INTRODUCTION

This Timesaver has been created after some experecience with my students. I
hope it helps other teachers as much as it has helped me. Since it is photocopiable,
it will save time to busy teachers.

Each unit contains a brief and simple explanation of the Grammar point with
a set of exercises where students can show their knowledge.

Thanks mom, you've always believed in me.

1
 INDEX

Present Simple.......................................................................................... 3

Present Continuous................................................................................... 5
Exercises Present Simple-Present Continuous................. 8
Past Simple................................................................................................. 10
Irregular Verbs...................................................................... 13
Past Continuous........................................................................................ 15
Future with Going to................................................................................. 18
Future with Will........................................................................................ 20
Comparatives & Superlatives............................................................. ... 21
Present Perfect............................................................................................ 22
Past Perfect................................................................................................. 26
Conditionals............................................................................................... 27
Reported Speech....................................................................................... 29
Passive Voice............................................................................................. 33

Check-out Exercises................................................................................. 37
Verb Review............................................................................................... 40
Grammar Review...................................................................................... 41

2
 PRESENT SIMPLE

FORMS:
AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION NEGATIVE
I work Do I work? I don’t/do not work
You work Do you work? You don’t/do not work
He/she/it works Does he/she/it work? He/she/it doesn’t/does not
We work Do we work? work
You work Do you work? We don’t/do not work
They work Do they work? You don’t/… work
They don’t/… work

SPELLING (3rd p. singular):

Most of verbs: add –S
work  works rain  rains
read  reads make  makes
play  plays live lives

Verbs ending in –S,-Z,-CH,-SH,-X: + es

miss  misses push  pushes
buzz  buzzes fix  fixes
watch  watches

Verbs ending in cons.+Y: i + es

cry  cries
hurry  hurries
try  tries
Exceptions:
have  has
go  goes
do does
USES:
To talk about things that happen regularly, repeatedly or always and about general
truths and opinions.
Ex.:
He takes a shower every night.
Water boils at 90ºCelsius.
Alice works in a big company.
I like red wine.

3
EXERCISES:

Complete when it’s necessary with the correct form of the present simple:
I belive__ you.
She go__ to the beach.
Sarah _____ a lot of exams. (to have)
John frequently forget__ the key of the car.
He speak__ Japanese.
How much do__ it cost?
Peter watch__ TV during the night.
You never want__ to study.
Nina’s father smoke__.
She do__ not/ _____ like apples.
Where do__ they live?
This glue fix__ everything
What do__ you think?
He _______ more money. (not have)
Brian drive__ the car very fast.
You _____ a good student. (to be)
They go__ to Seville every year.
He push__ the glasses to open the window.
Mary always finish__ her homework.

Choose the correct form:

The baby cry/ cries/crys every morning.
She go/goes to the swimming pool on Tuesdays.
They study/studys/studies English literature.
Anne haves/has/ have/ too much homework.
Do/does she want/wants more water?
Peter play/plays/playes the guitar.
I tries/ tryes /try to finish my homework.
Where does/ do they live/lives?
Do/does you have/has a pen?
What kind of salad do/does he prefers/prefer?
She don’t/doesn’t/do not like/likes vegetables.
He miss/misses his girlfriend.
It snow/snows/snowes a lot in Finland.
I has/have more toys than you.
Why doesn’t/don’t you like chocolate?
This mosquito buzz/buzzs/buzzes like a hundred of bees.

4
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS

FORMS:

AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION NEGATIVE

I’m/am working Am I working? I’ m/am not working
You’re/are working Are you working? You are not/aren’t working
He/she/it’s/is working Is he/she/it working? He/she/it is not/isn’t working
We’re/are working Are we working? We are not/aren’t working
You’re/are working Are you working? You are not/aren’t working
They’re/are working Are they working? They are not/aren’t working

SPELLING:
Most of verbs: add –ing
work  working go  going
read  reading play  playing

Verbs ending in –e: lose –e and add-ing

make  making
live living

Verbs ending in ie: change ie into Y+ing

die  dying
lie  lying

Verbs ending in –P, –R, –L,-T, -M usually double the consonant before ing
swim  swimming travel  travelling
stop  stopping sit  sitting
USES:

To talk about an action that is happening at the time of speaking.

Ex.:
Someone is making noise outside.
I’m waiting for the train to arrive.

To talk about a planned action that will take place in the near future.
Ex.:
We are meeting Paul tonight.
Mary is coming to the pub with us.

5
 EXERCISES:

Write the requested form of the next sentences:

I’m doing my homework right now.

NEG.:___________________________________________________________

QUEST.:________________________________________________________?

You aren’t making a great work in the company.

AFFIRM.:________________________________________________________

QUEST.:________________________________________________________?

He is writing a letter for his friend.

NEG.:___________________________________________________________

QUEST.:________________________________________________________?

We are having a nice dinner altogether.

NEG.:___________________________________________________________

QUEST.:________________________________________________________?

They are waiting for the exam results at this moment.

NEG.:___________________________________________________________

QUEST.:________________________________________________________?

Are you waiting for the train during long time?

AFFIRM.:________________________________________________________

NEG.:__________________________________________________________?

6
 She is not coming to the concert next Monday.

AFFIRM.:________________________________________________________

QUEST.:________________________________________________________?

