control
techniques can be employed by the following SMPS to force the average input current to
follow the sinusoidal shape of the AC input voltage thus the designer should try correcting the
power factor. A SMPS with a DC input does not require this stage. An SMPS designed for AC
input can often be run from a DC supply (for 230V AC this would be 330V DC), as the DC
passes through the rectifier stage unchanged. It's however advisable to consult the manual
before trying this, though most supplies are quite capable of such operation even though
nothing is mentioned in the documentation. However, this type of use may be harmful to the
rectifier stage as it will only utilize half of diodes in the rectifier for the full load. This may result
in overheating of these components, and make them fail as short circuits.

If an input range switch is used, the rectifier stage is usually configured to operate as a
voltage doubler when operating on the low voltage (~120 VAC) range and as a straight
rectifier when operating on the high voltage (~240 VAC) range. If an input range switch is not
used, then a full-wave rectifier is usually used and the downstream inverter stage is simply
designed to be flexible enough to accept the wide range of dc voltages that will be produced
by the rectifier stage. In higher-power SMPSs, some form of automatic range switching may
be used1.

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Switched-mode_power_supply&amp
014
 015

PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND INTRODUCTION

Rollimited electronics cooperation is the company which designs, manufactures,

and test a wide variety of products. I as a technician have given an assignment to

develop and test a dc power supply that will be used in several different products

such as an individual counting system, supply for project board, a security alarm

and etc.

I am now working to make the project to produce power supply for project board.

When I going to have device like project board, several question might be

considered base on the customer needs2, and the consideration are as follows:

1. What do you expect from power supply?

2. How about the voltage that you prefer?
3. Suggestion on the material that can be used?
4. Any request about the weight and design of the circuit?
5. How about the costing of each power supply?
6. Any safety precaution? Request?
7. How about the suitable use?

2 Refer the MATRIX VALUATE ANALYSIS IN ENG. DESIGN

 016

1. Easy to used
2. The output voltage fixed to 12v and 5v
3. The Material used is long lasting and high durability.
4. Reduce the weight
5. Not more than RM50.00
6. Don’t have any extension circuit.
7. Just suitable for small voltage component.

The new concept of this power supply is to upgrade and improve the existing
product available at current market. So the requirements from the market or the
customers are imperative and must be followed unless very good justifications need
to be provided in this report. This product function is to supply a fixed voltage 12v
and 5v at a time to project board. Otherwise these products also save time because
this power supply is 2 in 1 and save budget. The price of this product is not less
than RM 50.00 and user friendly.
 017

Power Supplies circuit

The dc power supply that will be produce by Rollimited electronics Cooperation

Company is shown in figure 1 below.

P
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The basic specifications are as follows:

• Input voltage: 240V

• Output voltage (regulated ):5V dc and 12V dc ±10%
• Maximum ripple factor: 3%
• Maximum load current :250mA

Component

• Diode 1N4001
• Capacitor 1000µf
• Capacitor 47µf/25v 2 unit
• IC regulator LM7805
 018

• IC regulator LM7812

The operation involve in this circuit

Each of the blocks is described in more detail below:

• Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.

• Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.

• Smoothing - smooths the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple.

• Regulator - eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.

Power supplies made from these blocks are described below with a circuit diagram
and a graph of their output:

• Transformer only

• Transformer + Rectifier

• Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing

• Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator

 019

Transformer
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of
power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains
electricity is AC.

Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage.

Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high
mains voltage (230V) to a safer low voltage.

The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary.
There is no electrical connection between the two coils, instead they are linked by
an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The
two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core.

Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the
power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up.

The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio, determines the
ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its
primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a
small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

V N power out = powe

turns rati p p and r in
o= V =N
Vs × Is = Vp × Ip
s s

Vp = primary (input) voltage Vs = secondary (output)

Np = number of turns on voltage
primary coil Ns = number of turns on
Ip = primary (input) current secondary coil
 020

Is = secondary (output)
current

The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special AC motors. It is
not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a rectifier and a smoothing
capacitor. For this circuit, type of this transformer is step down and input for this
transformer we use 230V AC and the output is 6v.

DATA SHEET OF TRANSFOMER

Specification Model : HT-6E1

Input AC 115V/230V

Output 6V 0 6V

Capacity 1000mA

Net weight 331g

 021

Diode

Example: Circuit symbol:

Function

Diodes allow electricity to flow in only one direction. The arrow of the circuit symbol
shows the direction in which the current can flow. Diodes are the electrical version
of a valve and early diodes were actually called valves.