Is Peter working now?

AFFIRM.:________________________________________________________

NEG.:__________________________________________________________?

Alice and Peter are painting the roof.

NEG.: ___________________________________________________________

QUEST.:________________________________________________________?

7
 EXERCISES: PRESENT SIMPLE -PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Complete this chunk of a tour speech with the correct form of the verb
(present simple or present continuous) in the brackets.

Hello and welcome to the Western Studios tour. At the moment we

_____________ (go) into Studio A. In this building on the left they ____________

(make) several TV drams, but they ______________ (not film) today, because the

workmen ______________ (build) the scenery for a new series of Harper Street. Over

a hundred builders, painters, joiners and electricians _____________ (work) here at

Western TV Studios. Now we _____________ (leave) studio A and we

_____________ (go) past the costume department. The people here _____________

(make) and ____________ (repair) the clothes for the actors and actresses. This room

_____________ (contain) over 2,000 dresses. And now we _____________ (come) to

Studio B, but we have to wait for the green light. The red light means that they

_____________ (shoot) a film. While we _____________ (wait) let me tell you some

things about Western TV. We _____________ (make) programmes for television and

we ______________ (sell) them to TV stations here and around the world. We

normally _____________ (film) an episode of San Francisco Night. Well, now we’ve

go the green light and…

Complete with the present simple or present continuous form of the verb
in the brackets:
She usually ______________ (eat) fish.

The sun ___________ (set) in the west.

I rarely ____________ (see) Peter these days.

John always _______________ (ask) questions about the lesson.

_______ Betty ________ (work) now?

We ____________ (go) to the cinema occasionally.

My sister _______________ (live) at home for the moment.

Mary ____________ (play) the piano.

8
 Mary ______________ (play) the piano at this moment.

Sometimes he _____________ (play) cards.

What _____ you _______ (do) this weekend?

I _____________ (not go) out tonight.

She ___________ (take) her son to school everyday.

My dog ____________ (bark) now.

He always ____________ (pay) his bills.

Where ________ she ________ (have) dinner tonight?

I ______________ (not belive) this story.

Why _________ he _________ (leave) the party now?

The Earth _________ (go) around the Sun.

She __________ (play) in a football team.

What _________ they __________ (think) about the film?

________ they _________ (live) in your house during these weeks?

He ___________ (have) a new bicycle.

The baby ___________ (cry) every night.

Harry never ____________ (finish) her homework.

They _________ (visit) London every year.

My father ____________ (smoke)

My father ____________ (smoke) a cigarette in the room.

I ____________ (wait) for the bus, but it _____________ (not come).

_______ you __________ (like) apple pie?

He ____________ (not have) enough money to buy the book.

My mom _____________ (cook) a cake for me next Saturday.

Martin ____________ (have) a lot of friends.

I _____________ (work) hard at the moment because I _________ (have) a lot of

exams.

9
 PAST SIMPLE

FORMS:

AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION NEGATIVE

I worked Did I work? I didn’t/did not work
You worked Did you work? You didn’t/did not work
He/she/it worked Did he/she/it work? He/she/it didn’t/did not work
We worked Did we work? We didn’t/did not work
You worked Did you work? You didn’t/did not work
They worked Did they work? They didn’t/did not work

SPELLING OF REGULAR VERBS:

Most of verbs: add –ed
visit  visited rain  rained
help  helped show  showed

Verbs ending in –e: add –d

live  lived hope  hoped
decide  decided change  changed

Verbs ending in cons.+Y: i + ed

cry  cried
hurry  hurried
try  tried

Verbs ending in a stressed vowel+consonant (except W or Y): double the

consonant and add –ed
shop  shopped
refer  referred
plan  planned
USES:

To talk about past events, to make reference to finished periods.

Ex.:
Peter broke a window last night.
I saw John yesterday morning.
Alice worked in a big company eight years ago.
I spent all my childhood in Scotland.

10
 EXERCISES:
Write the requested form of the next sentences:

She spent more than she had.

NEG.:___________________________________________________________

QUEST.:________________________________________________________?

He didn’t travel to Norway last summer.

AFFIRM.:________________________________________________________

QUEST.:________________________________________________________?

The stone didn’t destroy the car.

AFFIRM.:________________________________________________________

QUEST.:________________________________________________________?

Did they plan the robbery?

AFFIRM.:________________________________________________________

NEG.:________________________________________________________?

Write the past of the next verbs in the correct columns:

ARRIVE – START – RAIN – MOVE – MARRY – SCORE – FIRE – STOP- VISIT –

SLIP WORRY – DIE – SNOW - TRAVEL – ASK – HURRY – CLEAN – FINISH –
PLAY- REGRET – DECIDE – REFER
-d -ed -y to -ied Double the letter

11
 Put the words in the right order to make coherent sentences:

move / you/ did /when / here ?

_______________________________________________________________________

America / did / discover / when / Columbus ?

__________________________________________________________________________

at / arrive / today / when / she / did / school ?

__________________________________________________________________________

do / night / did / last / what / they ?

__________________________________________________________________________

many / how / women / he / marry / did ?

__________________________________________________________________________

happened / yesterday / what ?

__________________________________________________________________________

time / she / homework / start / what / her / did ?

__________________________________________________________________________

Complete this chart:

PRESENT does don’t do doesn’t go get have hasn’t is aren’t

PAST

How many verbs in the past tense can you find in this word square?

L I D I D N T C U M
A N Q B S X P T D B
D J W S A I D F R O
O F E A I E W A S U
S O T W E R E A B G
P U T H D P N V O H
Z N H A G O T W D T
E D I D E G J Y K O
R E K M H E A R D N

12
 IRREGULAR VERBS
INFINITIVE PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE TRANSLATION
Be Was / were Been Ser, estar
Become Became Become Convertirse, llegar a ser
Begin Began Begun Empezar
Bite Bit Bitten Morder
Break Broke Broken Romper
Bring Brought Brought Traer
Build Built Built Construir
Buy Bought Bought Comprar
Choose Chose Chosen Escoger
Come Came Come Venir
Cut Cut Cut Cortar
Do Did Done Hacer
Draw Drew Drawn Dibujar
Drink Drank Drunk Beber
Drive Drove Driven Conducir
Eat Ate Eaten Comer
Feel Felt Felt Sentir
Find Found Found Encontrar
Forget Forgot Forgotten Olvidar
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Perdonar
Get Got Got Conseguir
Give Gave Given Dar
Go Went Gone Ir
Have Had Had Tener
Hear Heard Heard Oír
Hide Hid Hidden Esconder
Hit Hit Hit Golpear
Hold Held Held Sostener
Keep Kept Kept Guardar, mantener
Know Knew Known Saber
Leave Left Left Dejar, salir
Lose Lost Lost Perder
Make Made Made Hacer, fabricar
Meet Met Met Conocer, encontrarse
Pay Paid Paid Pagar
Put Put Put Poner
Read Read Read Leer
Run Ran Run Correr
Say Said Said Decir

13
INFINITIVE PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE TRANSLATION
See Saw Seen Ver
Sell Sold Sold Vender
Send Sent Sent Enviar, mandar
Sing Sang Sung Cantar
Sit Sat Sat Sentarse
Sleep Slept Slept Dormir
Speak Spoke Spoken Hablar
Spend Spent Spent Gastar
Steal Stole Stolen Robar
Swim Swam Swum Nadar
Take Took Taken Coger
Teach Taught Taught Enseñar (profesor)
Tell Told Told Contar (historias, etc.)
Think Thought Thought Pensar
Understand Understood Understood Entender
Win Won Won Ganar (juegos)
Write Wrote Written Escribir

14
 PAST CONTINUOUS

FORMS:

AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION NEGATIVE

I was working Was I working? I was not/wasn’t working
You were working Were you working? You were not/weren’t
He/she/it was working Was he/she/it working? working
We were working Were we working? He/she/it wasn’t working
You were working Were you working? We weren’t working
They were working Were they working? You weren’t working
They weren’t working

SPELLING:
Most of verbs: add –ing
work  working go  going
read  reading play  playing

Verbs ending in –e: lose –e and add-ing

(but not –ee: see  seeing)
make  making
live living

Verbs ending in ie: change ie into Y+ing

die  dying
lie  lying

Verbs ending in –P, –R, –L,-T, -M usually double the consonant before ing
swim  swimming travel  travelling
sit  sitting stop  stopping

USES:

To talk about something in progress around a particular past time.

Ex.:
What were you doing at eight o’clock yesterday evening? I was watching
TV.
This morning the sun was shining and birds were singing.

15
NOTE!! The Past Continuous refers to a longer action or situation; the Past Simple
refers to a shorter action or event that happened in the middle of the longer action.
Ex.:
The phone rang while I was having dinner.
He came into my room when I was studying

EXERCISES:

Write the requested form of the next sentences:

Mozart was composing the Requiem when he died.

NEG.:___________________________________________________________

QUEST.:________________________________________________________?

Was she still waiting when the bus came?

AFFIRM.:________________________________________________________

NEG.:___________________________________________________________
They were walking down the road, so they saw him.

NEG.:___________________________________________________________

QUEST.:________________________________________________________?

The children weren’t cleaning their rooms when you came

AFFIRM.:________________________________________________________

QUEST.:________________________________________________________?

Past Simple or Past Continuous?

I ___________ (not live) in Germany when I ___________ (meet) my husband.

Our team ____________ (play) really well. We _____________ (win) at half a

time, but in the end we ______________ (lose) 3-2.

16
 Jack _______________ (play) happily with his toys when his big brother

___________ (hit) him on the head and ___________ (make) him cry.

It ______________ (snow) when I _____________ (get up) this morning. The

children ______________ (make) a snowman, so I quickly ___________ (put) on

some warm clothes and _______________ (run) outside to help them.

We ____________ (walk) across a field and suddenly a bull ____________

(attack) us.

When I ____________ (come) back home I ______________ (find) that the water

_______________ (run) down.

The man ___________ (fall) down because he ______________ (wear) his

wooden leg.

I ________________ (read) Tolstoy’s War and Peace on the flight.

Mary ______________ (not go) to the barbecue tonight.

He _____________ (fall) down and _____________ (break) his arm when

he____________ (skate).

He ____________ (have) enough time but he ______________ (not finish) his

work.