Forward Voltage Drop

Electricity uses up a little energy pushing its way through the diode, rather like a
person pushing through a door with a spring. This means that there is a small
voltage across a conducting diode, it is called the forward voltage drop and is about
0.7V for all normal diodes which are made from silicon. The forward voltage drop of
a diode is almost constant whatever the current passing through the diode so they
have a very steep characteristic (current-voltage graph).

Reverse Voltage

When a reverse voltage is applied a

perfect diode does not conduct, but all
real diodes leak a very tiny current of a few
µA or less. This can be ignored in most
circuits because it will be very much
smaller than the current flowing in the
forward direction. However, all diodes have
a maximum reverse voltage (usually 50V or
more) and if this is exceeded the diode will
fail and pass a large current in the reverse
direction, this is called breakdown.
 022

Rectifier
There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert AC to DC. The
bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces full-wave varying DC. A full-wave rectifier
can also be made from just two diodes if a centre-tap transformer is used, but this method is
rarely used now that diodes are cheaper. A single diode can be used as a rectifier but it only
uses the positive (+) parts of the AC wave to produce half-wave varying DC.

Rectifier diodes (large current)

Rectifier diodes are used in power supplies to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current
(DC), a process called rectification. They are also used elsewhere in circuits where a large
current must pass through the diode.

All rectifier diodes are made from silicon and therefore have a forward voltage drop of 0.7V. The
table shows maximum current and maximum reverse voltage for some popular rectifier diodes.
The 1N4001 is suitable for
most low voltage circuits with Maximum
Maximum
a current of less than 1A. Diode Reverse
Current
Voltage
1N4001 1A 50V
1N4002 1A 100V
1N4007 1A 1000V
1N5401 3A 100V
1N5408 3A 1000V
 023

Transformer + Rectifier

Bridge rectifier (full-wave rectifier)

Alternate pairs of diodes conduct, changing over the connections so the alternating
directions of AC are converted to the one direction of DC
 024

Capacitors
Electrolytic Capacitors (Electrochemical
type capacitors)

Aluminum is used for the electrodes by using a

thin oxidization membrane.
Large values of capacitance can be obtained in
comparison with the size of the capacitor,
because the dielectric used is very thin.
The most important characteristic of
electrolytic capacitors is that they have
polarity. They have a positive and a negative
electrode.[Polarised] This means that it is very
important which way round they are connected. If the capacitor is subjected to
voltage exceeding its working voltage, or if it is connected with incorrect polarity, it
may burst. It is extremely dangerous, because it can quite literally explode. Make
absolutely no mistakes.
Generally, in the circuit diagram, the positive side is indicated by a "+" (plus)
symbol.
Electrolytic capacitors range in value from about 1µF to thousands of µF. mainly this
type of capacitor is used as a ripple filter in a power supply circuit, or as a filter to
bypass low frequency signals, etc. Because this type of capacitor is comparatively
similar to the nature of a coil in construction, it isn't possible to use for high-
frequency circuits. (It is said that the frequency characteristic is bad.)

The photograph on the left is an example of the different values of electrolytic

capacitors in which the capacitance and voltage differ.
From the left to right:
220µF (25V) [diameter 8 mm, high 12 mm]
1000µF (50V) [diameter 18 mm, high 40 mm]

The size of the capacitor sometimes depends on the manufacturer. So the sizes
 025

shown here on this page are just examples.

In the photograph to the right, the mark indicating the negative lead of the
component can be seen.
You need to pay attention to the polarity indication so as not to make a mistake
when you assemble the circuit.

Smoothing
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the
DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying
DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying
DC (dotted line) and the smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly
near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the
output.

Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the
peak value (1.4 × RMS value). For example 6V RMS AC is rectified to full wave DC of
about 4.6V RMS (1.4V is lost in the bridge rectifier), with smoothing this increases to
almost the peak value giving 1.4 × 4.6 = 6.4V smooth DC.

Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a little as it discharges,
giving a small ripple voltage. For many circuits a ripple which is 10% of the supply
voltage is satisfactory and the equation below gives the required value for the
 026

smoothing capacitor. A larger capacitor will reduce ripple. The capacitor value must
be doubled when smoothing half-wave DC.

5 ×
Smoothing capacitor for 10% Io
ripple, C = Vs ×
f

C = smoothing capacitance in farads (F)

Io = output current from the supply in amps (A)
Vs = supply voltage in volts (V), this is the peak value of the unsmoothed DC
f = frequency of the AC supply in hertz (Hz), 50Hz in Malaysia

Ceramic Capacitors
Ceramic capacitors are constructed with materials such
as titanium acid barium used as the dielectric. Internally,
these capacitors are not constructed as a coil, so they can
be used in high frequency applications. Typically, they are
used in circuits which bypass high frequency signals to
ground.
These capacitors have the shape of a disk. Their
capacitance is comparatively small.