I _______________ (dial) your telephone number just when you ____________

(come).

The private investigator ________________ (not realize) that she

_____________ (lie) me when she _____________ (tell) him about her life.

17
 FUTURE WITH GOING TO

FORMS:

AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION NEGATIVE

I am going to work
You are going to work
He/she/it is going to work
We are going to work
You are going to work
They are going to work
Am I going to work?
Are you going to work?
Is he/she/it going to work?
Are we going to work?
Are you going to work?
Are they going to work?
I’ m not going to work
You aren’t going to work
He/she/it isn’t going to work
We aren’t going to work
You aren’t going to work
They aren’t going to work

STRUCTURE:
Pronoun + be going to + verb (Infinitive)
USES:
To talk about plans and intentions
Ex.:
I’m going to buy a car next week.
John is going to paint the room next Saturday.
Mary’s going to have a baby in June.

To talk about things that we can see or feel about the future.
Ex.:
Look at those clouds! It’s going to rain.
Things are going to get better soon.
I feel terrible! I think I’m going to be sick.

EXERCISES:
Write the words in the correct order:

we / photographs / to / aren’t / any / going / take

_____________________________________________________________

are / to / when / have / we / lunch / going?

____________________________________________________________ ?

not / going / drive / to / to / I’m / London

_____________________________________________________________

18
 tonight / you / see / I / to / am / going?

____________________________________________________________ ?

to / you / going / letter / ‘re / write / a?

____________________________________________________________ ?

Delete the incorrect form:

This year I’m going to / will work much harder.

There’s someone at the door. I’m going to / will go.

The telephone is ringing. Can you get it? I’m going to / ‘ll have a shower.

Why are you polishing your car? We’re going to / will sell it.

Can you call him back? We are just going to / will just have lunch.

Complete the following sentences using will or going to:

A I __________________ make myself a sandwich. Do you want one?

B No thanks. I __________________ have something later.

A Helen and Les ___________________ visit Paris on their holidays.

B How wonderful! They __________________ love it, especially Disneyland.

A Bye, Mum. I ________________ meet Tom and Mel. I

_______________ be back at about ten o’clock.

B Have a good time, but don’t be late again or I ______________ be

furious.

A I’m tired. I think I ________________ go to bed.

B Goodnight. I ___________________ watch the news, then I ______________

join you.

A John ________________ be angry with me when he find out I’ve smashed

the car.

B He _______________ understand. Just tell him that it wasn’t your fault.

19

FORMS:
AFFIRMATIVE
I ‘ll / will work
You ‘ll / will work
He/she/it ‘ll / will work
We ‘ll / will work
You ‘ll / will work
They ‘ll / will work
FUTURE WITH WILL
QUESTION NEGATIVE
Will I work? I won’t / will not work
Will you work? You won’t / will not work
Will he/she/it work? He/she/it won’t / will not work
Will we work? We won’t / will not work
Will you work? You won’t / will not work
Will they work? They won’t / will not work

USES:
To make predictions or general statements about the future.
Ex.:
Soon everybody will have a computer at home.
All the people will be at the wedding.
In thirteen minutes the alarm will go off.

To express a decision made at the moment of speaking.

Ex.:
I think I’ll go to bed.
The TV is very loud. I’ll turn it down.

EXERCISES:
Complete using will and the verb between brackets:
Would you like to fly a plane?

We ____________________ (give) you the chance, because we’re offering a free

lesson. First your instructor ______________________ (teach) you some important

things about flying and safety. Then you ______________________ (be)

ready for a flight in one of our planes. And you _______________________ (take)

the controls of a short time. Don’t worry! The instructor _____________________

(have) controls, too. You ___________________ (not belive) it until you try. In fact

we think you ______________________ (enjoy) it so much that you

________________________ (want) to book more lessons. So fill in the form and we

________________________ (arrange) your free lesson.

20
 COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES

FORMS:
ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
tall taller the tallest
ONE SYLLABLE
cold colder the coldest
ONE SYLLABLE: hot hotter the hottest
VOWEL + ONE thin thinner the thinnest
CONSONANT big bigger the biggest
TWO heavier the heaviest
heavy
SYLLABLES: prettier the prettiest
pretty
CONSONANT + Y
TWO or MORE modern more modern the most modern
SYLLABLES expensive more expensive the most expensive
good better the best
IRREGULAR
bad worse the worst
ADJECTIVES
far further the furthest

A comparative adjective is usually followed by than.

Ex.: Peter is taller than John.

We also use the construction as/so … as … (= tan … como…) to make

comparisons.
Ex.: His house is as big as mine.
Silver isn’t so expensive as gold.

EXERCISES:

Complete putting the adjectives between brackets in the comparative or

superlative:

Which is __________________ (high) mountain in the world?

Which animal is ________________ (fast), a monkey or a lion?

Which is __________________ (big) island in the world?

Which country has __________________ (large) population in the world?

21
 Write the comparative and superlative of these adjectives:
ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Interesting

Expensive

Thick

Friendly

Fine

Thin

Difficult

Easy

Wonderful

Sunny

Fat

Long

Warm

Wise

Old

Happy

Slim

Shot

Nice

Relaxed

Fit

Complete the rules and illustrate the with examples:

To make comparatives we usually add ___________ to the adjective.

To make superlatives we usually add _____________ to the adjective, as for

example:
_______________ - _______________ - ____________________

22
 PRESENT PERFECT

FORMS:

AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION NEGATIVE

I have worked Have I worked? I haven’t/have not worked
You have worked Have you worked? You haven’t/have not worked
He/she/it has worked Has he/she/it worked? He/she/it hasn’t worked
We have worked Have we worked? We haven’t worked
You have worked Have you worked? You haven’t worked
They have worked Have they worked? They haven’t worked

STRUCTURE:
Pronoun + to have (present) + verb (past participle)

USES:
The Present Perfect links the “recent” past with the present:

PAST PRESENT

If we say that something has happened, we are thinking about the past and the
present at the same time.
Ex.:
Our dog has died. (  Our dog is dead now)
I have broken my leg. (  My leg is broken now)
Mary has have a baby. ( Mary has a baby now)
We have lived here for two years. ( We still live here now)

Note that the event starts in a “recent” past but it continues in the present.

EXERCISES:

Complete the rules with the names of the tenses:

We use the _______________________ to talk about an action

which started in the past and continues in the present.

We use the _______________________ to talk about an action which

started and finished in the past.

23
 We use the _______________________ to talk about an action at an
indefinite time up to the present.

We use the ___________________ to talk about an action at a definite time

in the past.

Find the past participle of the next verbs in the word square:
LEAVE – RUN – BE – THROW – PUT – TAKE – OPEN – NEED – WIN – WRITE –
LOSE - SEE – BREAK – WANT – GO – HAVE – DRIVE – LEAD – DROP – EAT –
STEAL – LIVE - DECIDE – CHANGE – DO – FORGET – RIDE – LAND - TELL

B U F T M D W I W O W A C
K L E F T F S E O W R U N
M O N B V B E E N S I S R
T S I B L V E W S F T K I
R T H R O W N E P U T A S
H I P O L A J G E G E E F
H T A K E N Y O P E N E D
C K S E D T H N P L M N E
H B N N E E D E D M H G C
A F F X Z D C Z O Y T L I
N B O N H I R P N M H A D
G M R Y D R I V E N I P E
E C G U I H D D A T L E D
D R O P P E D I J L A N S
A N T E L L E A T E N E E
E S T O L E N E O B D J P
I N E D O M A B L E E U H
K E N Y L I V E D U D O N

Write dialogues using the given information:

see the new Disney’s film/ see it on Saturday.

Have you seen the new Disney’s film?
Yes, I saw it on Saturday.

try the new Italian restaurant/ eat there yesterday.

____________________________________________________________ ?

_____________________________________________________________

24
 be in Brazil/ go there last year.

____________________________________________________________ ?

_____________________________________________________________

ever ride a horse/ go riding once on holiday.

____________________________________________________________ ?

_____________________________________________________________

read this magazine/ read it last night.

____________________________________________________________ ?

_____________________________________________________________

ever run a marathon/ do the London marathon two years ago.

____________________________________________________________ ?

_____________________________________________________________

Read the text and choose the correct tense:

WHO WANTS TO BE A MILLIONAIRE?

Last February Bert and Emily Atkins won / have won 1 million $ on the lottery.

How have their lives changed /did their lives change since then? Well, the simple

answer is their lives haven’t changed / didn’t change at all! They still live / have

lived in their little house. “We don’t want to move” says Emily. “We ‘ve lived / live

here since 1970, and all our friends are around here”. Bert didn’t give up / hasn’t

given up his job at the local factory. He works / has worked there for thirty years. So

what difference has the money made / did the money make to their lives? “Well, we

buy / have bought a car” says Emily. “And we have booked / booked a holiday in

Florida. We never went / ‘ve never been abroad and I ‘ve always wanted / always

wanted go to Florida. My sister’s family have gone / went last year. They have had /

had a lonely time. We ‘re going /go next year.

25
 PAST PERFECT

FORMS:

AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION NEGATIVE

I had worked Had I worked? I hadn’t/had not worked
You had worked Had you worked? You hadn’t/had not worked
He/she/it had worked Had he/she/it worked? He/she/it hadn’t worked
We had worked Had we worked? We hadn’t worked
You had worked Had you worked? You hadn’t worked
They had worked Had they worked? They hadn’t worked

STRUCTURE:
Pronoun + to have (past) + verb (past participle)
USES:
The Past Perfect describes an event that occurred before another event in the
past.
Ex.:
Mary went to the hospital because she had had an accident.
I thought that he had sent the letter last week.
When I arrived to the party, Lucy had already gone.

EXERCISES:

Delete the incorrect tense.

I hadn’t been / wasn’t hungry at lunchtime because I ‘d had / had

something earlier.
We hadn’t had / didn’t have any lunch yesterday. When we had come /
came home we had found / found that the dog ate / had eaten it.
I had met / met an old school friend last week. I hadn’t seen / didn’t see
her for years.
We had gone /went to Rome last year. I had never been / was never there
before.
Bruce Springsteen had become /became famous with his record Born in the
U.S.A., but in fact he had already made /already made several records before
then.
When Margaret Thatcher had resigned / resigned in 1990, she had been /
was Prime Minister for eleven years.

26
 CONDITIONALS

IF- CLAUSES:

FIRST CONDITIONAL SECOND CONDITIONAL

FORMS: FORMS:

IF-CLAUSE  Present Simple IF-CLAUSE  Past Simple

MAIN CLAUSE  Future with will MAIN CLAUSE  Conditional (would)

Ex.: Ex.:

If you study hard, you’ll pass the exam. If I had money, I’d buy a new car.

I’ll spend all my money if I don’t save it. I wouldn’t ask you if I knew the answer.

USES: USES:
First Conditionals predict the Second Conditionals describe
effects of a real or probable action or unreal, improbable or imaginary situations.
event.

Ex.: Ex.:
We won’t go out if it rains. If we won a lot of money, we would be

If I see him, I’ll tell him. rich.

If I saw a ghost, I would shout.

NOTE! First & Second Conditionals refer to present or future. The difference is how
probable the action is.
Ex.:
If I win the competition, I’ll be the champion.  (I think it is possible that I win)

If I won the competition, I’d be the champion.  (I think it is improbable)

27
 EXERCISES:

Match clauses in box A with those from box B:

A B
If I found a credit card, You won’t watch the football match.
I’ll play the guitar I’ll be very happy.
If it’s sunny tomorrow, I would call the police.
I’ll tell him your news If it rains tomorrow.
If I wasn’t at work, If I see him.
I’d go round the world I wouldn’t use it.
If the TV doesn’t work If you sing.
We won’t go to the beach She’d be very happy.
If Sarah got the job, If I was rich.
If someone tried to steal by bag, I’d go windsurfing.

Put the verbs into the correct form:

If I ______________ (have) a computer, I ________________ (get) more

work done.  2nd CONDITIONAL

Dennis _______________ (be) a lot happier if he _________________ (live)

in a warmer country.  1st CONDITIONAL

People _____________ (save) a lot of money if they _______________( not

smoke).  2nd CONDITIONAL

If we ______________ (buy) an answer phone, we __________________

(not miss) so many phone calls.  2nd CONDITIONAL

You ________________ (not have) toothache if you ________________ (not

eat) so many sweets.  1st CONDITIONAL

We ____________________ (go) on holiday if we ________________ (can)

afford.  2nd CONDITIONAL

If she ___________________ (not be) ill, I ________________ (go) to Jenny’s

birthday party.  1st CONDITIONAL

If she _______________ (have) a brother she ________________ (have)

someone to play with.  1st CONDITIONAL

28
 REPORTED SPEECH

FORMS:
DIRECT INDIRECT
PRESENT SIMPLE
He said, “ I write letters.” He said that he wrote letters.
He said, “ I don’t write letters.” He said that he didn’t write letters.
( Present Simple) ( Past Simple)
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
He said, “ I am writing letters.” He said that he was writing letters.
He said, “ I’m not writing letters.” He said that he wasn’t writing letters.
( Present Continuous) ( Past Continuous)
PRESENT PERFECT
He said, “ I have written letters.” He said that he had written letters.
He said, “ I haven’t written letters.” He said that he hadn’t written letters.
( Present Perfect) ( Past Perfect)
PAST SIMPLE
He said, “ I wrote letters.” He said that he had written letters.
He said, “ I didn’t write letters.” He said that he hadn’t written letters.
( Past Simple) ( Past Perfect)
PAST CONTINUOUS
He said, “ I was writing letters.” He said that he had been writing letters.
He said, “ I wasn’t writing letters.” He said that he hadn’t been writing letters.
( Past Continuous) ( Past Perfect Continuous)
PAST PERFECT
He said, “ I had written letters.” He said that he had written letters.
( Past Perfect) ( Past Perfect)
FUTURE with WILL
He said, “ I will write letters.” He said that he would write letters.
He said, “ I won’t write letters.” He said that he wouldn’t write letters.
( Future with WILL) ( Conditional: WOULD)
FUTURE with GOING TO
He said, “ I am going to write letters.” He said that he was going to write letters.

IMPERATIVE
He said, “ Write letters.” He said to write letters.
He said, “Don’t write letters.” He said not to write letters.

29
NOTE!!
In Reported Speech we usually use the verbs tell, say and ask.
When we use tell or ask we have to specify who are you talking with.
Ex.:
The policeman told us that everything was right.
Mary asked him if he loved her.
She said that the exam was very difficult.

When we use tell or say, the indirect speech is introduced by that. Sometimes this
particle can be omitted. We don’t use that with the imperative.
Ex.:
John told us that he had been training hard last week.
You said (that) Helen had painted her house.
He said to shut up.
When we report questions, we use ask. In this case the indirect speech is introduced
by if.
Ex.:
I asked him if he wanted more coffee.
He asked me if I would go with him to the party.
but:
I asked them what did they want.
He asked me when had you left the country.

OTHER CHANGES IN REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT INDIRECT
Time expressions:
Now  Then, in that moment
Today  That day
Yesterday  The day before, the previous day
Tomorrow  The next /following day, the day after
Next week / month  The next week, the following month
Last week / month  The previous week, the month before
A week ago  The week before
Demonstratives:
This  That
These  Those
Here  There
Pronouns:

30
The change in pronouns will depend on the person being referred to in the indirect speech.
Ex.:
“I give you my pen”, Sally said to Peter.  Sally told Peter that she gave him her pen.

USES:
Reported Speech is used when someone say, tell or ask us something, and we want
to tell it to someone later.
Ex.:
Yesterday your friend came to you and said:
Excuse me, can you lend me some money until next Friday?
Talking about this later, you simply say:
My friend asked me if I could lend him/her some money until next Friday.

EXERCISES:
Write the following sentences in indirect speech:

” I can’t take the message right now”, the secretary said.

_____________________________________________________________

“Why haven’t you cleaned your room today?” my mother asked.

_______________________________________________________________
“ Did you watch MTV last night?” asked Alex.

_______________________________________________________________

“ Don’t play your music so loudly” my brother said.

_______________________________________________________________

“ Peter has to return my CD next week”, Alan said.

_______________________________________________________________

“ Tom works in a trade company”, Mary told.

_______________________________________________________________

“ Are you going to buy some food for tomorrow?”, Susan asked them.

Rewrite the following sentences into direct speech:

Ian said that he had been playing tennis the night before.

_____________________________________________________________

31
 Simon asked me if I bought the red sweater.

_______________________________________________________________
My mother told me not to shout at her.

_______________________________________________________________

Sally asked me if she could take the car that night.

_______________________________________________________________

The teacher said that pupils had to complete all the questionnaire.

_______________________________________________________________

Paul said that he was trying to do his homework in that moment.

_______________________________________________________________

He asked Tom when he could come to visit Susan.

Report the next dialogue: Imagine you spoke with a policeman yesterday.

You: “I can smell smoke”.

I said ___________________________________________________________

Policeman: “It’s only some rubbish burning”.

The policeman ____________________________________________________

You: “No, it’s more than that”.

_______________________________________________________________

Policeman: “It isn’t dangerous.”

_______________________________________________________________

You: “It’s getting out of control”.

_______________________________________________________________

Policeman: “I will call the firemen”.

_______________________________________________________________

You: “That’s right! People is shouting”.

_______________________________________________________________

Policeman: “Don’t be afraid. Firemen is already coming.”

32
 PASSIVE VOICE

FORMS:

ACTIVE PASSIVE
PRESENT SIMPLE
People from Brazil speak Portuguese.  Portuguese is spoken by people from
Brazil.
Pupils hear teachers.  Teachers are heard by pupils.
These cars are made in France.
Are these cars made in France?
( I am
( You are + past participle)
(He/she/it is ...
PAST SIMPLE
A burglar stole my bag.  My bag was stolen by a burglar.
She wasn’t invited to the party.
Was your bag stolen?
( I was
( You were + past participle)
( He/she/it was
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Peter is repairing the roof.  The roof is being repaired by Peter.
Is the roof being repaired?
Those houses are being painted.
( I’m being
( You are being + past participle)
(He/she/it is being
PAST CONTINUOUS
People were following the guide.  The guide was being followed by
people.
Was the guide being followed?
( I was being
( You were being + past participle)
( He/she/it was being
PRESENT PERFECT
The police has trapped Charles.  Charles has been trapped by the police.
His effort hasn’t been rewarded.
Has the burglar been captured?

33
 ( I have been
( You have been + past participle)
(He/she/it has been
PAST PERFECT
This book had changed his life  His life had been changed by this book.
I knew why he hadn’t been chosen.
( I had been
( You had been + past participle)
( He/she/it had been
FUTURE with WILL
This exam will affect to your mark  Your mark will be affected by this exam.
The house will be sold soon.
Will the school be opened?
( I / You / … will be + past participle)
FUTURE with GOING TO
Mary is going to buy a new car.  A new car is going to be bought by Mary.
Who is going to be invited?
( I’m going to be
( You are going to be + past participle)
( He/she/it is going to be
NOTE!!
If we want to show who or what does the action, we use by.
Ex.:
The murderer was captured by the police.
The evidences will be examined by forensic sciencist.

USES:

The passive is very common in English.

When we say what people or thing do, we use active verb forms like build, spoke,
is repairing, will change, etc.

When we say what happens to people or things, -what is done-, we use passive
verb forms like is built, was spoken, is being repaired, will be changed, etc.

EXERCISES:

Rewrite the following sentences into the passive form:

They don’t make Volvos in Norway.

34
Volvos __________________________________________________________

They built our house in the 17th century.

Our house _______________________________________________________

Has someone decorated your bedroom?

_______________________________________________________________

Someone is decorating my living room at the moment.

My living room ____________________________________________________

We moved out of our house while they were building the road.

While the road ____________________________________________________

They won’t recognize her with these dark glasses.

She ____________________________________________________________

They have sold all the books of the book shop.

All the books _____________________________________________________

They are offering computers at reduced price.

Computers _______________________________________________________

Specialist will repair the damaged pictures of the museum.

The damaged pictures ______________________________________________

They don’t advertise the Chinese restaurant in this booklet.

The Chinese restaurant _____________________________________________

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, active or passive:

The robbers ______________________ (catch) when they _________________

(leave) the bank.

Mr. Taylor was furious with me because his correspondence

____________________ (not deliver).

Why _______________ you _______________ (not like) going to the opera? We

35
___________________ (see) La Bohème next Saturday.

We ____________________ (drive) down a quiet street when suddenly we

__________________ (stop) by the police.

When I ________________ (wake up) this morning, the world looked like

wonderland. It _____________________ (snow) all night.

Don’t worry! When you ________________ (arrive) to New York, you

____________________ (pick up) by one of our drivers.

Lesson 13 _____________________ (explain) during the last class.

36
 CHECK-OUT EXERCISES

Verb Checking:

Complete with the correct form of the verb in the brackets:

John _____________ (be) angry with me when he find that I _______________

(smash) his new car.

Mary ____________ (play) the piano.

Mary ______________ (play) the piano at this moment.

What _____ you _______ (do) this weekend?

I ______________ (not belive) this story.

The Earth _________ (go) around the Sun.

The baby ___________ (cry) every night.

Harry never ____________ (finish) her homework.

_______ you __________ (like) apple pie?

He ____________ (not have) enough money to buy the book.

It ______________ (snow) when I _____________ (get up) this morning. The

children ______________ (make) a snowman, so I quickly ___________ (put) on

some warm clothes and _______________ (run) outside to help them.

Our team ____________ ( not play) really well. We _____________ (win) at half a

time, but in the end we ______________ (lose) 3-2.

I ___________ (met) an old school friend last week. I ________________ (not see)
her for years.
Mary _____________ (have) a baby.

I ____________ (not feel) well! I think I________________ (be) sick.

You _______________ (not pass) the exam if you _________________ (not study)

hard.

37
 Comparatives & superlatives:

Write the comparative and superlative of these adjectives:

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Expensive

Easy

Wonderful

Fat

Long

Old

Happy

Slim

Relaxed

Strong

Fit

To make comparatives we usually add ___________ to the adjective.

To make superlatives we usually add _____________ to the adjective, as for

example:
_______________ - _______________ - ____________________

Conditionals:

Put the verbs between brackets into the correct form:

You ________________ (not have) toothache if you ________________ (not

eat) so many sweets.  1st CONDITIONAL

If I ______________ (have) a computer, I ________________ (get) more

work done.  2nd CONDITIONAL

If she ___________________ (not be) ill, I ________________ (go) to Jenny’s

birthday party.  1st CONDITIONAL

38
 Passive Voice:

Write the passive voice of the following sentences:

They are offering computers at reduced price.

_______________________________________________________________

People from Switzerland speak French and English.

_________________ ______________________________________________

Specialist will repair the damaged pictures of the museum.

__________________ _____________________________________________

The police have captured the burglar.

_______________________________________________________________

Reported Speech:

Rewrite the following sentences into indirect speech:

” I can’t take the message right now”, the secretary said.

_____________________________________________________________

“Why haven’t you cleaned your room today?” my mother asked.

_______________________________________________________________
“ Did you watch the film last night?” asked Alex.

_______________________________________________________________

“ Don’t play your music so loudly” my brother said.

_______________________________________________________________

“ Pupils have to complete this questionnaire” the teacher said.

_______________________________________________________________

39
 VERB REVIEW

Write the verb between brackets in the correct tense:

Our baby ___________________ (walk) now. He’s just twelve months old.

This T-shirt is 45 €, sir. That’s fine! I _________________ (take) it.

My sister earns a good salary. She _________________ (sell) life insurance policies.

My favourite white shirt is pink because my mother __________________ (wash)

it with a red sweater.

We ________________ (have) a lovely picnic until my wife was stung by a bee.

We __________________ (catch) a taxi outside the restaurant, and it took us to our

hotel.

Harry _______________ (fall) in love with a Greek girl when he

_________________ (work) in Athens.

Kenneth __________________ (have) a very difficult week. On Monday he

______________ (break) a leg and on Saturday his wife ______________ (leave) him.

Mark __________________ (want) to go to Oxford University from he

_____________ (be) a child. Now his dream ___________________ (become) reality

because he ________________ (study) there next semester.

Jane ___________________ (visit) her friend to Bristol. She _________________

(plan) this trip from September.

Paul _________________ (read) a book when I _______________ (arrive) home and

he __________________ ( not realize) that I ________________ (be) there.

The teacher ________________ (say) that I __________________ (work) hard last

semester.

I ____________________ (build) a beautiful sand castle, but the waves

_____________ (come) and _______________ (destroy) it.

40
 GRAMMAR REVIEW
Complete these rules with the correct name of the tenses and give an example:

To talk about things that happen regularly, repeatedly or always we

use_________________________.

Ex.: ___________________________________________________________ .

The _______________________ is the tense that we use to link the “recent”

past with the present.

Ex.: ___________________________________________________________ .

To talk about something in progress around a particular past time we use

_______________________ .

Ex.: ___________________________________________________________ .

To talk about past events, to make reference to finished periods we use

_______________________.

Ex.:____________________________________________________________.

To talk about things that we can see or feel about the future we use

________________________.

Ex._____________________________________________________________.

To talk about a planned action that will take place in the near future we use

________________________.

Ex.: ____________________________________________________________.

To talk about general truths and opinions we use_________________________.

Ex.: ____________________________________________________________.

The _____________________ describes and event that occurred before another

event in the past.

Ex.: ____________________________________________________________.

To make predictions or general statements about the future we

use____________________.

41
42