The capacitor on the left is a 100pF capacitor with a diameter of about 3 mm.
The capacitor on the right side is printed with 103, so 10 x 10 3pF becomes 0.01 µF.
The diameter of the disk is about 6 mm.
Ceramic capacitors have no polarity.
Ceramic capacitors should not be used for analog circuits, because they can distort
the signal.
 027

Regulator

Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable
output voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass.
Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most
regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload
protection') and overheating ('thermal protection'). Many of the fixed voltage
regulators ICs have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V
1A regulator shown on the right. They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if
necessary.
 028

Construction

1. Cut a piece of stripboard to.

2. Fit the five wire links (two input ac, two outputs 12V and 5V and ground).
 029

3. Fit the four 1N4001 diodes, taking care that the polarity of each one is
correct.

4. Fit the 47μF and the single 1000µf capacitors. Ensure that the polarity of the
1000µf capacitor is correct. The leads will be marked with '+' or '-'.

5. Fit the two terminal blocks.

6. Bolt the heatsink to the board.

7. Bend the leads of the LM 7805 and LM7812 and position it. Bolt it into place
before soldering the leads to the board.

8. Connect up a 7V - 35V AC power supply and test the circuit by placing a volt
meter across the DC Output terminals. The voltage should read
approximately 5V DC.
 030

Casing design

Estimate coast
 031

Component/materi unit Coast per unit(RM) Total coast(RM)

al

transformer 1 15.00 15.00

Capacitor 47µF 2 0.80 1.60

Capacitor 1000µF 1 1.50 1.50

IC regulator 1 1.50 1.50

LM7805

IC regulator 1 1.50 1.50

LM7812

Diode 1N4001 4 0.50 2.00

Socket 1 1.50 1.50

Socket output port 3 0.50 1.50

Plywood 1m*1m 1 5.00 5.00

Nail 1.00

Varnish 1 3.00 3.00

Bolt and screw 2 0.80 1.60

total 36.7
 032

Gantt chart

TASK NAME DA

i. Assessment 1 released 29/07/08

a. Complete task 1 29/07/08
b. Material/component selection 29/07/08
c. Buy the material/component 6/08/08
d. Sketch the circuit 29/07/08
 033

General Statement of the Problem

After designing any electronic equipment, the engineers or designers should

know the type of the power supply to incorporate in their end product. A well
designer power supply in all equipment should improve both the performance and
reliability of the total system at no additional cost. The common problem for
electronic designers is to identify the suitable power supply that gain competitive
qualities in electronics market. One of the most important criteria for good power
supply is the ability to keep the voltage constant under input voltage disturbance.
Developing guideline that will facilitate engineers and designers to know the
characteristics of both linear and switching mode power supply will allow them to be
more competitive. It is also important to know that in most cases the average power
supply purchaser doesn’t know most of these details all that much. The designer
should ensure that his power supply has the unique aspects, but not far from those
of other power suppliers. He should also consider the power supply’s weight, cost,
power efficiency, and space of the equipment that will need this power supply.

As conclusion, we know that power supplies are essential part of all

electronic system. When dealing with electronic circuits, we have to meet the basic
requirement of providing electrical power for them to work.

The basic purpose of a power supply is to provide one or more fixed voltages to the
working circuit, with sufficient current-handling capacity to maintain the operating
conditions of the circuit.

The basic power supply is consist of major component such as transformer,

rectifier, filter and regulator .All of them have their own job to make the power
supply system is function. Apart from the major component, it is also included of
grounded plug, fuses and switch.

As we know, generally any basic switched power supply consists of five

standard components which are set up from a pulse-width modulating controller, a
transistor switch, an inductor, a capacitor and a diode. A switch mode power supply
is a widely used circuit nowadays and it is used in a system such as a computer,
television receiver and battery charger.
 034

Reference:
Brown,Marty

Practical switching Power Supply Design, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1990.

Gottlieb, Irving M.,

Power Supply, switching Regulators, Inverters, and Converters, 2nd Edition.TAB

Books,1994.

Internet link reference:

http://www.eleinmec.com/article.asp?20

http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/powersup.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Switched-mode_power_supply&amp

http://www.hobby-elec.org/e_diode.htm

http://www.hobby-elec.org/e_capa.htm

WWW.ALLDATASHEET.COM
 035

APPEDICES: